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Differing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on farmers and intermediaries: insights into the Ecuadorian cocoa value chain

Zambrano, Guillermo; Tennhardt, Lina M.; Egger, Moritz; Ramírez, Karen; Santos, Adriana; Moyano, Byron and Curran, Michael (2024) Differing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on farmers and intermediaries: insights into the Ecuadorian cocoa value chain. Agricultural and Food Economics, 12 (9), pp. 1-23.

[thumbnail of zambrano-etal-2024-AgriculturalFoodEconomics-Vol12-Article9-p1-23.pdf] PDF - Published Version - English
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Document available online at: https://agrifoodecon.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40100-024-00302-0


Summary in the original language of the document

The COVID-19 pandemic generated diverse impacts and responses in agricultural value chains worldwide. Cocoa is a key crop for Ecuadorian exports, and the analysis of effects the pandemic had on value chain actors contributes to the understanding of their individual capacities to coping with a major shock. The purpose of this study was to assess the number and severity of impacts and responses implemented by two links in the cocoa value chain to the pandemic, based on a survey of 158 cocoa farmers and 52 cocoa intermediaries from the main cocoa-producing provinces of the northern coast of Ecuador in 2021. Surveyed farmers and part of the intermediaries form part of the sustainability program of a large Swiss chocolate manufacturer. The impacts and responses reported were grouped into seven resources according to the Activity System Approach. Then, a comparison between groups was applied using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for nonparametric data, determining the most severe impacts and effective resilience responses among the actors. The results reveal that farmers and intermediaries were similarly affected by the pandemic, reporting 21 and 16 negative impacts, respectively. Farmers experienced a higher number and severity of impacts on financial and social resources, while intermediaries on human and material resources. The strongest impact was the loss of sales, reported by 65% of farmers and 58% of intermediaries. Farmers implemented more social responses that they judged highly effective, while intermediaries implemented more human responses that they judged highly effective. Public policy should enhance the social resources of farmers by strengthening their associativity and the capacities of their members, as mechanisms to mitigate their vulnerability to future health and climate crises. The financial resources of both actors should be protected through public credit and agricultural insurance.


EPrint Type:Journal paper
Keywords:value chains, pandemics, COVID-19, cocoa, impact assessment, resilience
Agrovoc keywords:
Language
Value
URI
English
resilience to shocks and crises -> resilience
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374480530924
English
impact assessment
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37938
English
cocoa tree -> Theobroma cacao
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713
English
pandemics
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_f17550ed
English
COVID-19
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4ad07701
English
value chains
http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2cbe5456
Subjects: Farming Systems > Farm economics
Values, standards and certification > Assessment of impacts and risks
Farming Systems > Social aspects
Food systems > Markets and trade
Research affiliation: Switzerland > FiBL - Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland > Crops > Special crops > Cocoa
Switzerland > FiBL - Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland > Society > Economics & market > Market analyses
Switzerland > FiBL - Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland > Society > Regional added value
Ecuador
ISSN:2193-7532
DOI:10.1186/s40100-024-00302-0
Deposited By: Curran, Dr. Michael
ID Code:53039
Deposited On:28 Mar 2024 13:23
Last Modified:28 Mar 2024 13:23
Document Language:English
Status:Published
Refereed:Peer-reviewed and accepted

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