%C Driebergen, NL %D 2008 %K stikstof (nl), nitrogen (en), organische stikstof (nl), organic nitrogen (en), bodemonderzoek (nl), soil testing (en), bodemvruchtbaarheid (nl), soil fertility (en), voedingsstoffenbeschikbaarheid (nl), nutrient availability (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), low input landbouw (nl), low input agriculture (en), mineralenboekhouding (nl), nutrient accounting system (en), 408-H Bodemvruchtbaarheid (nl), 408-H Soil Fertility (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en) %I Louis Bolk Instituut %X Proceedings van het driedaags QualityLowInputFoood (QLIF) seminar "Soil nitrogen: research and extension" gehouden op 13-15 februari 2008 te Driebergen, Nederland %L orgprints48552 %T Soil nitrogen: research and extension : proceedings QLIF seminar, 13-15 February 2008, Driebergen, The Netherlands %E G.J. Van Der Burgt %E B. Timmermans %D 2020 %K regulations, contentous inputs, conventional inputs, fertilisers, degradable plastic mulch; mulching; peat; growing media; peat-reduced; plant protection, copper, sulphur, mineral oil, Organic-PLUS, Organic-PLUSX %E Anne-Kristin Løes %E Nikolaos Katsoulas %E Judith Conroy %E Ulrich Schmutz %T HOW TO PHASE OUT COPPER, PEAT, FOSSIL DERIVED PLASTIC AND CONVENTIONAL FERTILISERS FROM ORGANIC GROWING IN EUROPE? %L orgprints38484 %X In this webinar, participants in WP PLANT and SOIL in the Horizon 2020 project "Organic-PLUS" (Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe) present the outputs of their activities over the first half of the project period. Relevant actors from outside the project were also invited, with a restriction of maximum 60 participants. The program included 15 presentations, a group discission and a final plenary session. PDF files of the presentations are attached to this entry in Organic E-prints. %I Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK) %X Consumer research Norway (SIFO) at Oslo Metropolitan University arranged a seminar with special focus on methodologies for engaging citizens in so called deliberative processes. About 25 participants and invited researchers and specialists shared their experiences, views and ideas on the involvement of citizens in complex and often controversial issues within research projects. There are a number of different approaches for involving citizens on public deliberations in research projects such as Citizens Juries, Hybrid Forums and mini-public deliberations, and the main aim of the seminar was to seek out what we can learn from these different approaches in order to develop these methodologies further. The seminar was funded by the Norwegian Research Council and linked to the EU project Organic-PLUS focusing on the current use of - and possibilities for phasing out - contentious inputs within organic agriculture in Europe. The seminar contained two separate sessions. In the first session invited speakers presented their experiences with different methods for involving citizens in deliberative processes. The speakers were encourage to talk about the following themes and questions: What are the rationale behind involving citizens in specific research projects? How can we design these deliberations such that we get a two-way dialogue between scientists and members of the public, especially on issues that often are too technical for direct public scrutiny? What are the pros and cons of different methods? During the brakes participants had the opportunity to get information about the Organic PLUS project from displayed posters and talks with project participants. The seminar ended with a World Cafe discussion about issues such as the key ingredients of successful public engagement and positive and negative impacts of public engagements. The World Café was an exciting learning experience with colleagues from other projects and will shape the future citizen jury research work on contentious inputs within the Organic-PLUS project in Norway, the United Kingdom and Italy. The following list gives an overview of the presentations and posters on the seminar: 1. Citizen Juries: Enhancing our understanding of animal welfare and organic farming through science-society dialogues Adrian Evans and Rosa van Kesteren, Coventry University. 2. Cathrine Hasse, Aarhus University: Reeler Outreach: Minipublics [PDF] 3. Simon Burall, The Involve Foundation: The UK experience of deliberative processes [PDF] 4. Virginie Amilien, Consumption Research Norway (SIFO): Hybrid Forums [PDF] 5. Erik Thorstensen, Work Research Institute (AFI): Engaging Older Adults through World Cafés. [PDF] 6. Pål Strandbakken & Harald-Throne Holst, Consumption Research Norway (SIFO): 3rd Generation Deliberations [PDF] %L orgprints37195 %T Seminar on involving citizens in deliberative processes %K Engagement Methods, Deliberative processes, Citizens Juries, Organic-PLUS, contentious inputs %D 2019 %E Gunnar Vittersø %E Hanne Torjusen %S FiBL-Report %C Frick, Switzerland %D 2004 %K Organic Inouts, crop protection, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs, Richtlinien %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL %X The report describes the evaluation procedures for plant protection products used in organic agriculture. The articles, written by experts on the subject, summarize the situation in various (mainly European) countries and the evaluation procedures and criteria for international institutions (Codex Alimentarius, IFOAM Basic Standards). This volume of proceedings was produced as part of a workshop of the European funded Project ‘Organic Inputs Evaluation’. Table of Contents Foreword Summary Bernhard Speiser and Otto Schmid Plant protection products in organic farming in Austria Alexandra Hozzank Plant protection products in organic farming in Denmark Rasmus Ørnberg Eriksen Plant protection products in organic farming in France Marie-Christine Monnier Plant protection products in organic farming in Germany Christian Schüler Plant protection products in organic farming in Italy 30 Cristina Micheloni Plant protection products in organic farming in the Netherlands Rob Boeringa and Marc Trapman Plant protection products in organic farming in Poland Anamarija Slabe Plant protection products in organic farming in Portugal Alexandra Maurer da Costa Plant protection products in organic farming in Slovenia Anamarija Slabe Plant protection products in organic farming in Spain Victor Gonzálvez Plant protection products in organic farming in Switzerland Bernhard Speiser, Otto Schmid and Lucius Tamm Plant protection products in organic farming in the United Kingdom Christopher Stopes, Rob Haward and Richard Plowright Plant protection products in organic farming in the USA Brian Baker Development of evaluation criteria for inputs for organic farming, in view of their compatibility with organic farming principles Klaus-Peter Wilbois IFOAM policies concerning inputs evaluation Francis Blake Input Criteria of Codex Alimentarius for Organic Agriculture Otto Schmid Overview of EU Regulations for Plant Protection Products in Organic Farming Bernhard Speiser and Otto Schmid Comparison of the IFOAM Basic Standards, the Codex Guidelines, and the EU Regulation Otto Schmid About the ‘ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION’ project %L orgprints2942 %T Current evaluation procedures for plant protection products used in organic agriculture. Proceedings of a workshop held September 25–26, 2003 in Frick, Switzerland %E Bernhard Speiser %E Otto Schmid %K organic input, nitrogen mineralisation, vegetable, green house production %T Gestion des apports organiques en systèmes de culture maraîchers (cas d’une reconversion en agriculture biologique) %L orgprints7045 %X Pour remédier à la pauvreté des sols maraîchers en matière organique, il est d’usage en cas de reconversion en l’agriculture biologique de faire des apports importants de composts. Aux produits du commerce traditionnellement utilisés s’ajoutent aujourd’hui les gisements nouveaux des composts de déchets verts, économiquement très intéressants mais de composition très différente. L’expérimentation conduite vise à mieux connaître l’évolution de ces apports afin d’optimiser ces pratiques dans un double objectif : améliorer les états du sol et prendre en compte la minéralisation azotée afin de mieux alimenter les plantes, notamment les cultures longues d’été sur lesquelles se posent des problèmes de gestion avec les engrais organiques usuels. L’objectif scientifique est de produire des outils d’analyse des stratégies d’apports organiques permettant de mettre au point des conjugaisons dans le temps de différentes formes d’intrants organiques (cultures intercalaires, résidus de culture, amendements lents et engrais à libération rapide) dont les rythmes de minéralisation coïncideront au mieux avec la dynamique de prélèvements des cultures successives envisagées. %I INRA %X The objective of this Concerted Action is to develop recommendations for harmonized and standardised procedures for evaluation of Plant Protection Products (PPP) and Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners (F&SC) authorised for use in organic agriculture according to EEC 2092/91, Annex II. The project consists of 6 workpackages (WPs) with 5 workshops. WP1 is for coordination and project management. Inventories on curent implementation of Annex II and evaluation procedures in the participating countries will be elaborated in WP2 (PPP) and WP3 (F&SC). Standardised procedures for evaluation of PPP and F&SC will be elaborated in WP4 & WP5. Recommendations on evaluation procedures for PPP and F&SC plus research needs and dissemination will be discussed in WP6. This Concerted Action provides a discussion forum questions related to the evaluation of PPP or F&SC for organic farming. Institution engaged in this area are kindly invited to participate in the discussions (please »contact us). Involved organisations, project partners: • Danish Agricultural Research Centre for Organic Farming (DARCOF), Denmark • Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Switzerland • EcoS Consultancy, United Kingdom • Istituto Sperimentale per le Nutrizione delle Piante (ISNP), Italy • Associazione Italiana per l'Agricultura Biologica (AIAB), Italy • Louis Bolk Instituut (LBI), The Netherlands • Soil Association, United Kingdom • Ludwig Boltzmann Institut for Biological Agriculture, Austria • Austria Bio Garantie / InfoXgen, Austria • Associação Portuguesa de Agricultura Biologica (Agrobio), Portugal • Universität Kassel, Germany • Danish Plant Directorate, Denmark %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick %K Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs, EEC 2092/91, Annex II %T Organic Inputs Evaluation %L orgprints6013 %K sandy-loam soiLandstructural stability (en), Review (en), Organic inputs (en), Aggregative factors (en), Soil aggregate stability (en), microbial biomass (en), sewage-sludge (en), manure applications (en), cultivated soils (en), root mucilage (en), urban refuse (en), arid (en), soiLandmatter (en) %D 2009 %P 1-12 %A S. Abiven %A Safya Menasseri-Aubry %A C. Chenu %L orgprints41765 %T The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability - A literature analysis %R https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.09.015 %J Soil Biology and Biochemistry %X Since the beginning of the last century, many studies have reported evidence describing the effects of organic inputs on soil aggregate stability. In 1965, Monnier proposed a conceptual model that considers different patterns of temporal effects on aggregate stability depending on the nature of the organic inputs: easily decomposable products have an intense and transient effect on aggregate stability while more recalcitrant products have a lower but longer term effect. We confronted this conceptual model with a literature review of experimental data from laboratory and field experiments. This literature analysis validated the conceptual model proposed by Monnier and pointed out gaps in our current knowledge concerning the relationships between aggregate stability and organic inputs. Noticeably, the experimental dataset confirmed the biological and temporal effects of organic inputs on aggregate stability as proposed in the model. Monnier's model also related the evolution of aggregate stability to different microbial decomposing agents, but this relationship was not made clear in this literature analysis. No direct or universal relationship was found between the aggregative factors induced by organic input decomposition (binding molecules or decomposers of biomass) and temporal aggregate stability dynamics. This suggests the existence of even more complex relationships. The model can be improved by considering (i) the direct abiotic effect of some organic products immediately after the inputs, (ii) the initial biochemical characteristics of the organic products and (iii) the effects of organic products on the various mechanisms of aggregate breakdown. For now, no trend is evident in the effect of the rate of organic inputs or the effect of the soil characteristics (essentially carbon and clay contents) on aggregate stability %I Elsevier %P 61-79 %D 2016 %K Organic farming systems, conventional farming systems, high-inputs, low-inputs, nutrient export, partial nutrient balance, Department of International Cooperation, Agriculture in the Tropics, System comparison %A Noah Adamtey %A Martha W. Musyoka %A Christine Zundel %A Juan Guillermo Cobo %A Edward Karanja %A Komi K.M. Fiaboe %A Anne Muriuki %A Monica Mucheru-Muna %A Bernard Vanlauwe %A Estelle Berset %A Monika M. Messmer %A Andreas Gattinger %A Gurbir S. Bhullar %A Georg Cadisch %A Andreas Fliessbach %A Paul Mäder %A Urs Niggli %A Dionys Forster %L orgprints30697 %T Productivity, profitability and partial nutrient balance in maize-based conventional and organic farming systems in Kenya %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.001 %X In 2007 two long-term trials were established in Kenya to contribute research-based evidence to the global debate on the productivity, economic viability and sustainability of different agricultural production systems. These trials compare conventional (Conv) and organic (Org) farming systems at high and low input levels at two locations, i.e. Chuka, with Humic Nitisols, high inherent soil fertility and rainfall, and Thika, with Rhodic Nitisols with low soil fertility and rainfall. The high input systems (High) represent commercial-scale, export-oriented production that uses the recommended amounts of fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation water to generate high yields, whilst the low input systems (Low) represent local smallholder practices, using relatively few fertilisers and pesticides and operating under rain-fed conditions. The conventional systems received synthetic fertilisers and organic manure, whilst the organic systems only received organic inputs. The trials so far have consisted of a 6-season, 3-year, crop rotation with maize (Zea mays L.) planted in the long rainy seasons (March-September), and vegetables in the short rainy seasons (October – February). Generally, there were no significant differences in the dry matter yields and nutrient uptake by maize, baby corn or beans between the conventional and organic systems at either site. Similar maize grain and baby corn yields were also obtained at Chuka. However, at Thika, maize grain yields in Org-High in 2007 (at conversion) were lower than the yields in Conv High, but the yields became similar in 2010 (after conversion). At the same site the yields of maize grain under sole cropping in Org-Low were 3.2 times lower than the yields in Conv-Low in 2007 and 1.7 times lower in 2010. When intercropped with beans the yields of the two systems were similar. In the first two years profits from Conv-High were 0.5–1.8 times and 0.2–2.4 times higher than in Org-High when selling the produce at local (Chuka and Thika) and regional markets (Nairobi), but thereafter the profit from the two was similar, even when organic produce was sold at regular market prices. From the fifth year onwards Org-High attracted a price premium of 20 to 50% and this made it 1.3 to 4.1 times more profitable than Conv-High when selling on local and regional markets (in Chuka, Thika and Nairobi). Compared to Conv-High, partial N and K balances at the two sites were positive and higher in Org-High, except for N at Chuka. Our findings demonstrate that Org-High is productive, economically viable, resource-conserving and can contribute to sustainable agriculture production in Kenya depending on regional conditions and the crops cultivated. %V 235 %J Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment %X The first issue of the QLIF newsletter is focused on introducing the QLIF project and the communication tool connected to the project. %L orgprints5343 %T QLIF news: Research in the European organic and low input food supply chain %A Claus Bo Andreasen %K Improving quality, safety reduction of cost European organic and low input food supply chains %D 2004 %X In dem EU FP7-Projekt „BioBio“ soll ein allgemeines Set von Indikatoren für Biodiversität in biologischen und extensiven Anbausystemen in Europa entwickelt und getestet werden. Neben direkten Indikatoren für Habitat-, Arten- und genetische Diversität werden auch indirekte Indikatoren zur Bewirtschaftung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe und Flächen erfasst. In Fallstudien wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den ausgewählten Indikatoren, den Betriebsystemen und direkten Indikatoren untersucht. Die Auswahl der Indikatoren erfolgte nach wissenschaftlichen Kriterien sowie nach Gesichtspunkten der Praktikabilität und Anwendbarkeit. Hauptergebnis des Projektes wird ein Handbuch mit Factsheets der ausgewählten Indikatoren sein. %L orgprints17604 %T BIOBIO – Betriebsmanagement-Indikatoren für Biodiversität in biologischen und extensiven Anbausystemen %A Michaela Arndorfer %A Maximilian Kainz %A Norman Siebrecht %A Sebastian Wolfrum %A Jürgen K. Friedel %K biodiversity, organic farming, low-input farming, indicator, management %D 2011 %K low input (en), conservation agriculture (en), organic farming (en), greenhouse gas (en), nitrate leaching (en), n20 emission (fr), nitrogen storage (fr), nitrogen surplus (fr) %D 2019 %P 20-33 %L orgprints41119 %A Bénédicte Autret %A Nicolas Beaudoin %A Lucia Rakotovololona %A Michel Bertrand %A Gilles Grandeau %A Eric Gréhan %A Fabien Ferchaud %A Bruno Mary %T Can alternative cropping systems mitigate nitrogen losses and improve ghg balance? Results from a 19-yr experiment in northern France %R https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.039 %J Geoderma %X Alternative cropping systems are promoted to reduce nitrogen (N) losses in the environment and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, these supposed benefits are not fully known, rarely studied together and on the long-term. Here, we studied the N inputs, N exports, soil organic N (SON) storage, N leaching, gaseous N emissions and GHG balance in a 19-yr field experiment comparing four arable cropping systems without manure fertilization, under conventional (CON), low-input (LI), conservation agriculture (CA) and organic (ORG) managements. The N surplus, i.e. the difference between total N inputs and exports, was lowest in LI (43 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), intermediary for CON and ORG with 63 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) and highest in CA (163 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). CA and ORG received high amounts of N derived from biological fixation from alfalfa. The annual SON storage rates markedly differed between CA (55 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and both CON and LI (13 and 6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), with intermediary value in ORG (30 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). N leaching, calculated using soil mineral N measurements, reached an average of 21 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) and did not significantly differ between treatments, The gaseous N emissions (volatilization + denitrification), calculated as the difference between N surplus, SON storage and N leaching, ranged from 12 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in ORG to 83 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in CA. N2O emissions were continuously monitored with automatic chambers during 40 months. They varied from 1.20 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in LI to 4.09 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in CA system and were highly correlated with calculated gaseous N emissions. The GHG balance, calculated using SOC and N2O measurements, varied widely between systems: it was highest in CON and LI, with 2198 and 1763 kg CO2eq ha(-1) yr(-1) respectively. In CA, the GHG balance was much more favourable (306 kg CO2eq ha(-1) yr(-1)), despite important N2O losses which partly offset the benefit of SOC storage. ORG was the system with the smallest GHG balance (-65 kg CO2eq ha(-1) yr(-1)), acting as a CO2 sink in the long-term. Similar trends were observed when GHG was expressed per unit of N input or N exported. The N surplus alone was not a good indicator of the N fate in the four agricultural systems. Complementary predictors of N losses and GHG balance are required to obtain a true overview of the C and N environmental impacts of cropping systems. On an operational point of view, these results should lead to investigate the variability of the GHG emissions within each cropping system. %I Elsevier %D 2018 %K Organic agriculture, organic alternatives, organic inputs, traditional knowledge %P 235-240 %E Gerold Rahmann %E Victor Idowu Olowe %E Timothy Ipoola Olabiyi %E Khalid Azim %E AdeOluwa Olugbenga %A Olufemi Emmanuel AyanfeOluwa %A Olugbenga O. AdeOluwa %A R.O. Gbadamosi %L orgprints33253 %T Survey of traditional knowledge that are compliant to organic standard %J Ecological and Organic Agriculture Strategies for Viable Continental and National Development in the Context of the African Union's Agenda 2063. Scientific Track Proceedings of the 4th African Organic Conference. November 5-8, 2018. Saly Portudal, Senegal %X The adoption of organic agriculture has been limited in Africa by inadequate organic alternatives in addressing some agricultural problems. This survey therefore sought to identify some of the ecological traditional methods that could conform to organic standards. Farmers with vast experience in both crop and livestock production, from various parts of Nigeria were gathered using a focused group discussion (FGD), in the year 2017. Various traditional knowledge were captured from the FGD and the ones that were organic standard compliant documented. The information captured covered crop protection, livestock health management, preservation methods, bio-security, fruit set induction, etc. However, the efforts of scientist shall be required to validate and or calibrate some of the methods, which could serve as efficient alternatives (to conventional methods) in organic system. %J Building Organic Bridges %I Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut %V 1 %X In organic and low-input dairy farming, the forage proportion of the cows´ diets is usually much higher than on conventional farms, therefore the risk of weather induced on-farm feed shortages is of greater importance. As part of the EU research project SOLID (Sustainable Organic and Low Input Dairy Systems; FP7-266367; www.solidairy.eu), a decision support system is currently being developed which will evaluate dairy farm management with regard to the risk of feed shortages. Based on input from the user, climate data from the last 50 years and a soil model, feed supply will be simulated by a crop model, and feed demand will be simulated by a herd model. These data will then be connected in a diet model, which designs diets for all groups of cows using a diet formulation routine (linear programme) that minimizes both over- and undersupply of energy and protein across all groups of cows throughout all periods of the year. By simulating the status quo and the situation originating from different management changes and evaluating the changes against the status quo, the decision support system will assist both in regard to short-term management questions as well as to long-term strategic planning. Work on the SOLID decision support system is still ongoing, and the prototype is expected to be completed in 2014. %E G. Rahmann %E U. Aksoy %R 10.3220/REP_20_1_2014 %T The Solid-DSS – an online application balancing forage supply and demand in organic low-input dairy farming %L orgprints23777 %A Lisa Baldinger %A Jan Vaillant %A Werner Zollitsch %A Marketta Rinne %K organic dairy farming; low-input dairy farming; %C Braunschweig, Germany %D 2014 %P 29-32 %S Thuenen Report %L orgprints12653 %A A. Baranska %A E. Rembialkowska %A L. Lueck %A C. Leifert %T The effect of medium term feeding with organic, low input and conventional diet on selected immune parameters in rat %D 2008 %K Organic, conventional, low input food, food quality and safety, immune system, rat %X There is currently limited evidence for differences in nutritional value and ‘healthiness’ between organic and conventional foods. While organic standards aim at minimizing antibiotic and/or pesticide residues they have been described as a potential source of high mycotoxin levels, and bacterial diseases or parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rat feeds based on the organic, low input and conventional crops on the rats’ immune system function. Preliminary results obtained indicate a potential immunomodulatory effect of ‘low input’ foods that is not observed in rats fed conventional and organic diets. %D 2004 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), kringlopen (nl), cycling (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), ruwe grondstoffen (nl), raw materials (en), samenwerking (nl), cooperation (en), import (nl), imports (en), mest (nl), manures (en), voer (nl), feeds (en), veevoeder (nl), fodder (en), voedingsstoffen (nl), nutrients (en), bedrijfssystemen (nl), farming systems (en), bedrijfssystemenonderzoek (nl), farming systems research (en), landbouwkundig onderzoek (nl), agricultural research (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 113-B-2 Bedrijfssystemen (nl), 113-B-2 Farming Systems (en) %P 16 - 17 %J Ekoland : vakblad voor biologische landbouwmethoden, verwerking, afzet en natuurvoeding %N 3 %V 24 %X In het meerjarige onderzoeksprogramma ´Intersectorale samenwerking binnen de biologische landbouw´ wordt gezocht naar concepten voor samenwerking, met als doel kringlopen binnen biologische landbouwsystemen beter te sluiten. De huidige kringloop binnen de Nederlandse biologische landbouw kan gekenschetst worden als open en onevenwichtig, met tegenover een export van nutriënten naar de maatschappij een import van gangbare mest, hulpstoffen en buitenlandse veevoergrondstoffen. De grootste uitdaging bij het beter sluiten van kringlopen vormt het terugdringen van deze importen door een combinatie van maatregelen: terugdringen van verliezen naar de maatschappij, intensiveren van de interne uitruil van voer en mest, en organiseren van acceptabele retourstromen uit de maatschappij. Wat dit in concreto voor uitdagingen en knelpunten oplevert binnen de verschillende sectoren wordt besproken %A J. Bos %A J. De Wit %L orgprints49601 %T Kringlopen in de biologische landbouw: best belangrijk! : de verschillende sectoren staan voor hun eigen uitdagingen %K Kleinfruit, klimaat, telen, bemesten, carbonfootprint, organische stof, bodem, Praktijknetwerk BIO2, CO2-emissie, biologisch/ Soft fruit, climate, crop production, nutrient input, carbon footprint, organic matter, soil, BIO2 growers' network, CO2 emission, organic %D 2015 %P 26-27 %A Gerjan Brouwer %A B.G.H. Timmermans %A Joris Kamp, van der %L orgprints29840 %T Kleinfruit klimaatneutraal telen: Bemesting en diesel leveren grootste bijdrage aan de carbon footprint van bio kleinfruittelers. %J Ekoland %V march %X Zes biologische kleinfruittelers onderzochten in de afgelopen twee jaar de mogelijkheden van klimaatneutraal telen. Bemesting en dieselgebruik blijken op hun bedrijven een belangrijk bijdrage te leveren aan de carbonfootprint, terwijl elektriciteit nauwelijks een rol speelt. De ervaringen zijn gebundeld als Best Practices. %X In France Fruit production is cultivated on 140 thousand hectares, mainly conducted on intensive training system. Very few elements are available on low input training systems while they have to integrate the Global rule under the frame of Ecophyto 2018. In order to evaluate if another system of cultivation will be possible, a project has been developed to highlight the main factors to be integrated in low input training system. A low input multilocal experimental design has thus been investigated on apricot in two main regions of production: Rhone valley and Roussillon. A set of 9 common cultivars with 20 replications each, planted in a complete single-tree randomization design has been established. As already observed in apple orchard, a larger set of disease has been observed in our experimental plots by comparison with conventional training orchards. A large genetic variability has been set-up among the observed cultivars, but if some of them expressed components of resistance against the observed diseases no one appeared widely resistant to all the diseases. Taking in consideration the longevity of the orchard, a huge concern exists with the tested germplasm because the observed dieback was in between 10 and 80% of the trees according to the cultivars after only 6 years of observation. On the methodological point of view, a clear optimization of the experimental design is expected on the base of the observed results. %V 15 %J Innovations Agronomiques %L orgprints26983 %T Quelle sélection fruitière pour une production durable, à faible niveau d’intrants ? Méthodologie pour un réseau de sélection variétale décentralisée %A Laurent Brun %A François Warlop %A Vincent Mercier %A Jean-Michel Broquaire %A Guy Clauzel %A Christelle Gomez %A Claude-Eric Parveaud %A Jean-Marc Audergon %P 105-115 %K cultivar fruit selection low input organic farming %D 2011 %D 2019 %K Field level indicators, Composite indexes, Crop diversification, Organic matter inputs, Soil disturbance intensity, On-farm study %P 125920 %J European Journal of Agronomy %V 109 %X To compare different cropping systems, it is crucial to describe explicitly the associated cropping practices. A set of 31 indicators and six composite indexes addressing farm structure, crop diversification, soil disturbance, organic matter inputs, nitrogen fertilisation, crop protection, and yield was used to describe 59 winter wheat fields belonging to conventional, no-till and organic systems, in Switzerland. The aim of this study was to investigate the complementarity and redundancy of the indicators and their potential to characterise these cropping systems. In general, weak correlations were observed between the studied indicators, showing the importance of using a set of indicators to fully characterise cropping practices. The complex indicators were often correlated with simpler ones, but it cannot be excluded that they can prove to be more useful in different contexts. Retaining a combination of simple and complex indicators to obtain a broad picture of cropping practices is thus recommended. The indicators highlighted differences but also similarities between the three systems. For example, the input of organic matter and crop rotation diversification were similar between the three systems. In contrast, total nitrogen fertilisation (lower for organic systems) and soil disturbance (lower for no-till systems) were different. A high within-system variability was observed for some indicators, suggesting that using quantitative indicators rather than simple classifications based on a general description of the systems allows a better characterisation of these systems. Overall, the use of indicators has the potential to improve our understanding of the influence of cropping practices on the soil and environment. %I Elsevier %A Lucie Büchi %A Florent Georges %A Florian Walder %A Samiran Banerjee %A Thomas Keller %A Johan Six %A Marcel van der Heijden %A Raphael Charles %L orgprints37635 %T Potential of indicators to unveil the hidden side of cropping system classification: Differences and similarities in cropping practices between conventional, no-till and organic systems %V 89 %X BACKGROUND: Different conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are known to have contrasting physiology or health effects and there is growing evidence that the profile of natural isomers in milk is influenced by the production system. This survey is the first to compare feeding regimes and concentrations of 14 CLA isomers inmilk from three production systems in the UK. RESULTS: Total CLA and seven isomers (including C18 : 2 c9t11 which comprised >80% of total) were significantly higher in milk from both organically certified and non certified low input (LI) systems compared with milk from conventional high input farms. Sampling date also affected concentrations of total CLA and nine isomers; being lowest in March and highest in August. Seasonal differences were greater in milk from LI herds, thought to be due to changes in herbage and/or stage of lactation. Multivariate analysis showed a strong positive relationship between several CLA isomers and increasing levels of fresh forage in the diet. CONCLUSIONS: These results add to the evidence on how management adjustment may improve the profile of CLA isomers in milk fat, although animal or human intervention studies are required to identify the effects of consuming milk with different CLA levels and isomer profiles on human health. (c) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry %I Wiley-Blackwell %J Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture %N 4 %L orgprints16012 %T Conjugated linoleic acid isomer concentrations in milk from high- and low-input management dairy systems %A Gillian Butler %A Marius Collomb %A Brita Rehberger %A Roy Sanderson %A Mick D. Eyre %A Carlo Leifert %P 697-705 %K CLA isomers, milk, organic, low input %D 2009 %P 1431-1441 %D 2008 %K milk, low-input farming, organic farming, fatty acid profiles %I Wiley-Blackwell %V 88 %X BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed differences in fatty acid (FA) and antioxidant profiles between organic and conventional milk. However, they did not (a) investigate seasonal differences, (b) include non-organic, lowinput systems or (c) compare individual carotenoids, stereoisomers of α-tocopherol or isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. This survey-based study compares milk from three production systems: (i) high-input, conventional (10 farms); (ii) low-input, organic (10 farms); and (iii) low-input non-organic (5 farms). Samples were taken during the outdoor grazing (78 samples) and indoor periods (31 samples). RESULTS: During the outdoor grazing period, on average, milk from the low-input systems had lower saturated FAs, but higher mono- and polyunsaturated FA concentrations compared with milk from the high-input system. Milk from both the low-input organic and non-organic systems had significantly higher concentrations of nutritionally desirable FAs and antioxidants – conjugated linoleic (60% and 99%, respectively) and α-linolenic (39% and 31%, respectively) acids, α-tocopherol (33% and 50%, respectively) and carotenoids (33% and 80%, respectively) – compared with milk from the high-input system. Milk composition differed significantly between the two low-input systems during the second half of the grazing period only; withmilk from non-organic cows being higher in antioxidants, and conjugated linoleic acid, and that from organic cows in α-linolenic acid. In contrast, few significant differences in composition were detected between high-input and low-input organic systems when cows were housed. CONCLUSIONS: Milk composition is affected by production systems by mechanisms likely to be linked to the stage and length of the grazing period, and diet composition, which will influence subsequent processing, and sensory and potential nutritional qualities of the milk. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry %J Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture %L orgprints16010 %T Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high- and low-input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation %A Gillian Butler %A Jacob H. Nielsen %A Tina Slots %A Chris Seal %A Mick D. Eyre %A Roy Sanderson %A Carlo Leifert %S Organic PLUS: Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe Deliverable 5.9 %D 2022 %K Organic-PLUS, Organic-PLUSX, peat, growing media, stakeholders, discussion, growers, contentious inputs %X This report was produced under the task of peat replacement (5.5) in Organic-PLUS, to report on the work carried out to make contact and interact with important stakeholders along the value chain for growing media and peat. This report considers the viewpoints of growing media manufacturers and plant nurseries, in addition to organic growers. The report comprises a section on initial dissemination of project activities, to awake stakeholders' interest, then a section with information from stakeholders about current practices (use of substrates, fertilisers for pot production etc). The last section includes stakeholders' views concerning the degree of acceptance of replacement inputs. %L orgprints40078 %T Report on Farmer-focused open days %A Rafaela Caceres %A Mar Carreras %A Gloria Colom %A Joan Manubens %A Francis Rayns %A Judith Conroy %A Dennis Touliatos %A Ulrich Schmutz %A Margi Lennartsson %A Alev Kir %A Anne-Kristin Løes %A Kirsty McKinnon %A Ralf Pecenka %A Christian Dittrich %E Ulrich Schmutz %E Judith Conroy %S FiBL-Report %D 2005 %K Organic Inputs, Soil Conditioners, Fertilisers, Hilfsstoffe %L orgprints4701 %A Stefano Canali %A Christopher Stopes %A Otto Schmid %A Bernhard Speiser %T Current Evaluation Procedures for Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners Used in Organic Agriculture. Proceedings of a workshop held April 29–30, 2004 at Emerson College, Great Britain %X Table of Contents Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Austria Alexandra Hozzank and Wilfried Hartl Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in the Czech Republic Anamarija Slabe Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Denmark Rasmus Ørnberg Eriksen and Erik Steen Kristensen Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in France Marie-Christine Monnier Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Germany Peter von Fragstein Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Italy Stefano Canali Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in the Netherlands Chris Koopmans and Jan Bokhorst Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Poland Anamarija Slabe Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Portugal Alexandra Maurer da Costa Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Slovenia Anamarija Slabe Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Spain Victor Gonzálvez Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in Switzerland Alfred Berner, Bernhard Speiser and Otto Schmid Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in the United Kingdom Francis Blake, Robert Haward Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in the USA Brian Baker Fertilizers and soil conditioners in organic farming in third countries Anke Würth %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland %D 2010 %K Organic agriculture (en), Breeding Low input (en), diversity (en), participatory research (en), crop management (fr) %P 1 %L orgprints40569 %T Strategies for organic and low input breeding and management, a European programme (2010-2014) %A Veronique Chable %A Isabelle Goldringer %A Martin Wolfe %A Paolo Barberi %A Geza Kovacs %A Stefania Grando %A Marianna Rakszegi %A Hanne Ostergard %A Riccardo Bocci %I HAL CCSD %L orgprints19499 %A N. Chirinda %A Jørgen E. Olesen %A J.R. Porter %T High Root Biomass FOR cereal crops increases carbon sequestration in organic Arable systems %D 2011 %K Root C input, Organic cropping systems, %X In agroecosystems, soil organic carbon (C) inputs come from applied manures, plant roots and retained shoot residues. Several reasons, associated with root measurements, limit current knowledge on root C input.This study aimed at evaluating root responses to nutrient management and fertility building measures (e.g. catch crops). We made use of one inorganic fertilizer-based and two organic systems in an 11-year-old field experiment on sandy loam soil. At anthesis, soil cores (5 cm dia.) were sampled from 0-30 cm depth within and between rows of winter wheat and spring barley. Roots were separated from soil and washed with tap water, the dry matter (DM) biomass was determined. Dry matter biomass was also measured in shoots.The spring barley root DM was at least 30% higher in the organic compared to the inorganic fertilizer-based system. The organic system that included catch crops had 17% higher spring barley root DM than where catch crops were absent. In the inorganic fertilizer-based system, the biomass shoot-to-root ratio for spring barley was double that in the comparable organic system. High root DM biomass in organic compared to the inorganic fertilizer-based systems, implies higher C sequestration in the former, especially considering the slow decomposition rate of root residues. %X The effect of organic, low-input and conventional management practices on barley yield and disease incidence was assessed in field trials over two years. Conventional fertility management (based on mineral fertiliser applications) and conventional crop protection (based on chemosynthetic pesticides) significantly increased the yield of winter barley as compared to organic fertility and crop protection regimes. Severity of leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) was highest under organic fertility and crop protection management and was correlated inversely with yield. For mildew (Erysiphe graminis), an interaction between fertility management and crop protection was detected. Conventional crop protection reduced severity of the disease, only under conventional fertility management. Under organic fertility management, incidence of mildew was low and application of synthetic pesticides in “low input” production systems had no significant effect on disease severity. %K disease, organic, net blotch (Drechslera teres f. sp. teres), powdery mildew (Blumeria /Erysiphe graminis), leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), low-input cereal production %D 2007 %T Effect of organic, low-input and conventional production systems on yield and diseases in winter barley %L orgprints10357 %A J. M. Cooper %A C. S. Schmidt %A L. Lueck %A P. N. Shotton %A C. Turnbull %A C. Leifert %I British Grassland Society %X Nitrogen is known to be the limiting factor of productivity in organic systems. In low-input organic, mixed-crop dairy systems (MCDS) at the Mirecourt INRA station, studies are conducted on the contribution of associated cereal/protein-rich plant crops and concentrate mixes to the nitrogen self-sufficiency of the system. An agronomic and zootechnical analytical trial was established with nine types of cereal and protein-rich plants, and associated cereal/protein-rich plant crops were compared in plot trials in 2006 and 2007. The valorization of three cereal/protein concentrate mixes by 24 lactating dairy cows was tested in a zootechnical experiment during winter 2007. Dairy cows were each fed 4 kg d-1 of the mix, 8kg DM d-1 of lucerne/cocksfoot hay, and permanent grassland hay ad libitum. Associated cereal/protein rich plant crops produced a greater and more stable yield (3.0 t ha-1) that pure cereals (2.2 t ha-1) but the proportions of protein rich grains in the mixes were highly variable (26 to 62%). Dairy cows' feed requirements were satisfied by the three diets. Cereal/protein concentrate mixes had a low impact on dairy cows' performance because of the high contribution of forages to the diet. %K MIXED-CROP DAIRY SYSTEM (en), LOW INPUT ORGANIC SYSTEM (en), NITROGEN SELF-SUFFICIENCY (en), LEGUME (en), PROTEIN-RICH PLANT (en), POLYCULTURE-ELEVAGE (en), MELANGE CEREALES-PROTEAGINEUX (fr) %D 2008 %T Towards nitrogen self-sufficiency in mixed crop organic dairy systems: legumes and protein-rich plants contributions %L orgprints40778 %A Xavier Coquil %A Damien Foissy %A Jean-Marie Trommenschlager %A Claude Bazard %A Luc Delaby %A Ségolène Despres %J Agronomy for Sustainable Development %X Agrobiodiversity can improve the sustainability of cropping systems in a context of low external inputs and unpredictable climate change. Agrobiodiversity strategies to grow wheat are breeding ad hoc cultivars for organic and low-input systems, wheat–legume intercrops and living mulches, cultivar mixtures, and the use of genetically heterogeneous populations. However, applying those strategies can fail due the lack of a well-focused framework. Therefore, we need a better integration between breeding and management and a clear focus on crop traits related to key agroecosystem services. Here, we review the use of agrobiodiversity in wheat production, focusing on breeding and management. We discuss five agroecosystem services: (1) weed reduction, (2) nitrogen use efficiency, (3) abiotic stress tolerance, (4) disease and pest reduction and (5) yield and yield stability. We categorise agrobiodiversity into functional identity, functional composition, and functional diversity, in order to link crop traits to agroecosystem services. Linking crop traits to agroecosystem services could in turn lead to concrete options for farmers and policy. We discuss the relations between crop identity and crop heterogeneity. We also discuss the partitioning of crop heterogeneity between functional composition and functional diversity. %I Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA %A Ambrogio Costanzo %A Paolo Bàrberi %L orgprints41600 %T Functional agrobiodiversity and agroecosystem services in sustainable wheat production. A review %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0178-1 %K Agroecosystem service (en), Breeding (en), Composite cross population (en), Cultivar mixture (en), Evolutionary breeding (en), Intercropping (en), Living mulch (en), Low input (en), Organic farming (en), Trait (en) %D 2014 %P 327-348 %A K. Van Den Dries %L orgprints46320 %T 'Steun pioniers voor vitale landbouw' : Opinie %J Nieuwe oogst : leden-, nieuws- en vakblad van LTO Noord, ZLTO en LLTB. %N 2 %X Bioboer Krispijn van den Dries uit Ens roept in de Boerentroonrede 2022 de samenleving op steun te geven aan de pioniers van de duurzame landbouw. Laat energie, geld en capaciteiten stromen richting het nieuwe landbouwsysteem, bepleit hij. %V Editie %D 2022 %K landbouw (nl), agriculture (en), duurzaamheid (sustainability) (nl), sustainability (en), biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), low input landbouw (nl), low input agriculture (en), duurzame landbouw (nl), sustainable agriculture (en), natuurinclusieve landbouw (nl), nature-inclusive agriculture (en) %P 7 %D 2016 %K Typification, Characterization, Organic, Low-input, Mediterranean, organic farming, organic agriculture, typological characterisation %P 8-19 %J Livestock Science %V 193 %X Highlights •The identification of the livestock production systems (LPS) existing in a given area constitutes the first step to manage farms sustainably. •Management and structure of dehesa beef cattle farms positioned them in a good place regarding PAC's trends (mainly in terms of environmental protection). •Farms should reduce their dependence on external workforce and subsidies, and increase their productivity and economic performance. •The latter could be achieved adding value to the products sold, i.e. finishing more calves, developing new products and/or participating in marketing. •It has not been observed a high relationship between farms the typologies obtained from the analysis of technical-economic aspects, and the previously established groups of farms based on their condition of being organic and productive orientation. Abstract The identification of the livestock production systems (LPS) existing in a given area constitutes the first step to manage farms sustainably, since it improves the knowledge of its operation and subsequently allows for establishing the appropriate managerial strategies for each LPS. It is of great interest, as LPS are key for agro-ecosystem conservation and rural population in many areas. The present study was conducted in light of the importance of the beef cattle sector for one of the oldest and most heavily protected agroforestry systems (‘dehesa’, SW Spain and Portugal). A total of 63 beef cattle farms (including organic and conventional ones) were analysed from the structural and technical-economic points of view, aiming to: (i) improve the knowledge of the dehesa beef cattle sector; (ii) define specific managerial strategies tailored to each typology (LPS) in order to increase their sustainability as well as that of the dehesa ecosystem; (iii) clarify whether there is a relationship between the typologies obtained on the basis of technical-economic indicators and a previous classification of the farms based on their condition of being organic, and their productive and market orientation. For this purpose, the analysis paid special attention to the level of intensification, productive orientation (presence of a calf-finishing period) and self-reliance (related to their dependence on subsidies). The methodology yielded the following four typologies: (i) extensive farms selling at weaning with low productivity; (ii) extensive farms with low productivity and high dependence on subsidies; (iii) calf-finishing farms with average stocking rates and high profitability; (iv) irrigated farms with low presence of livestock, and high fixed capital and economic fluxes. In general terms, management and structure of dehesa beef cattle farms positioned them in a good place regarding CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) trends (mainly in terms of environmental protection). However, the farms studied must improve several aspects. Firstly, they need to increase their degree of self-reliance (reducing their dependence on external workforce and subsidies). Secondly, their productivity and economic performance must also be increased. The latter could be achieved by adding value to the products being sold, i.e. finishing more calves, developing new products and/or participating in marketing. Generally speaking, a close relationship between farm typologies and the previously established groups of farms (Conventional, Organic 1 and Organic 2) has not been observed. This was due to the similarities between organic and conventional farms in the context of the dehesas with regard to indicators used in the present study. %A A.J. Escribano %A P. Gaspar %A F.J. Mesias %A M. Escribano %L orgprints30639 %T The role of the level of intensification, productive orientation and self-reliance in extensive beef cattle farms %R 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.09.006 %I Wageningen Academic Publishers %X The livestock sector must be redesigned in order to achieve food security sustainably. Several authors have argued that organic farming may contribute positively in this sense. However, the externalities of the organic livestock systems are influenced by several factors. Due to this, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the needs and perspective of the organic beef cattle farms located in the 'dehesa' ecosystem (SW Spain). For this purpose, we created the 'Feasibility of Success Index' (FSI) by using indicators that took into account the context of the extensive livestock systems located in the Mediterranean basin. Two groups of organic farms were analyzed: farms that sold calves at weaning age a conventional ones (Organic); farms that fattened and sold their calves as organic (Organic 2). These groups were compared to the Conventional farms, in order to facilitate the understanding of the situation of the organic farms. For the assessment, the MESMIS approach was used. The results showed that the Group 2 showed an advantageous position (FSI=61.53%). The Organic 1, despite showing a lower external dependence, they also showed low economic and productive results (FSI=56.59%). Finally, the Conventional farms scored the highest for the productive and economic indicators. However, they scores the lowed in the FSI (54.46%). In general terms, all three groups must improve in certain common aspects that are crucial in the current and future context of the beef cattle sector: reducing the dependence on external feedstuff, the dependence on subsidies, the bargaining power, and the business diversification. %J Book of Abstracts of the 65th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science %L orgprints29133 %A A.J. Escribano %A P. Gaspar %A F.J. Mesias %A M. Escribano %A A.F. Pulido %T Challenges and future perspectives of different organic beef cattle farms of Southern Europe %P 248-248 %K organic, beef cattle, future, challenges, perspectives, strategies, agroforestry systems, pasture-based, extensive, low-input %C The Netherlands %D 2014 %D 2004 %C Lelystad, NL %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), prijzen (nl), prices (en), prijzen van productiemiddelen (nl), input prices (en), agrarische economie (nl), agricultural economics (en), boekhouding (nl), accounting (en), melk (nl), milk (en), markteconomie (nl), market economics (en), biologisch-dynamische landbouw (nl), biodynamic farming (en), 212-M-2 Landbouwsector (nl), 212-M-2 Agricultural Sector (en), 215-C Agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), 215-C Farm Management (en), 113-B-2 Bedrijfssystemen (nl), 113-B-2 Farming Systems (en), 219-F Marketing typen (nl), 219-F Marketing Types (en) %S PraktijkRapport / Animal Sciences Group, Praktijkonderzoek 59. Rundvee 59 %A A.G. Evers %A M.H.A. De Haan %L orgprints49342 %T Kostprijsverschil tussen biologisch en gangbaar geproduceerde melk = Comparison of cost price of organic and regular milk %J PraktijkRapport / Animal Sciences Group, Praktijkonderzoek 59 %X Als vervolg op een onderzoek van kostprijsverschillen tussen biologisch en gangbare melk uit 1999, vindt in dit rapport een update plaats met actuele uitgangspunten. Door een nieuw mestbeleid, aangepaste SKAL-regels en nieuwe inzichten is deze update wenselijk. Naast biologische en gangbare bedrijven zijn ook biologisch dynamische bedrijven in deze studie meegenomen. %I Animal Sciences Group, Praktijkonderzoek %R http://orgprints.org/id/user/33951 %T Agricultural students' perception of organic farming in selected universities South-western Nigeria? %L orgprints28536 %A P. O. Fawole %A I. O. Badiru %A M. A. Bello %I University of Ibadana %X Environmental, economic and health problems associated with conventional farming were the main factors behind organic farming initiative in Nigeria. The sustainability of the initiative is hinged on the favourable disposition towards it among other issues. This study investigated agricultural students’ perception of organic farming in selected universities, south western Nigeria. Simple random technique was used to select 258 respondents for the study. Data on sources of information, awareness, knowledge and perception of organic farming as well as constraints to organic farming were collected through the use of structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using frequency counts, mean, Chi-square, PPMC and ANOVA. The study revealed that Farm year programme (58.9%) was the most preferred source of information on organic farming and majority of the respondents (77.5%) were highly aware of organic farming. Most of the respondents (62%) had high knowledge of organic farming. However, the use of organic farming was low among many (55%) of the respondents while inadequate storage facilities (48.1%) was the most severe constraint against organic farming in the study area. Many of the respondents (51.6%) had fairly favourable perception of organic farming. Universities (x2=0.021, p= 0.018), department of respondents (x2=0.01, p=0.020), Knowledge (r=0.216, p=0.000) and constraints (r=0.189, p=0.002) were significantly related to perception of organic farming. Respondents were fairly favourably disposed to organic farming. However, the use of organic farming practices was being hindered by inadequate storage facilities. Efforts should be concentrated on providing storage facilities and other support services to further enhance the sustainability of the organic farming initiative among the respondents. Key words: Perception, Students, Organic farming, Universities and Environment %K Organic farming: This is the farming system in which no synthetic chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) are used. It eliminates totally, the use of synthetic pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics or gene manipulation in the crop production system. Perception: This is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information inputs to arrive at a convergence meaning. It is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory. Student: This implies a person formally engaged in learning, especially one that enrolled in an institution of secondary or higher education. It may also imply any person who studies, investigates, or examines thoughtfully. University: This is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. Environment: The air, water and land in which people, animals and plants live. %D 2014 %P 3-98 %I Agropub %X Plast er et fleksibelt materiale med mange bruksområder. Med ulik framstilling og ulike tilsetningsstoff kan plast ha ulik holdbarhet. Plast som materiale har mange fordeler, men innebærer også alvorlige ulemper. NORSØK deltar i EU-prosjektet Organic-PLUS, der utfasing av plast i økologisk landbruk er et viktig tema. Denne artikkelen omtaler noe av prosjektaktiviteten, men gir også en bakgrunn for å forstå hvorfor bruken av plast i landbruket bør begrenses. %L orgprints40012 %T Plast til bruk og bry %A Susanne Friis Pedersen %C Tingvoll %D 2021 %K Plast, uønskede driftsmidler, plastic, contentious input, Organic-PLUSX, organic-PLUS, O+ %K contentious input,peat substitutes, Organic-PLUS %D 2022 %P 22-25 %J Økologisk Landbruk %N 2 %X Torv er i lys av dagens klimakrise en problematisk innsatsfaktor i vekstmedier. Alternativer som helt eller delvis erstatter torv er på vei, men vi er enda ikke i mål. Et ferskt litteraturstudium fra Skandinavia viser samsvarende og forskjellige tilnærminger. %V 41 %A Susanne Friis Pedersen %A Anne-Kristin Løes %L orgprints44351 %T Alternativer til torv i vekstmedier %K Peat substitutes, peat-free peat alternatives, contentious input, Organic-PLUS, Organic-PLUSX %C Tingvoll %D 2022 %S NORSØK REPORT %P 1-33 %X The first part of this report deals with peat as a natural resource in the three Scandinavian countries; Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Mires with peat receive raised awareness today with increased climate change and decreased biodiversity. The authorities and several non-governmental organizations are advocating to reduce the use of peat. Communication is often directed towards private users, who undertake about half of the peat sold for growing media as estimated both by volume and value. Private growers may act as a driver for change to reduce peat use because they can afford to pay more for alternatives than commercial growers, and they can take more risks if growing media do not always perform well. Organic regulations restrict the use of peat to horticulture. Since mineral nitrogen fertilisers may not be applied in organic growing, the development of growing media for the organic sector may increase our knowledge on applicability of organic materials more rich in nutrients than peat e.g. composts. Scandinavian studies on peat-reduced growing media are plenty but the results are not always translated to or explained in English. Research and industry have cooperated in the attempts to replace peat. Students have done efforts to find solutions and several written works are published. Wood products, possibly composted, are relevant to replace peat in growing media in Scandinavia where woody material is plenty. Other materials to be applied could be solid digestate from biogas plants, waste from industry and agriculture or residual materials from private gardens and public green areas. Substrates applied in growing media need to be studied both separately and in mixtures. Volume, processing and price are other factors to be considered. Because peat has unique properties as growing media, cultivation of white mosses in “paludi-culture” has received some interest and is briefly described in the report. The report briefly presents some peat-free products available on the Scandinavian market in 2021. The markets overlap country boarders and change rapidly from year to year. The report is written with funding from the Horizon 2020 project “Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe” (Organic-PLUS), GA774340 (2018-2022), where NORSØK leads a work package on fertilisation, growing media and degradable plastic in organic farming. The purpose of the report is to present in the English an overview of studies conducted in Scandinavia to phase out peat from growing media. %I Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK) %E Turid Strøm %E Grete Lene Serikstad %A Susanne Friis Pedersen %A Anne-Kristin Løes %L orgprints43319 %T Phasing out peat in growing media - results from Scandinavian studies %J Økologisk Landbruk %N 1 %X Alternativ gjødsel til husdyrgjødsel fra konvensjonell drift er undersøkt og referert fra felt- og potteforsøk. Eksempelvis grønngjødsel med kløvergras, råtnerest fra biogass og reststoffer fra matindustrien. Forsøkene har inngått i prosjektet Organic-PLUS og er utført i Norge og Tyskland. %V 40 %L orgprints40011 %T Alternativ gjødsel %A Susanne Friis Pedersen %A Anne-Kristin Løes %K Husdyrgjødsel, uønskede driftsmidler, råtnerest, grønngjødsel, Manure, contentious inputs, vegan fertilizer, circularity, Organic-PLUSX, Organic-PLUS, O+ %D 2021 %P 44-48 %D 2023 %K soil particle size, organic inputs, inorganic inputs, tillage, organic matter, Abacus, FiBL10119, Orm4Soil %P 683 %N 1 %J Sustainability %V 15 %X Soil health and fertility are indexed by soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Soil management through good agricultural practices that enhance and sustain SOC is vital for soil fertility. We examined the influence of soil fertility management strategies on SOC concentrations in different particle size fractions under a maize cropping system. We laid the experiment in a randomized complete block design, with 14 treatments replicated 4 times, and used the following inputs: inorganic fertilizer (Mf), maize residue +inorganic fertilizer (RMf), maize residue + inorganic fertilizer, and goat manure (RMfM), maize residue + goat manure + Dolichos Lablab L intercrop (RML), maize residue + Tithonia diversifolia + goat manure (RTiM) and maize residue + Tithonia diversifolia + phosphate rock (Minjingu) (RTiP) and a Control (no inputs) under reduced tillage (Mt) or conventional tillage (Ct). Soil samples were collected from two depths, 0–5 cm, and 5–15 cm. We determined the content of organic carbon in three physical fractionation: coarse fractions (1.7 mm, 500 µm sieve), medium fractions (250 µm and 90 µm), and a fine fraction (75 µm). Results showed that treatment with maize residues, goat manure, and legume intercrop (MtRML and CtRML) resulted in higher SOC in most fractions, irrespective of the soil depth. The SOC concentration significantly (p < 0.0001) differed across treatments and depth. It was followed by maize residue, goat manure, and inorganic fertilizer treatments, and the least was inorganic fertilizer treatment. This underpins the importance of manure application and crop residue retention in increasing SOC amounts. Reduced tillage did not influence the SOC amounts during the sampling period in the experimentation site. This study highlights the possibility of improving agricultural productivity by improving soil fertility through a combination of different agricultural soil fertility amendments in Sub-Saharan Africa. %L orgprints45301 %T Organic Carbon Content in Fractions of Soils Managed for Soil Fertility Improvement in Sub-Humid Agroecosystems of Kenya %A Miriam Githongo %A Milka Kiboi %A Anne Muriuki %A Andreas Fliessbach %A Collins Musafiri %A Felix K. Ngetich %R https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010683 %K 13C CPMAS NMR, functional group, soil organic matter stability, soil inputs, soil organic carbon, Orm4Soil, Abacus, FiBL10119 %D 2023 %P 1-13 %L orgprints51715 %T The Structural Quality of Soil Organic Matter under Selected Soil Fertility Management Practices in the Central Highlands of Kenya %A Miriam Githongo %A Lucy Ngatia %A Milka Kiboi %A Anne Muriuki %A Andreas Fliessbach %A Collins Musafiri %A Riqiang Fu %A Felix Ngetich %R https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086500 %N 8 %J Sustainability %X As influenced by agricultural practices, soil organic matter (SOM) stability is imperative in maintaining soil fertility and crop production. Integrated soil management practices have been recommended for soil fertility improvement by enhancing soil organic matter. We examined the SOM stability under integrated soil management practices for six consecutive cropping seasons in the high agricultural potential area of the Central Highlands of Kenya. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with fourteen treatments replicated four times. The treatments were minimum (Mt) and conventional tillage (Ct) combined with sole mineral fertilizer (Mf), crop residue combined with mineral fertilizer (RMf), crop residue combined with mineral fertilizer and animal manure (RMfM), crop residue combined with animal manure and Dolichos Lablab L. intercrop (RML), crop residue combined with Tithonia diversifolia and animal manure (RTiM), and crop residue combined with Tithonia diversifolia and phosphate rock (Minjingu) (RTiP), as well as a control (no inputs). SOC was higher in treatments with organic inputs and a combination of organic and inorganic inputs. Treatments with sole mineral fertilizer and no input recorded lower SOC amounts. The C functional groups followed the sequence: alkyl C (53%) > O-alkyl C (17%) > aromatic C (9%) > carboxyl C (8%) > methoxyl C (7%) > phenolic C (6%). The alkyl C proportion was higher in organic inputs treatments, while O-alkyl C was higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment combinations. Methoxyl C, aromatic C, and phenolic C proportion of SOC was greater in crop residue and mineral fertilizer combination, while carboxylic C was lower than the control in most treatments. In addition, the organic inputs treatments had a higher alkyl C/O-alkyl C ratio, increased aliphaticity, and higher hydrophobicity. Applying organic fertilizers individually or in combination with inorganic fertilizers could potentially increase C storage in the soil, thereby enhancing SOC stocks. %V 15 %I HAL CCSD %X In South America, public policies take a strong interest in alternative technologies to agricultural chemical inputs (pesticides and fertilisers). Some South American countries support biological inputs, also known as bioinputs, through national incentive programmes and regulatory changes. Argentina, Brazil and Colombia are playing a leading role. However, the intention behind this promotion of bioinputs is not to break with industrial agricultural production models, from which States derive a large part of their tax income through exports. Rather, the goal is to foster coexistence between chemical and biological inputs in the context of a transition towards the bioeconomy. In this sense, the promotion of bioinputs meets the expectations of many South American farmers, as well as those of the agricultural inputs industry, which over the last few decades has diversified into these technologies. But these industrial dynamics are counter to certain farmers’ movements that defend on-farm production of biological inputs. %J Perspective - Cirad %R https://doi.org/10.19182/perspective/36383 %L orgprints40329 %T Biological inputs and agricultural policies in South America: between disruptive innovation and continuity %A Frédéric Goulet %P 1-4 %K Biological input (en), biocontrol (en), biofertiliser (en), alternative technology (en), innovation (en), transition (en), technology coexistence (en), public policy (en), industry (en), on-farm production (en), conventional agriculture (en), organic agriculture (en), agroecology (en), health (en), South America (en), Argentina (en), Brazil (en), Colombia (en), Ecuador (en), Mexico (en), Europe (en), France (en) %D 2021 %X Biologisch wirtschaftende Low-Input-Milchviehbetriebe bieten multifunktionale Vorteile für die Umwelt, Gesellschaft und am Markt. Es bestehen diesbezüglich aber nach wie vor produktionstechnische und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung interessierter Milchviehbetriebe wurde daher in Österreich 2015 ein Bildungsprojekt mit dem Titel „Low-Input-Praktiker“ gestartet. Bis 2018 nahmen rund 160 Teilnehmer an den sechs Ausbildungskursen (8 Tageskurse + regionale Arbeitskreistreffen über ein Jahr verteilt) teil. Entsprechend den aktuell vorliegenden ökonomischen Ergebnisse zu den biologisch wirtschaftenden Low-Input-Betriebe (N = 81) sind folgende Aspekte wichtige Schlüsselfaktoren für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg: 1.) Futterkostenreduzierung durch hohe Grundfutterqualität in der Laktationsphase, 2.) optimales Grünland- und Weide-Management, 3.) effizienter Kraftfutter- und Düngereinsatz, 4.) fruchtbare Kühe welche sich gut an die Low-Input Bedingungen anpassen können 5.) hohe Milchqualität und ausreichende Milchleistung pro Kuh und 6.) Möglichkeiten die Milch im Rahmen von Prämienprogrammen zu vermarkten. Im Jahr 2017 variierte die Direktkostenfreie-Leistung zwischen dem oberen und unteren Quartil der untersuchten Bio-Low-Input Betriebe zwischen 2.819 und 1.613 € pro Kuh bzw. zwischen 43.9 und 32.7 Cent pro kg produzierter Milch. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass standortangepasste und gut geführte Low-Input-Strategien eine Basis für eine nachhaltige ökologische Milchwirtschaft in Österreich darstellen können. %I Verlag Dr. Köster %J Innovatives Denken für eine nachhaltige Land- und Ernährungswirtschaft. Beiträge zur 15. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Kassel, 5. bis 8. März 2019 %T Schlüsselfaktoren für ökonomisch erfolgreiche Bio-Low-Input-Milchviehbetriebe %L orgprints36048 %A Marco Horn %A Andreas Steinwidder %A Veronika Edler %A Christa Größ %E Daniel Mühlrath %E Joana Albrecht %E Maria R. Finckh %E Ulrich Hamm %E Jürgen Heß %E Ute Knierim %E Detlev Möller %D 2019 %C Berlin %K organic, low input, dairy cow, demonstration, network %I LEI %X Notitie van het LEI. Deze kostprijsberekening voor biologische varkens en biggen is de zevende op rij. Qua methodiek is aangesloten bij vorige berekeningen. De kosten zijn hoofdzakelijk gebaseerd op kosten in 2005. %T Kostprijsberekening biologische varkensbedrijven 2006 %L orgprints47883 %A R. Hoste %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), varkenshouderij (nl), pig farming (en), varkens (nl), pigs (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), prijzen van productiemiddelen (nl), input prices (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 603-A Dierhouderij (algemeen) (nl), 603-A Animal Husbandry (General) (en) %D 2007 %C Den Haag, NL %S Bioveem rapport 10. %D 2005 %C Wageningen , NL %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), melkveehouderij (nl), dairy farming (en), regio's (nl), regions (en), duurzaamheid (sustainability) (nl), sustainability (en), indicatoren (nl), indicators (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), vestigingsplaats van de productie (nl), location of production (en), innovaties (nl), innovations (en), 606-B Biologische dierlijke productie (nl), 606-B Organic Animal Production (en) %A G. Iepema %A T. Baars %L orgprints49178 %T Afgewenteld grondgebruik op melkveebedrijven: externe hectares %X In het project Bioveem worden een aantal nieuwe meetlatten ontwikkeld, die raken aan de intenties van de biologische landbouw. Met deze meetlatten kunnen de deelnemende bedrijven onderling vergeleken worden op andere vlakken danbedrijfseconomische cijfers en technische kengetallen. De eerste meetlat die is ontwikkeld en getoetst, is die van de externe hectares. Deze meetlat raakt aan de intentie van een regionale productie en aan doelen zoals bedrijfsindividualiteit. Bij deberekening van de externe hectares wordt aan- en afvoer van strooisel, voer en mest op een bedrijf uitgedrukt in hectares. Op basis van de meetlat kan inzicht ontstaan over de hoeveelheid melk die zonder aanvoer van buiten per hectare kan wordengeproduceerd. Daarnaast kan de berekening van de externe hectares dienen als hulpmiddel in de discussie welke intensiteit met het oog op milieubelasting en afwenteling op systemen elders is gewenst. De berekening maakt namelijk inzichtelijk wat deecologische afwenteling van een bedrijf is. In dit rapport wordt de methode voor het berekenen van dit kengetal gepresenteerd. Vervolgens worden de resultaten van deze berekening op de Bioveembedrijven op een rij gezet. %I Animal Sciences Group Wageningen UR %J Bioveem rapport 10 %I De Gruyter %X This paper explores the economic conditions for the viability of organic farming in a context of imperfect competition. While most research dealing with this issue has adopted an empirical approach, we propose a theoretical approach. Farmers have a choice between two technologies, the conventional one using two complementary inputs, chemicals and seeds, and the organic one only requiring organic seeds. The upstream markets are oligopolistic and the firms adopt Cournot behavior. The game is solved backward. The equilibrium distribution of the farmers between both sectors is obtained by a free-entry condition. Since multiple equilibria could exist, including the non-emergence of organic farming, we spell out viability conditions for organic farming. Then, using an “infant industry” argument, we propose several public policy instruments able to support the development of organic farming and assess their relative efficiency. Results could be useful to assess the conditions of emergence and viability of agricultural innovations in analogous contexts. %J Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization %R https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2013-0025 %L orgprints41678 %T Emergence of organic farming under imperfect competition: economic conditions and policy instruments %A Mélanie Jaeck %A Robert Lifran %A Hubert Stahn %P 95-108 %D 2014 %K agricultural inputs (en), imperfect competition (en), organic farming (en), policy design (en), technological choice (en) %D 2012 %K technological choice (en), imperfect competition (en), organic farming (en), agricultural inputs (en), free entry (en), policy design (en) %T Emergence of Organic Farming under Imperfect Competition: Economic Conditions and Incentives %L orgprints41752 %A Mélanie Jaeck %A Robert Lifran %A Hubert Stahn %X This article explores the economic conditions for the viability of organic farming in a context of imperfect competition. While most research dealing with this issue has adopted an empirical approach, we propose a theoretical foundation. Farmers have a choice between two technologies, the conventional one using two complementary inputs, chemicals and seeds, and the organic one only requiring organic seeds. The upstream markets are oligopolistic and the firms adopt Cournot behavior. The game is solved backward. The equilibrium repartition of the farmers between both sectors is obtained by a free entry condition. Since multiple equilibria could exist, including the non emergence of organic farming, we spell out viability conditions for organic farming. Then, using an "infant industry" argument, we propose several public policy instruments able to support the development of organic farming, and assess their relative efficiency. Results could be useful to assess the conditions of emergence and viability of agricultural innovations in analogous contexts. %I HAL CCSD %D 2009 %K Buying simulation; consumer preferences; organic food; low-input food %P 205-213 %N 3 %J Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems %I Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems %X A variety of products incorporating single aspects of organic production systems such as lower inputs of pesticides, food additives or concentrated animal feed is found on the food market (referred to as low-input products hereafter). In our study, we analysed how consumers react to low-input products in a purchase simulation with certified organic, conventional and low-input products. In the purchase simulations, each participant was asked to make three consecutive purchase decisions, one each for milk, yogurt and apples. The results of a cluster analysis revealed one cluster with a high preference for organic products and three clusters that featured considerable shares of low-input purchases. The latter clusters, however, were not characterised by a clear preference for low-input products. Rather, they bought mixed baskets of goods, i.e. low-input products in combination with either organic or conventional products. The low-input products in the categories milk, yogurt and apples did thus not necessarily attract the same groups of people. Interestingly, we found that most consumers who chose low-input products in the simulations usually buy those particular products in conventional quality. We conclude that in our study, we found a heterogeneous group of low-input buyers. For the organic sector, communicating the various aspects of organic production might be a promising strategy for gaining new customers. The low-input products in the purchase simulation only featured one special attribute, whereas organic products incorporate several. (C)Cambridge University Press 2009 %V 24 %L orgprints16373 %T Is there a promising market ‘in between’ organic and conventional food? Analysis of consumer preferences %A Meike Janssen %A Astrid Heid %A Ulrich Hamm %D 2009 %K Organic food, low-input food, choice experiments, buying behaviour %A Meike Janssen %A Astrid Heid %A Ulrich Hamm %L orgprints14020 %T Sind Low-Input-Lebensmittel für deutsche Öko-Verbraucher attraktiv? %X An increasing number of conventional products incorporating single aspects of organic production systems such as lower inputs of pesticides, food additives or concentrated animal feed (referred to as low-input products hereafter) are found on the food market. By means of choice experiments, we explore consumers’ buying behaviour regarding organic, conventional and low-input food in Germany. Our analyses show that lowinput products mostly substitute conventional products. We identify two main groups of buyers who are interested in low-input products: Firstly, consumers who buy little organic and secondly, consumers who buy particular product groups in organic quality and others in conventional. We suggest that the organic sector should take advantage of its basic values to attract the low-input buyers. Through better communication of what organic means, the organic sector could differentiate itself from low-input products and gain new customers. %X This paper is first part of a review of ethical concerns in the LowInputBreeds project. In this part, the overall context for raising ethical concerns for breeding for low input animal production and assessing these concerns is characterized. Low input animal production is different from conventional production in several important ways. This means that it faces a partly different array of ethical challenges, but also that the background for ethical assessment in many ways is different. %K ethicl concerns, low input breeding, organic and low input animal husbandry and production %D 2011 %T Ethical Concerns in LowInputBreeds. Background Paper for the LIB Symposium in Wageningen 15-16 March %L orgprints18695 %A Karsten Klint Jensen %D 2022 %K Organic inputs, chemical fertilizer, Abacus, FiBL10082 %P 1-15 %R 10.5539/jas.v14n2p9 %L orgprints44835 %T Influence of Soil Fertility Management on Nitrogen Mineralization, Urease Activity and Maize Yield %A Daniel M. Kalala %A Victor Shitumbanuma %A Benson H. Chishala %A Alice M. Mweetwa %A Andreas Fliessbach %J Journal of Agricultural Science %N 2 %X For studying the effect of soil fertility management practices on N mineralization, urease activity and maize yield, replicated field trials were established in 2015 at Misamfu and Msekera agricultural research stations (ARS) representing two geo-climatic regions of Zambia. The soil at Msekera ARS is a sandy clay loam (SCL) from a Paleustult, while that at Misamfu is a loamy sand (LS) from a Kandiustult. The field trials had three categories of treatments namely legumes, traditional and conventional. The legumes group consisted of researcher-recommended legume-cereal intercrop systems of maize with Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Tephrosia vogelii in combination with compound D (10% N, 20% P2O5, 10% K2O) and urea (46% N) at the recommended rate (200 kg ha-1) and half of the recommended rate (100 kg ha-1). Composted cattle manure and Fundikila, a special plant biomass management technique, were the inputs under the traditional category. The conventional category consisted of a treatment to which only chemical fertilizer was applied. Urease activity was determined in surface soil samples (0-20 cm) collected from the field trials after 3 years. For N mineralization, a laboratory incubation study was conducted over 13 weeks. For the laboratory incubation, an additional treatment to which no input was applied was included as control. Application of organic inputs significantly increased the potentially mineralizable N (No) by 127% to 256% on the LS and by 51% to 131% on the SCL in comparison to the control. Similarly, the cumulative N mineralized (Ncum) was twice or thrice higher where organic inputs had been applied in comparison to the control. The No followed the order traditional > legumes > conventional > control, while the mineralization rate constant (k) followed the order legumes > conventional > traditional > control on both soils. The rate of N mineralization was significantly higher on the LS than the SCL. Higher rates of chemical fertilizer resulted in high Ncum and higher maize yield. Maize yield was significantly and positively correlated to Ncum, but inversely correlated to the amount of applied N that was mineralized (%Nmin). Urease activity was stimulated by application of organic inputs and suppressed by higher rates of chemical fertilizers. The type of organic inputs; the rate of chemical fertilizers; and soil texture are factors influencing N mineralization and maize yield. Urease activity was largely influenced by the rate of chemical fertilizer, but not the type of organic inputs or soil texture. %V 14 %J Animal Production Science %N 15 %X Mitigating urinary nitrogen (N) losses is an important target of sustainable cattle nutrition concepts. One option to achieve this may be dietary inclusion of tanniferous herbs. Aims. Aim of the study was to investigate herbs with different profiles of tannins for their efficiency to abate urinary N losses. Small burnet (Sanguisorba minor) with high concentrations of total tannins, plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with low concentrations and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) with expectedly high concentrations of condensed tannins were included in the treatments. Methods. The test plants were mixed in dried form into a grass–maize-silage diet at 80 g/kg of dietary dry matter. They replaced dried perennial ryegrass (control). Twenty four multiparous dairy cows were randomly allocated to the four diets. Intake, eating time, rumination time, and milk yield were recorded individually, and representative samples of milk and excreta were collected and analysed six times within 14 days, following 10 days of adaptation. The diets with ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil, plantain or burnet contained, per kilogram of dry matter, 0, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.9 g condensed tannins, 0.1, 1.9, 1.7 and 15.5 g total tannins, and 26.2, 28.5, 27.5 and 26.6 g N. Key results. Milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment, apart from a decline in milk protein content when feeding plantain. Milk urea concentration was reduced with burnet by more than 30%, compared with the control and plantain. Birdsfoot trefoil also reduced milk urea concentration, but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, the burnet treatment substantially shifted N excretion from urine to faeces (about 30% lower urine N losses). All treatments lowered the proportion of fine particles of <1.0 mm in faeces, what might be due to high fibre content of the control. Conclusions. At dietary proportion of 80 g/kg, burnet is a forage herb with potential to reduce ruminal ammonia generation as indicated by reduced urinary N and milk urea. Plantain and birdsfoot trefoil had no or negligible effects. Implications. The study indicated that small burnet could have potential as a feed additive for dairy cows in terms of N-use efficiency, lower emissionsto the environment, and reduced animal metabolic stress. %V 65 %R https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22300 %L orgprints51769 %T Effects of dietary Sanguisorba minor, Plantago lanceolata, and Lotus corniculatus on urinary N excretion of dairy cows %A A.N. Kapp-Bitter %A J. Berard %A S.L. Amelchanka %A C. Baki %A C. Kunz %A A. K. Steiner %A M. Kreuzer %A Florian Leiber %K ammonia, chewing behaviour, low-input system, milk urea nitrogen, nitrogen emission, organic agriculture, plant secondary compound, polyphenol, rumen, Abacus, FiBL50064 %D 2023 %P 1494-1504 %X The study was conducted in the organic trial field of Wageningen University and Research Centre with the objective of assessing the potentials of composite cross populations of winter wheat with the pure line cultivars. Four different aged composite cross population, one CCP-extra population and one pure line winter wheat cultivar were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were much more observed differences between the genotypes at the vegetative stage and not for the grain yield. %L orgprints47434 %T Comparisons of several generations of winter wheat composite cross populations with a modern cultivar under organic farming %A M.M. Kassie %K triticum aestivum (nl), triticum aestivum (en), wintertarwe (nl), winter wheat (en), kruisingen (nl), crosses (en), cultivars (nl), cultivars (en), biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), low input landbouw (nl), low input agriculture (en), plantenveredeling (nl), plant breeding (en), tarwe (nl), wheat (en), akkerbouw (nl), arable farming (en), 504-A Plantenveredeling en -genetica (algemeen) (nl), 504-A Plant Breeding and Genetics (General) (en) %D 2013 %J Organic Agriculture %V online %X The use of several plant protection inputs of mineral origin, such as copper, sulphur or mineral oils is seen as contentious by many consumers and stakeholders within the organic sector. Although the use of these inputs is legal in organic systems and also applied in non-organic agriculture, their use by organic growers raises questions for organic practice, which aspires to be free from toxic, non-renewable chemicals. Data on the current use of permitted plant protection inputs is currently scarce, especially in horticulture where chemical inputs deserve special attention since horticultural products are often readily edible. A mapping of the use of copper, sulphur and mineral oils was conducted by collecting expert knowledge across 10 European countries during May–October 2018, i.e. before the limitation of copper use to 4 kg ha−1 year−1 from February 1, 2019. Results show that copper is widely used by Mediterranean organic growers in citrus, olive, tomato and potato production. The annual limit of 6 kg ha−1 year−1 was not always respected. We also found that tomato producers apply high amounts of copper in winter crops in greenhouses. Mineral oils are applied to control scales, mites and whiteflies. Sulphur is also commonly used by organic vegetable growers, especially in greenhouses. We conclude that the high usage found in various different crops (especially Mediterranean crops) confirms the need for researching alternatives. %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00330-2 %T Current use of copper, mineral oils and sulphur for plant protection in organic horticultural crops across 10 European countries %L orgprints38525 %A N. Katsoulas %A Anne-Kristin Løes %A D. Andrivon %A G. Cirvilleri %A M. de Cara %A A. Kir %A L. Knebl %A K. Malinska %A F. W. Oudshoorn %A H. Willer %A U. Schmutz %D 2020 %K Mediterranean crops, Greenhouse crops, tomato, Contentious inputs, plant protection, Abacus, FiBL60073, Organic-PLUSX %P 1-13 %T Soil carbon dynamics estimation and dependence on farming system in a temperate climate %L orgprints29151 %A Karin Kauer %A Berit Tein %A Diego Sanches De Cima %A Liina Talgre %A Viacheslav Eremeev %A Evelin Loit %A Anne Luik %R 10.1016/j.still.2015.06.010 %J Soil and Tillage Research %X Maintaining or enhancing the stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key factor in sustaining the soil resources of the world. The objective of this research was to study the effect of different farming systems (conventional farming with mineral fertilizers and crop specific fertilization vs. organic farming with organic fertilizers (catch crops and composted manure)) under the same 5-crop rotation (red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato, barley undersown with red clover) system on the SOC stock and the stability of SOC. The second aim was to quantify plant C inputs to the soil and to identify the relationship between C sequestration rate and C input. Data presented in this paper concerned the first rotation during 2008–2012. The main factors were farming systems: conventional and organic. Four conventional farming systems differed in the mineral nitrogen application rates used. In two organic farming systems catch crops were used with or without composted solid cattle manure. The SOC stock was determined before experiment establishment and after the first rotation. The C input into the soil was calculated based on the main product yield. The stock of SOC increased (2.57 Mg ha−1 y−1) considerably after the first rotation only in the organic farming systems, where the total C inputs were 1368 kg C ha−1 y−1 higher compared to the average C inputs in conventional systems. The mineral N rate did not influence the C-input but it had an effect on the properties and mineralisation of soil organic matter. The stable C fraction of SOC proportion increased in the system in which the highest rate of mineral N (20–150 kg N ha−1y−1 depending on crop) was used and its proportion in the soil was comparable with the results obtained from organic farming systems. Thus, the intensive management with high N rates may benefit to a formation of more stabile SOC if the crop rotation used is properly elaborated. %V 154 %K Organic farming, Conventional farming, N fertilization, Crop rotation, Carbon input %D 2015 %P 53-63 %K Conversion to organic farming; Phare project on demonstration centres for sustainable agriculture; Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania; low-external-input agriculture; macro-economic impact of organic agriculture; %C Brussels %D 2000 %P 47-56 %J Proceedings of the international conference “Water and agriculture” %X 1. Background information In order to examine the environmental and economic effect of low-input and organic types of agriculture in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, in 1995 EU-Phare programme funded a pilot project on setting up research and education demonstration centres for sustainable agriculture (EU/AR/301/91). The project’s objective was to “test” the feasibility of sustainable types of agriculture under agro-ecological and socio-economic circumstances of the three countries concerned. The project also had to draft a policy paper for conversion to sustainable agriculture in these countries. Education and research on water quality, biodiversity, market potentials and macro-economic feasibility represented a substantial part of the project activities (ended up in May 1999). The results obtained and experienced gained by this project are used as the frame for a wider discussion regarding the impact of agricultural development scenarios on water resources in the Danube countries. 2. Impact of agriculture on water resources in the Danube River Basin Most agricultural operations, such as soil tillage, manuring, grazing, and irrigation, pose a serious threat to water quality. Agriculture is a substantial water user, and often the single biggest sector responsible for the pollution of European waters. In addition, agriculture threatens water habitats. Available data indicate that in many regions of Europe, agriculture alone is responsible for more than 50% of the total nutrient load borne by water (Znaor, 1999; VROM, 1998; IFEN, 1998; OECD, 1997). Many surface and groundwater resources are exploited beyond sustainable levels and agriculture contributes to this problem by drawing off a considerable volume for irrigation purposes. Around 50% of nitrate and phosphate pollution in the Danube River Basin are attributed to agriculture. The "Danube Integrated Environmental Study" (Haskoning, 1994), a research project involving approximately seventy experts from eleven Danube countries concluded that: 1. Agriculture is the major source of pollution by nitrogen (50%), phosphorus (53%) and pesticides, and contributes significantly to metal (Cd, Cu, Zn), bacteria and viruses emissions 2. Wetlands and related eco-systems still account for a substantial nutrient removal capacity with a high economic value 3. Environmental problems related to water pollution are amplified by the consumption patterns of the Danube basin population, particularly the increase of animal protein consumption 4. The damage to the priority functions (drinking water, recreation, fisheries, ecosystem) of ground and surface water in the Danube basin and part of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea is estimated to be about €4 billion per year. The findings of the Haskoning study were recently confirmed by another study (TG-MWRI, 1997). This study, too, found that more than 50% of N and P in the surface water of the Danube basin derive from agriculture. A study from VITUKI (1997) concluded that a 25% reduction of the nutrient loads (as compared to reference period 1989-91) is required to meet the environmental quality criteria for the Danube River, while a 40% N-reduction and 50% P-reduction scenario would be required for the Black Sea Basin. Experts from the CEE countries have suggested that such reductions (of about 50%) would be feasible if so-called ‘Best Agricultural Practices’ could be generally applied. Obviously both Germany and Austria (Upper Danube) would have to contribute their share in this reduction as well. The above data suggest that agriculture represents by far the most important sector for tacking nutrient pollution in the Danube basin. However, when calculating the amount of water pollution caused by agriculture, the pollution caused by agricultural practices are only part of the problem. Significant levels of pollution are caused by the agri-chemical industry that serves agriculture. It is a very substantial source of pollution. For instance: in Romania a single fertiliser producer contributes 13.4 % to the total Romanian phosphate discharge (60,000 ton) into the Danube river (Toma, 1999). 3. Low-external input agriculture reality and water pollution In Central and Eastern Europe the sustainability issue in agriculture has two additional dimensions as compared to Western Europe. The ‘transition’-process of economic and institutional reform, and the environmental ‘opportunity’ of current low-input reality in agriculture. Due to changes in the price of agricultural commodities and the high price of agricultural inputs, most of the farms in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are forced to practice low-input farming. Input levels have fallen to 10-30% of the input levels before 1989. In 1996-98, in most countries the agri-input levels have not increased above 10-50% of the 1989 levels: Bulgaria 10%, Yugoslavia 50%, Poland 50%, Romania 25%, Russia 12% (Kieft, 1999). Even though this is a rather 'forced' agro-social experiment, it is very interesting to study its impact on the agricultural production and water pollution in the Danube River Basin. The various data on inputs, outputs and water pollution show the potential to combine the objectives of agricultural production with environmental protection. Therefore this very reality of low input levels can be perceived also as an environmental opportunity for the region. Especially since a minimum 40-50% nutrients reduction is required to enable ecologically sound functioning of the Black Sea (VITUKI, 1997). This opportunity is only interesting, however, if agricultural production can be increased without increasing pollution again. Studies from some Danube countries (Kieft, 1999), as well as the results of the above-mentioned project indicate that by practising low-external input agriculture, the reduction of yields is not proportional to the reduction of fertiliser and pesticide inputs. Even with relatively low level of agri-chemical input farmers in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania can achieve interesting output levels, while at the same time reducing or avoiding environmental damages. Maintaining these output levels, however, requires improved farming practices including balanced nutrient management, improved manure handling, erosion control and crop rotations, based on low input techniques. 4. Further agricultural development scenarios and policy options Within the framework of this project, a study measuring the macro-economic impact of sustainable agriculture in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary was done too (Wit et al. 1999). It showed that large-scale conversion (up to 50% of the arable land) to sustainable agriculture in these countries results in comparable national agricultural production value to that obtained by conventional scenario. The sustainable scenario exhibits even greater economic benefits when the external (environmental) costs accompanying agricultural production are internalised into the price of the produce. By charging a shadow price of ECU1 per kg of nitrogen leached, the sustainable scenario showed even greater economic benefit. It results in net national agricultural production value 16% (Bulgaria), 49% (Hungary) and 5% (Romania) higher than by the conventional scenario. At the same time, the sustainable scenario reduced nitrogen leaching for 34% (Bulgaria), 45% (Hungary) and 35% (Romania) when compared to the conventional scenario. This reduction complies with the targets set up for nutrient reduction for the Danube River and the Black Sea (VITUKI, 1997; Haskonig, 1994). 5. Conclusion Agriculture in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, although at a record low input, is not sustainable from an economic or environmental point of view unless it is accompanied by better management practices. A shift to improved low-input agriculture and organic agriculture is beneficial to the national economy and reduces number of environmental and water-related degradations. In order to make this shift possible- a 3-Track policy is proposed: (i) support to pioneering organic farming; (ii) improvement of low-input farming techniques; (iii) conversion of high-input agriculture to integrated agriculture. Establishment of an international facility to support national teams in preparing and implementing this policy would enable a concerted action not only for these three, but also for other Danube countries. %I World Wide Fund for Nature %T Impact of agricultural development scenarios on water resources in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania %L orgprints26444 %A Henk Kieft %A Darko Znaor %I Eugen Ulmer %V 10 %X In this overview, the preceding effects of crop pairs are classified by establishing schematic diagrams for use in crop rotation planning in low external input or organic agricultural systems. Results from previous crop rotation trials and earlier diagrams cited in the literature were evaluated in order to classify the succession effects for more than 25 main crop species. Additional information about several cultivation remarks were annotated in small letters for every crop sequence. In a tabular overview, the crop species were arranged into three main categories according to the different duration of their pre-crop effects: I. N fixing, soil fertility increasing legumes and legume-grass mixtures; II. N depleting, intense soil fertility reducing non-legumes; III. modest soil fertility reducing non-legumes. %N 2 %J Pflanzenbauwissenschaften %L orgprints10469 %A Hartmut Kolbe %T Designing crop rotations in organic and low-input agriculture: Evaluation of pre-crop effects %P 82-89 %K crop rotation, pre-crop effects, classification, low-input and organic agriculture %D 2007 %P 49-56 %D 2011 %K emmer, low-input and organic farming, spike productivity %L orgprints20760 %A Petr Konvalina %A Ivana Capouchova %A Zdenek Stehno %A Jan (Jr.) Moudry %A Jan Moudry %T Spike productivity in relation to yield as criterion for emmer wheat breeding %X Landraces, which are unbred cereal species, and include in particular the tetraploid emmer wheat, have become an important focus for the activities of local or organic farmers, processors and consumers of organic products. This study is based on analyses of the spike productivity, harvest index and grain yield of six emmer wheat landraces. It aims to find suitable criteria for the selection of cultivars and varieties which may contribute to the increase in the productivity of the emmer wheat. The cultivars and varieties most commonly used have short dense spikes which have a negative effect on the grain yield, as the spike density is negatively correlated with the weight of thousand grains (TGW), the weight of the grains in the spikes, the number of grains in spikelets and the proportion of hulls to the weight of the grains. Therefore, the selection of cultivars and varieties should focus on material having long lax spikes, and a high TGW, both of which would have a positive effect on the harvest index. %V 28 %J Romanian Agricultural Research %D 2014 %K reduced tillage, green manures, nutrient dynamics, crop performance, organic farming systems, Core Organic, TILMAN-ORG project, organic inputs, green manure, nutrient dynamics, crop performance, NDICEA, modeling, simulation %T Calibration and adaptation of the NDICEA model to reduced tillage systems: Final-report of the Tilman CORE Organic II project. Work package 5.2. %L orgprints28776 %A Chris Koopmans %A P.I. Rietberg %A G.J.H.M. Burgt %X The NDICEA model was used to simulate and evaluate field trials, designed to improve organic cropping system by using reduced tillage and green manures. The model can help to assess whether nitrogen shortages are likely to occur, and to evaluate the effect of green manure and reduced tillage conditions on nitrogen dynamics and soil organic matter pools. To investigate the effects of tillage and nutrient management on N cycling and soil organic matter pools using the model NDICEA for different experimental sites across Europe. In addition adaptations to the NDICEA model are proposed to cover the effects of reduced tillage in these computer simulations. %L orgprints13378 %A Ulrich Köpke %A Julia Cooper %A Hanne Lindhard Petersen %A Geert J. H. M. van der Burgt %A Lucius Tamm %T QLIF Workshop 3: Productivity of Organic and Low Input Systems (Crops) %D 2008 %K organic, low input, crop production, soil fertility, food safety, Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, QLIF %X A large amount of results on optimising organic and low-input production of crops for commodities such as wheat, apples, tomatoes and lettuce have been generated. However, the gap between the productivity of organic and conventional production systems persists as one of the main issues. In this workshop we want to analyse this gap, assess the impact of the QLIF results on yields and costs, and to spark a discussion on further approaches how to increase productivity and yield stability. %N 105262 %J Soil & Tillage Research %V 216 %X For decades, conservation tillage has been promoted as a measure to increase carbon stocks in arable soils. Since organic farming improves soil quality and soil carbon storage, reduced tillage under organic farming conditions may further enhance this potential. Therefore, we assessed soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of reduced tillage compared with mouldboard ploughing in nine organic farming field trials in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland with the same sampling and analytical protocol. We sampled soil cores until a depth of 100 cm to determine soil carbon stocks that are relevant for climate change mitigation but are often overlooked in tillage studies with shallow sampling depths. The studied field experiments were between 8 and 21 years old and comprised different soil types with clay contents ranging from 10% to 50%. SOC stocks increased with increasing clay-to-silt ratio, precipitation and organic fertiliser input. Across sites, reduced tillage in comparison with ploughing increased SOC stocks in the surface layer (0–10/15 cm) by 20.8% or 3.8 Mg ha-1, depleted SOC stocks in the intermediate soil layers to 50 cm soil depth with a maximum depletion of 6.6% or 1.6 Mg ha-1 in 15/ 20–30 cm and increased SOC stocks in the deepest (70–100 cm) soil layer by 14.4% or 2.5 Mg ha-1. The subsoil SOC stock increase may be linked to the inherent soil heterogeneity. Cumulative SOC stocks increased by 1.7% or 1.5 Mg ha-1 (0–50 cm, n = 9) and 3.6% or 4.0 Mg ha-1 (0–100 cm, n = 7) by reduced tillage compared with ploughing with estimated mean C sequestration rates of 0.09 and 0.27 Mg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. There was no effect of field trial duration on tillage induced cumulative SOC stocks differences. Under reduced tillage, biomass production was 8% lower resulting in a decrease of crop C input by 6%. However, this reduction may have been outbalanced by increased C inputs from weed biomass resulting from a higher weed incidence in reduced tillage, which warrants further research. Thus, reduced tillage in organic farming has the potential to increase total SOC stocks, while crop management has to be improved to increase productivity. %L orgprints43080 %T Reduced tillage in organic farming affects soil organic carbon stocks in temperate Europe %A Maike Krauss %A Martin Wiesmeier %A Axel Don %A Fogelina Cuperus %A Andreas Gattinger %A Sabine Gruber %A Wiepie Haagsma %A Joséphine Peigne %A Marco Chiodelli Palazzoli %A Franz Schulz %A Marcel van der Heijden %A Laura Vincent-Caboud %A Raphaël Wittwer %A Sabine Zikeli %A Markus Steffens %R https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105262 %K Soil texture, Carbon input, Climate change, Conservation tillage, Carbon sequestration, soil organic carbon, Abacus, FiBL10110 %D 2022 %P 1-11 %L orgprints18926 %A E.T. Lammerts van Bueren %T Future breeding for organic and low-input agriculture: integrating values and modern breeding tools for improving robustness %X Organic production and also the attention for plant breeding for organic agriculture is still increasing in Europe. The question often raised is how much does plant breeding for the organic sector differ from modern plant breeding and does a ban on GMO also include refraining from molecular marker assisted selection (MAS)? In this paper I will first elaborate on the values in organic agriculture and it related systems approach as a central focus in organic agriculture and will then discuss in which way molecular marker assisted selection can be of use for plant breeding for organic and low-input agriculture. %J Breeding for Resilience: a strategy for organic and low-input farming systems? %P 7-9 %K robustness, resilience, plant breeding, organic and low input agriculture, adaptation model %D 2010 %P 51-64 %D 2010 %K Organic plant breeding - Evaluation of molecular markers - Marker assisted selection - SWOT analysis - Low-input agriculture %X Plant geneticists consider molecular marker assisted selection a useful additional tool in plant breeding programs to make selection more efficient. Standards for organic agriculture do not exclude the use of molecular markers as such, however for the organic sector the appropriateness of molecular markers is not self-evident and is often debated. Organic and low-input farming conditions require breeding for robust and flexible varieties, which may be hampered by too much focus on the molecular level. Pros and contras for application of molecular markers in breeding for organic agriculture was the topic of a recent European plant breeding workshop. The participants evaluated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the use of molecular markers and we formalized their inputs into breeder’s perspectives and perspectives seen from the organic sector’s standpoint. Clear strengths were identified, e.g. better knowledge about gene pool of breeding material, more efficient introgression of new resistance genes from wild relatives and testing pyramided genes. There were also common concerns among breeders aiming at breeding for organic and/or conventional agriculture, such as the increasing competition and cost investments to get access to marker technology, and the need for bridging the gap between phenotyping and genotyping especially with complex and quantitative inherited traits such as nutrient-efficiency. A major conclusion of the authors is that more interaction and mutual understanding between organic and molecular oriented breeders is necessary and can benefit both research communities. %V 175 %J EUPHYTICA %N 1 %A E.T. Lammerts van Bueren %A Gunter Backes %A H.C. de Vriend %A H. Østergård %L orgprints18232 %T The role of molecular markers and marker assisted selection in breeding for organic agriculture %R 10.1007/s10681-010-0169-0 %L orgprints47633 %T Aardappel die zuinig is met stikstof %A E. Lammerts-Van Bueren %N novemb %J Kennis online : Wageningen UR-onderzoek voor LNV %V 8 %X De mestwetgeving en problemen met uitspoeling maken veredeling van aardappels op stikstofefficiëntie steeds interessanter. Met een lowinputaardappel kunnen veredelaars ook nieuwe markten in ontwikkelingslanden bedienen. Onderzoekers speuren naar manieren om de complexe eigenschap voor veredelaars grijpbaar te maken. %K aardappelen (nl), potatoes (en), plantenveredeling (nl), plant breeding (en), stikstof (nl), nitrogen (en), voedingsstoffenbehoeften (nl), nutrient requirements (en), biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), low input landbouw (nl), low input agriculture (en), selectiemethoden (nl), selection methods (en), 504-B Plantenveredeling, selectiemethoden (nl), 504-B Plant Breeding and Selection Methods (en), 513-C-1 Aardappelen (nl), 513-C-1 Potatoes (en) %D 2011 %P 12 %X The plant and animal health care strategy in organic farming strengthensagro-biodiversity, protects the environment as well as animal and human health. In addition to fully exploiting preventive options, the use of external inputs such as plant protection products, fertilisers or veterinarymedicinal productsis allowed to prevent inacceptable losses in productivity or animal suffering. However, external inputs need to comply with organic standardsas well as European legislationand aretherefore carefully evaluated before any decision on acceptance is taken.Organic farming systems should aim at reducing dependency on off-farm fertilisers to the lowest feasable level to ensure closed nutrient cycles and avoid nutrient leakage and contamination. This policy brief explains the underlying principles and the procedures for evaluation of inputs, focusing on plant protection products, fertilisers, feed additives and veterinary medicinal products used in organic farming under European legislation. The case study in Annex I on plant protection products provides a full picture on the processes and criteria for authorisation, the assessment of new inputs accordingtothe suitability in organic farming, the history of utilised substances and possible trade-offs and concerns. %L orgprints36499 %S Deliverable No7.3 Policy brief explaining the organic approachto inputs %T Policy brief on the organic approach to inputs – Plant protection products, fertilisers, veterinary drugs and feed additives explained %A Isabella Lang %A Lucius Tamm %A Bernhard Speiser %A Hans-Jakob Schärer %A Joelle Herforth-Rahmé %A Michael Walkenhorst %A Else Bünemann-König %A Veronika Maurer %A Bram Moeskops %A Emanuele Busacca %A Eric Gall %A Jakob Magid %A Annegret Schmitt %K Organic farming, inputs, plant protection product, fertilisers, veterinary medicinal products, feed additives %D 2019 %P 6 %D 2019 %K Crop-weed interaction (en), Weed control (en), Landraces (en), Low-input breeding (en), Organic breeding (en), Genome-wide association (en), Marker-trait associations (en), Quantitative trait loci (en), Triticum aestivum L (en) %X AbstractWeed pressure can be high in organic and low-input farming and reduce yield and produce quality. In these systems, integrated weed management includes different agronomic practices but rarely focuses on the use of more competitive cultivars, which would reduce reliance on direct weed control methods and their detrimental effects on soil and the environment. We characterized 160 common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions cultivated in Italy since the nineteenth century for four traits linked to competitive ability against weeds (above-ground biomass before stem elongation, tillering index, plant height, and flag leaf morphology) and for two production-related traits (grain yield and thousand-kernel weight). This approach aimed to identify the most suitable combinations of competitiveness and production traits, which often show trade-offs, and led to the identification of eight accessions with reduced grain yield to plant height trade-off. We genotyped the collection with SNP markers, revealing high molecular diversity and highlighting a trend of polymorphism loss passing from heritage to modern germplasm, with the presence of unique polymorphisms in both groups. These results underline the importance of studying both heritage and elite germplasm when focusing on traits that are not targeted by formal breeding, such as the competitive ability against weeds. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) with false discovery rates (FDR) < 5% were detected for all traits studied, while MTAs with FDR < 1% were detected for plant height, biomass, grain yield, and thousand-kernel weight. We identified MTAs confirming associations already reported in the literature as well as MTAs pinpointing new genomic regions that may disclose new breeding perspectives in common wheat. This study, for the first time, shows the high potential of interdisciplinary research bridging advanced genetic studies with agroecological approaches for selecting more competitive common wheat germplasm as additional tool in more sustainable integrated weed management systems. %I Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA %J Agronomy for Sustainable Development %L orgprints41218 %A Mariateresa Lazzaro %A Paolo Bàrberi %A Matteo Dell’Acqua %A Mario Enrico Pè %A Margherita Limonta %A Delfina Barabaschi %A Luigi Cattivelli %A Paolo Laino %A Patrizia Vaccino %T Unraveling diversity in wheat competitive ability traits can improve integrated weed management %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0551-1 %X “Conventional” and “organic” farming systems have been compared in many studies. However, the lack of concern about the diversity of both conventional and organic farming systems can be imputed to the oft-quoted methodological difficulties of comparing conventional and organic systems. Indeed, the analysis of articles on genotype performance of small-grain cereals under conventional and organic management strategies revealed that there are significant variations in input levels within conventional systems and within organic farming. In addition, this could lead to conflicting results when attempting to identify the best breeding strategies for organic management systems. To boost breeding activities for the organic sector, our proposal is the establishment of an international classification of agroecosystem managements based on recognized agro-climatic and management indicators. Management classifications are proposed for both conventional and organic management strategies. This work would facilitate the sharing of new results among agronomists and breeders for designing adapted and efficient organic breeding strategies. %I HAL CCSD %J Organic Agriculture %L orgprints41166 %A Antonin Le Campion %A Francois-Xavier Oury %A Emmanuel Heumez %A Bernard Rolland %T Conventional versus organic farming systems: dissecting comparisons to improve cereal organic breeding strategies %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-019-00249-3 %P 63-74 %K cereal (en), conventional agriculture (en), Yield (en), Small-grain cereals (en), Breeding strategy (en), Organic agriculture (en), Low-input managements (en), yields catches (en), rendement (fr), céréale (fr), agriculture conventionnelle (fr) %D 2020 %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1172-7 %T Is low-input management system a good selection environment to screen winter wheat genotypes adapted to organic farming? %L orgprints41625 %A Antonin-Pierre Le Campion %A Francois-Xavier Oury %A Jean-Yves Morlais %A Patrice Walczak %A Paul Bataillon %A Olivier Gardet %A Stephane Gilles %A Alexandre Pichard %A Bernard Rolland %I HAL CCSD %X The move toward resilient and productive agriculture requires, among other innovations, the design of new sustainable farming systems in which the variety plays a main role. Plant breeding strategies adapted to organic farming conditions have to deal with limiting factors. Whereas in north-west France, it is known that trials carried out under high-input management do not give a good prediction of genotype performance in organic conditions, less is known about the relative stability of wheat genotypes between low-input (LI) and organic cropping systems. A retrospective analysis of 34 winter wheat trials conducted from 2004 to 2011 was performed to determine whether data obtained on genotypes grown under LI conditions can be used to predict genotype performance in organic (ORG) target conditions. Every year, ORG and LI (no fungicide or growth regulators, N balance sheet-60 kgN/ha, weed control with herbicides) trials including 25-30 genotypes describing a large range of genetic diversity were sown in three different agro-climatic regions across north-west France. Genotype performance in ORG management system was reduced from 25 to 40 % for yield and from 10 to 22 % for grain protein content. Estimates of genotypic values appeared to be more precise under LI than ORG conditions. Because of high genetic correlations between LI and ORG conditions, the relative efficiency of indirect selection from LI to ORG conditions was approximately 1. Spearman's rank correlations were high (Rs = 0.54-0.92) and genotype rank inversions generally had a minor extent. However, in 2005 and 2010, almost 50 % of the lines had to be retained in LI to keep 80 % of the top 20 % of genotypes in organic conditions. Compared with previous results from high-input conditions, LI management provided a better prediction of genotype performance under ORG conditions but crossover genotype x management interactions could be observed between both systems. Overall, combining information provided from both LI and ORG crop management systems appears to be a good process for building efficient and adapted breeding schemes for ORG farming conditions. %J Euphytica %P 41-56 %D 2014 %K Low-input management systems (en), Organic farming (en), Relative selection efficiency (en), Breeding strategy (en), Indirect selection (en) %D 2019 %K discourse analysis (en), legislation (en), rural development programme (en), Common Agricultual Policy (en), low-input practices (en), organic farming (en), conservation agriculture (en) %T Legislation and political discourse about ecological farming %L orgprints40728 %A Gaelle Leduc %A Gordana Manevska-Tasevska %A Helena Hansson %A Marie Arndt %A Zoltan Bakucs %A Michael Boehm %A Mihai Chitea %A Violeta Florian %A Salim Hitouche %A Sophie Legras %A Lucian Luca %A Anna Martikainen %A Hai Vu Pham %A Marioara Rusu %A Burkhard Schaer %A Pierre Wavresky %I HAL CCSD %K food borne disease, food hygiene, manure, quality assurance, risk reduction point, enteric pathogens, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli O157, HACCP, ready-to-eat vegetable crops, organic production systems, low input production systems %D 2008 %P 931-950 %L orgprints16009 %T Control of enteric pathogens in ready-to-eat vegetable crops in organic and ‘low input’ production systems: a HACCP-based approach %A C. Leifert %A K. Ball %A N. Volakakis %A J.M. Cooper %J Journal of Applied Microbiology %I Wiley-Blackwell %V 105 %X Risks from pathogens such as Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli O157 have been identified as a particular concern for organic and ‘low input’ food production systems that rely on livestock manure as a nutrient source. Current data do not allow any solid conclusions to be drawn about the level of this risk, relative to conventional production systems. This review describes six Risk Reduction Points (RRPs) where risks from enteric pathogens can be reduced in ready-to-eat vegetables. Changes can be made to animal husbandry practices (RRP1) to reduce inoculum levels in manure. Outdoor livestock management (RRP2) can be optimized to eliminate the risk of faecal material entering irrigation water. Manure storage and processing (RRP3), soil management practices (RRP4) and timing of manure application (RRP5), can be adjusted to reduce the survival of pathogens originating from manure. During irrigation (RRP6), pathogen risks can be reduced by choosing a clean water source and minimizing the chances of faecal material splashing on to the crop. Although preventive measures at these RRPs can minimize enteric pathogen risk, zero risk can never be obtained for raw ready-to-eat vegetables. Good food hygiene practices at home are essential to reduce the incidence of food-borne illnesses. %D 2007 %K organic farming, low input farming, ICM, biodiversity, environmental impact, food quality, health %T Effects of organic and ‘low input’ production methods on food quality and safety %L orgprints10482 %A C. Leifert %A E. Rembiałkowska %A J.H. Nielson %A J.M. Cooper %A G. Butler %A L. Lueck %X The intensification of agricultural production in the last century has resulted in a significant loss of biodiversity, environmental problems and associated societal costs. The use of shorter rotations or monocropping and high levels of mineral fertilisers, pesticides and crop growth regulators may also have had negative impacts on food quality and safety. To reverse the negative environmental and biodiversity impacts of agricultural intensification, a range of different ‘low input’ farming systems have been developed and are now supported by EU and government support schemes. A range of recent reviews concluded that switching to low input, integrated or organic farming practices results in significant environmental benefits and increased biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. Some recent studies also reported higher levels of nutritionally desirable compounds (e.g. vitamins, antioxidants, mineral nutrients) in foods from organic and ‘low input’ production systems compared to food from conventional systems. The increasing demand and current price premiums achieved by foods from low input and especially organic production systems were shown to be closely linked to consumer perceptions about nutritional and health benefits of such foods. However, there are other studies reporting no significant differences in composition between low input and conventional foods, or inconsistent results. There is currently a lack of (a) factorial studies, which allow the effect of individual production system components (e.g. rotation design, fertility management, crop health management, variety choice) on food composition to be assessed and (b) dietary intervention or cohort studies which compare the effect of consuming foods from different production systems on animal and/or human health. It is therefore currently not possible to draw overall conclusions about the effect of low input production on food quality and safety. This paper will (a) describe the range of organic and other ‘low input’ standards, certification and support systems currently used, (b) summarise the currently available information on effects of organic and other low input crop production systems on the environment, biodiversity and food quality, and (c) describe the methodologies and results from subproject 2 of the EU-funded Integrated project QualityLowInputFood. This project focused on improving our knowledge about the effect of organic and low input crop and livestock production systems on food quality and safety parameters. %X In this workshop, we will summarize the results of the QLIF project on food safety issues. The participants discuss safety problems related to organic and low input standards and techniques for both animal and plant products. They will relate the findings to consumers’ perception and concern. Improved production and processing techniques will be suggested. %K organic farming, low input farming, environmental impact, food quality, health, food safety %D 2008 %A Carlo Leifert %A Ulrich Koepke %A Marianne Bonde %A Richard Stanley %A Ulrich Hamm %A Gabriela Wyss %A Chuck Benbrook %A Jana Hajslova %A Lorna Lueck %A Julia Cooper %L orgprints13379 %T QLIF Workshop 2: Safety of foods from organic and low input farming systems %X Fertilizers used for organic apple production contain multiple nutrients with a nutrient composition that differs from that of the harvested products. Some plant protection agents also contribute to an input of nutrients. To gain information on the status of nutrient balances and to identify potential causes for imbalanced nutrient flows, a survey was conducted in two main apple growing regions of Germany. The current management was analysed based on field balances of apple orchards using data spanning a five-year period. The averages showed small surpluses of P (3 kg ha-1), a deficit of K (-10 kg ha-1 a-1) and stronger surpluses of N (26 kg ha-1), Ca (36 kg ha-1) and S (50 kg ha-1). Base fertilizers had a liming effect, while some commercial fertilizers, pesticides and the offtake of harvest products had an acidifying effect. The severity and range of nutrient imbalances differed between the regions and was dependent on the kind of fertilizers (base or commercial) and pesticides used. %K fertilization, field balance, nutrient input and output, nutrient use efficiency, organic apple production, sustainability %D 2021 %A Birgit Lepp %A Sabine Zikeli %A Kurt Möller %L orgprints42279 %T Field Balances Of Organic Apple Orchards In Two Regions Of Germany %L orgprints10380 %A L. Lueck %A C.S. Schmidt %A J.M. Cooper %A P.N. Shotton %A J. Hajslova %A V. Schulzova %A C. Leifert %T Effect of organic, low-input and conventional production systems on pesticide and growth regulator residues in wheat, potato and cabbage %D 2007 %K organic cropping system, low-input cropping system, factorial systems comparison experiment, Chlormequat, Aldicarb, Chlorothalonil %X The Nafferton factorial systems comparison (NFSC) experiments facilitate the investigation of effects of, and interaction between, three production system components - a) rotational position, b) fertility and c) crop protection management - in organic, conventional and low-input crop management systems. This paper presents first results on pesticide and growth regulator residues observed over a period of two years. Residues were only detected for three (Chlormequat, Chlorothalonil and Aldicarb) of the 28 pesticides used in the experiments. As expected, residue levels were affected by the crop protection practices, but significant effects of fertility management practices were also detected. This indicates that the human health risks associated with pesticide residues may increase in low input systems which attempt to reduce the environmental impact of conventional farming systems by switching to organic matter based fertilisation regimes. %L orgprints13376 %T QLIF Workshop 1: Product quality in organic and low input farming systems. %A Lorna Lueck %A Kirsten Brandt %A Chris Seal %A Ewa Rembialkovska %A Machtheld Huber %A Gillian Butler %A Richard Bennett %A Liz Oughton %A Philipa Nicholas %A Ursula Kretzschmar %A Albert Sundrum %A Carlo Leifert %D 2008 %K organic cropping system, low-input cropping system, food quzality %X QLIF researchers have quantified effects on food quality and health of products such as wheat, forage, apples, milk and meat. The workshop identifies factors which cause variation of the product quality for different commodities. Experimental findings on quality of organic and low input foods will be compared with consumer expectations and attitudes. For selected quality improving measures their economic impact will be analysed. Furthermore, the role of processing in maintaining or improving specific ‘organic’ qualities will be examined. %I Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK) %X This presentation was given during the Organic-PLUS evaluation meeting (webinar) on February 6, 2023, on behalf of many colleagues involved in the WP5 SOIl work package of Organic-PLUS. The file gives an overview of deliverables and conclusions in the major tasks of this WP, which were named Peat, Plastic and Fertiliers. We worked with growing media phasing out the use of peat; completely degradable plastic mulchi and other accessories from renewable materials based on potato starch; and a range of materials applicable to phase out animal-derived fertilisers from organic growing. %T WP 5: Soil research in Organic-PLUS %L orgprints52866 %A Anne-Kristin Løes %K Organic-PLUS, contentious inputs, peat in growing media, degradable plastic, mulching,fertilisers %D 2023 %C Tingvoll, Norway %D 2020 %C www.norsok.no %K contentious inputs; copper; animal-derived fertilisers, Organic-PLUSX %L orgprints39570 %A Anne-Kristin Løes %T Discussing contentiousness in a stagnated organic sector %I Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK) %X Twenty-five people active in research, extension, certification and industry related to organic production in Norway came together in October 2019 to discuss inputs used in organic growing and possible effects of phasing out common inputs such as conventional manure, and copper for plant protection. Experienced advisors warned against phasing out any inputs from already quite vulnerable farming systems. The lack of growth in the Norwegian organic sector since 2010 may affect the capacity to cope with changes in practice. This paper refers the discussion during this 2-day seminar, arranged in relation to the Organic-PLUS project (Horizon 2020). %X The use of cntentious inputs in organic growing was mapped across Europe in the H2020 Project "Organic-PLUS" (GA 774340) during 2018. This paper presents results on peat, plastic and animal-derived fertilisers in horticultural growing. Broadly, the use of peat and plastic is similar to non-organic production. Many organic growers use transplants, and the growing media usually contain peat. For plastic, the use is widespread for mulching and frost protection. Plastic is also used as tree guards and attaching clips. As a fertilisation input, dried poultry manure is used in all countries. Many more commerical fertilisers are in use. They are often made from animal hide or vinasse. The application of such products varies widely between countries. The project aims to develop alternatives to these contentious inputs, which will be presented. %K animal-derived fertiliser, contentious inputs, growing media, mulching, Organic-PLUS Project, soil amendment, Organic-PLUSX %D 2019 %T Peat, plastic and fertiliser in organic growing across Europe - current use and future options %L orgprints36838 %A Anne-Kristin Løes %A Ulrich Schmutz %A Nikolaos Katsoulas %A Rafaela Caceres %A Manuel de Cara %A Gabriella Cirvilleri %A Alev Kir %A Lucas Knebl %A Krystyna Malinska %A Frank Oudshoorn %A Ben Raskin %A Francis Rayns %A Sophie Valleix %A Judith Conroy %X The use of contentious inputs in organic growing was mapped across Europe in the H2020 project Organic-PLUS (GA774340, https://organic-plus.net/ ) during 2018. This paper presents results on peat, plastic and animal-derived fertilisers in horticultural growing. Broadly, the use of peat and plastic is similar as for non-organic production. Many organic growers use transplants, and the growing media usually contain peat. For plastic, the use is widespread for mulching and frost protection. Plastic is also used as tree guards and attaching clips. As a fertilisation input, dried poultry manure is used in all countries. Many more commercial fertiliser products are in use. They are often made from animal hide or vinasse. The application of such products varies widely between countries. The project aims to develop alternatives to these contentious inputs. %L orgprints42298 %A Anne-Kristin Løes %A Ulrich Schmutz %A Nikolaos Katsoulas %A Rafaela Caceres %A Francisco Manuel De Cara %A Gabriella Cirvillieri %A Alev Kir %A Lucas Knebl %A Krystyna Malinska %A Frank Oudshoorn %A Ben Raskin %A Francis Rayns %A Sophie Valleix %A Judith Conroy %T Peat, Plastic And Fertilisers In Organic Growing Across Europe - Current Use And Future Options %D 2021 %K animal-derived fertiliser, contentious inputs, growing media, mulching, Organic PLUS project, soil amendment %D 2019 %K regulations, contentous inputs, conventional inputs, fertilisers, plant protection, Norway, copper, sulphur, mineral oil, Organic-PLUSX, Organic-PLUS %I Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK) %X In this workshop, Norwegian stakeholders in the organic sector were informed about results from a Horizon 2020 project aimed at phasing out contentious inputs from organic production. The project,"Organic-PLUS" has the title «Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe». NORSØK participates in Organic-PLUS and has received funding from the Research Council of Norway for a supportive action, to inform Norwegian stakeholders about this project. The workshop was a central activity to achieve this. Workshop participants were members of the national board of organic regulations (Regelverksutvalget for økologisk produksjon, RVU), appointed by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), stakeholders involved in distribution of organic products, advisors from the Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service (Norsk landbruksrådgivning, NLR) and researchers involved in Organic-PLUS and the supportive action. During the workshop, researchers from WP PLANT, SOIL and IMPACT in Organic-PLUS informed about the use of contentious inputs in organic growing across Europe, and what consumers think about the use of various inputs. Participants were also informed from NFSA and EGTOP about regulations and how to possibly get materials listed in regulation Annexes. On the second day, NLR-advisors informed and discussed with researchers from Organic-PLUS about conditions for growing of various organic crops in NOrway, and how a phasing out of various inputs could affect Norwegian organic agriculture. Meanwhile, RVU had a regular meeting, where a presentation was given about outputs of WP LIVESTOCK where alternatives to synthetic vitamins and drugs have been reviewed. In this e-print, all presentations from this workshop are compiled. The following list shows the total content: DAY 1 1.What are we doing in the project Organic-PLUS? Anne-Kristin Løes, NORSØK (leader of WP SOIL) 2. Organic growing in greenhouse under Mediterranean conditions – use of inputs in citrus, tomato etc., and how to phase them out, Nikolaos Katsoulas, University of Thessaly, Greece (leader of WP PLANT) 3. Rapidly growing Annexes? EGTOPs role in assessing new and existing inputs in organic growing. What is the scientific basis for Annex changes? Frank Oudshoorn, SEGES, Denmark (active in several WPs and member of EGTOP – Expert group for technical advice on organic production appointed by the European Commission) 4. Results from the consumer studies in Organic PLUS. How can regulations better fit to the consumers’ expectations? Gunnar Vittersø, SIFO /OsloMet (active in WP IMPACT) 5. EU-regulations on organic production to be implemented in 2021 – how will this affect laws and standards in Norway? Monica W. Stubberud,Norwegian Food Safety Authority 6. Obstacles for phasing out conventional inputs in organic farming in Norway. Kjersti Berge,Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service (NLR) DAY 2 7. Plant protection challenges in organic fruit and berry growing. Sigrid Mogan, NLR 8. The use of contentious inputs in organic growing of potatoes and vegetables. Kari Bysveen, NLR 9. Challenges related to new organic regulations in greenhouse crops. Astrid Sigaard Andersen, NLR 10. Challenges related to organic production in Mid-Norway. Elin Thorbjørnsen, NLR 11. The use of contentious inputs in organic growing of cereals. Silja Valand, NLR 12. Uønskete veterinærmidler. Status for alternative midler (Contentious veterinary drugs. Status for alternative drugs; in Norwegian). Grete Lene Serikstad, NORSØK %L orgprints36650 %A Anne-Kristin Løes %A Grete Lene Serikstad %T Organic-PLUS workshop in Norway %E Anne-Kristin Løes %E Grete Lene Serikstad %J Regional Environmental Change %I Springer Verlag %X Soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for the productivity of agroecosystems and for mitigating climate change. Because the SOC contents of sandy soils are usually small, the effects of agricultural management upon SOC stocks in such soils have been insufficiently studied. In West sub-arid Africa, the coarse-textured soils (mostly Arenosols) are diversely managed by smallholders. In this study, we aimed to quantify SOC stocks in cultivated soils of that region, in a context where agricultural practices rely mainly upon organic inputs derived from various integrated crop-livestock systems. SOC stocks were estimated for the 0-30 cm depth in 1,813 plots in Senegal's groundnut basin. We found that SOC stocks in farmers' fields varied between 2.3 and 59.8 Mg C ha(-1) (mean +/- standard deviation, 14.6 +/- 0.14 Mg C ha(-1)). SOC stocks were influenced slightly by soil type, but were only weakly correlated to soils' clay and silt contents. SOC stocks differed significantly among the three studied village territories due to contrasting livestock-raising systems. Average stocks were significantly higher in plots close to housings (home-fields), which receive larger amounts of organic inputs, than in plots farther from the village (out-fields). Thus, the organic inputs to home-fields improves soil C stocks of these sandy soils in the short term. Innovative agricultural practices in the studied area probably need to target options for managing all fields optimally. Those options will require continuous application of organic products-a measure that will in turn require solutions for improving availability or management of local organic resources. %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01790-2 %T Estimates of carbon stocks in sandy soils cultivated under local management practices in Senegal’s groundnut basin %L orgprints40314 %A Oscar Pascal Malou %A Patricia Moulin %A Tiphaine Chevallier %A Dominique Masse %A Jonathan Vayssières %A Ndèye Yacine Badiane-Ndour %A Laure Tall %A Abou Thiam %A Lydie Chapuis-Lardy %K Soil organic carbon (SOC) (en), SOC stocks (en), West Africa (en), Organic input (en), Coarse texture (en), Visible near-infrared spectroscopy (en) %D 2021 %A Denise de Souza Martins %A José Ernani Schwengber %A André Samuel Strassburger %A Jurandir Buchweitz da Silva %L orgprints24145 %T O cultivo do morangueiro em sistema de transição ecológica: componentes do rendimento e incidência de doenças. %J Revista brasileira de Agroecologia %N 1 %V 6 %X O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do manejo na cultura do morangueiro sobre os componentes de rendimento e a incidência de doenças. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS em 2008, utilizando-se duas cultivares em sistema de transição ecológica. Foi avaliada a utilização de duas caldas, calda bordalesa 0,5% e Curamor 5% em comparação com uma parcela testemunha. A distribuição da produção de pseudofrutos não é alterada pelas pulverizações foliares, salientando-se a produção de morango nos meses do verão pela cultivar Albion. As pulverizações semanais das caldas são desnecessárias, pois a incidência de doenças é baixa, desde que se adote um conjunto de práticas de manejo durante o ciclo produtivo. A cultivar Albion apresenta maior número de pseudofrutos que a cultivar Camarosa, mas as massas médias dos morangos se mantêm semelhantes. As cultivares Camarosa e Albion, em sistemas bem manejados, apresentam-se tolerantes a mancha da Gnomonia. %K Fragaria x ananassa, Produção de base ecológica, Caldas protetoras, Manejo. Fragaria x ananassa, Organic production, Alternative input, Management. %D 2011 %P 117-126 %P 1-1 %D 2011 %K Livestock breeding,organic farming, low-input farming %L orgprints18497 %T Development of integrated livestock breeding and management strategies to improve animal health, product quality and performance in European organic and ‘low input’ milk, meat and egg production %A Veronika Maurer %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland and Newcastle University, UK %X The LowInputBreeds project has four main objectives: - To develop and evaluate innovative breeding concepts to deliver genotypes with ‘robustness’ and quality traits required under ‘low input’ conditions. - To integrate the use of improved genotypes with innovative management approaches. These will focus on issues where breeding or management innovations alone are unlikely to provide satisfactory solutions e.g. mastitis and parasite control. - To identify the potential economic, environmental and ethical impacts of the project’s results. The project needs to ensure that the results are in line with society’s different needs, priorities and consumer expectations. - To establish an effi cient training and dissemination programme aimed at rapid application of project results in organic and ‘low input’ livestock farming. %J Aviculture Suisse %A Bo Melander %A Ilse A. Rasmussen %A Paolo Barberi %L orgprints7911 %T Integrating Physical and Cultural Methods of Weed Control – Examples from European Research %J Weed Science %X Increasing concerns about pesticide use and a steadily increasing conversion to organic farming have been major factors driving research in physical and cultural weed control methods in Europe. This paper reviews some of the major results achieved with non-chemical methods and strategies especially adapted for row crops (e.g. corn, sugar beet, onion, leek, and carrot) and small grain cereals (e.g. barley and wheat). In row crops, intra-row weeds constitute a major challenge and research has mainly aimed at replacing laborious hand weeding with mechanization. A number of investigations have focussed on optimising the use of thermal and mechanical weeding methods against intra-row weeds, such as flaming, harrowing, brush weeding, hoeing, torsion weeding and finger weeding. And new methods are now under investigation such as robotic weeding for row crops with abundant spacing between individual plants and band-steaming for row crops developing dense crop stands. The strategic use of mechanical weed control methods in small grain cereals has been another area of considerable interest. Weed harrowing and inter-row hoeing provide promising results when they are part of a strategy that also involves cultural methods such as fertiliser placement, variety choice, crop seed vigour, and crop seeding rate. Positive interactions between preventive and cultural factors and direct physical methods have been less pronounced in row crops. Although research in preventive, cultural, and physical methods have improved weed control in row crops and small grain cereals, effective long-term weed management in low-external input and organic systems can only be achieved by tackling the problem in a wider context, i.e. at the cropping system level. Basic principles of this approach, examples of cover crop and intercropping use for weed suppression, and an application in a two-year rotation are presented and discussed. %V 53 %D 2005 %K Mechanical weed control, thermal weed control, non-chemical weed control, preventive methods, cereals, row crops, organic cropping, low-external input systems %P 369-381 %X Welcome speech for Section ORGANIC & LOW-INPUT agriculture %L orgprints42329 %T Program - Section ORGANIC & LOW-INPUT agriculture %A Pedro Mendes Moreira %K low input agriculture, organic agriculture, plant breeding, seeds, LIVESEED, liveseed %D 2021 %L orgprints18708 %A Jan Merks %T Aim of the breeding research in LIB-SP3 and the methods to be used %D 2011 %K Low Input Breeding, pig production systems, organic pig production, %X ‘Low input’ pig production systems are usually characterised by smaller herd size, more space per animal, lower capital investment, often outdoor management, provision of bedding, greater labour requirement and focus on animal welfare. Examples of ‘low input’ pig production systems are “Iberico” in Spain, “Neuland” pigs in Germany, “Scharrelvarkens” in The Netherlands, “Natura Farm” in Switzerland, “Label Rouge” in France and “Freedom Food” in United Kingdom. Organic pig production systems have similar characteristics to those described for ‘low input systems’ above. However, organic farming standards prescribe e.g. low stocking densities, access to outdoor runs, restrict the level of ‘bought in, non-organic’ feeds etc, which usually results in higher management and feed costs and more limited dietary composition choices than in other ‘low input’ systems. %D 2011 %K breeding, cotton, india, organic farming, low input farming, Bodenwissenschaften, ECO-PB, Pflanzenzüchtung, Baumwolle %A Monika Messmer %A Tina Roner %A Maria R. Finckh %A Dionys Forster %A Verma Rajeev %A Baruah Rajeev %A Patil Shreekant S %L orgprints20040 %T Participatory cotton breeding for organic and low input farming in India %X Organic cotton production currently takes place in 22 countries resulting in 241’697 metric tons of fibre and 1.1% of the global cotton production (Truscott et al. 2010). Up to 80% of world’s organic cotton is produced in India. However, this market is threatened due to the displacement of traditional cotton species and cultivars by genetically modified (GM) hybrids selected for high input farming. Organic cotton farmers are facing increased difficulties in finding suitable cultivars in India (Nemes, 2010). Moreover, there is a big risk of physical and genetic contamination of organic cotton with GM cotton and the loss of locally adapted genetic resources. Therefore fast action is needed to re-establish a GM-free seed chain and breeding programs for cultivars suited for organic and low input farming conditions. %X In het project Bioveem zijn biologische melkveehouders bewust bezig met de aan- en afvoer van mineralen op hun bedrijf. Een volledig gesloten mineralenkringloop is in onze maatschappij nog niet mogelijk, maar om de afvoer van mineralen via melk en vlees te compenseren zijn er voldoende afvalproducten die benut kunnen worden. In een rekenvoorbeeld voor een gemiddeld biologisch bedrijf wordt een berekening gegeven van de hoeveelheden stikstof, fosfor en kalium die afgevoerd worden en die aangevoerd moeten worden, via stikstofbinding (grasklaver) en afvalproducten als bierbostel, bietenpulp of compost. In een tabel de stikstof-, fosfor- en kaliumgehalten van deze aanvoerstoffen %V 24 %J Ekoland : vakblad voor biologische landbouwmethoden, verwerking, afzet en natuurvoeding %N 10 %L orgprints49417 %A J. Van Middelkoop %T cliché: een sluitende mineralenkringloop op het melkveebedrijf lijkt onmogelijk : meer in balans brengen van mineralenkringloop is uitdaging %P 14 - 15 %D 2004 %K melkveehouderij (nl), dairy farming (en), melkveebedrijven (nl), dairy farms (en), biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), mineralen (nl), minerals (en), kringlopen (nl), cycling (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), stikstof (nl), nitrogen (en), fosfor (nl), phosphorus (en), kalium (nl), potassium (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 215-C Agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), 215-C Farm Management (en), 608-D Rundvee (nl), 608-D Cattle (en) %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1953-x %L orgprints41445 %A Peter Miko %A Gyula Vida %A Marianna Rakszegi %A Julia Lafferty %A Bruno Lorentz %A Carl Friedrich Horst Longin %A Maria Megyeri %T selection of winter durum genotypes grown under conventional and organic conditions in different European regions %I HAL CCSD %X Quality and agronomic performance of 14 winter durum wheat genotypes (Gs) were examined in Austria, France and Hungary for 3 years. Heading time, wet gluten content, semolina yield and grain protein content are traits that showed G-dependent significant differences between the two management (M) systems examined (conventional and organic). Therefore, breeding for these traits could result in specifically adapted Gs for organic agriculture in different countries. Based on strong or moderately significant correlations between traits, gluten index and plant height could also be specifically selected in an indirect way. The need for environmentally specific selection for grain yield (GY) in later generations was also demonstrated. In general, varieties that had the highest performance in a given mega-environment (E) originated from that mega-E (except for yellow index). This finding provides evidence for the influence of the selection E, whether it is the M system or the growing region. As the French site fell into a distinct mega-E, it should be handled separately. The Hungarian site was found to be an ideal test E for selecting Gs with high adaptability for most of the quality traits, while the Austrian site could be used in selecting agronomic traits. This was also reflected in the breeding origin of the best winter durum Gs for each trait. Based on these findings, a partly separate winter durum selection program is recommended for organic and low input agriculture in each country. As a consequence, specific varieties adapted to sub-optimal growing conditions would support the emerging movement towards sustainable farming systems. %J Euphytica %P 1-14 %K hard wheat (en), cropping system (en), Durum wheat (en), GGE biplot (en), Grain quality (en), Low input agriculture (en), Organic breeding (en), Variety performance (en), organic farming (en), blé dur (fr), système de culture (fr), hongrie (fr), france (fr), autriche (fr), sélection génétique (fr), agriculture biologique (fr), faible intrant (fr) %D 2017 %P 51-52 %K durum wheat, GGE biplot, low input agriculture, organic breeding, variety performance, Liveseed %D 2017 %V 45 %X Sustainability is a key factor for the future of agriculture. Productivity in agriculture has more than tripled in developed countries since the 1950s. Beyond the success of plant breeding, the increased use of inorganic fertilizers, application of pesticides, and spread of irrigation also contributed to this success. However, impressive yield increases started to decline in the 1980s because of the lack of sustainability. One of the most beneficial ways to increase sustainability is organic agriculture. In such agro-ecosystem-based holistic production systems the prerequisite of successful farming is the availability of crop genotypes that perform well. However, selection of winter durum wheat for sub-optimal growing conditions is still mainly neglected, and the organic seed market also lacks of information on credibly tested winter durum varieties suitable for organic agriculture. %J Cereal Research Communications %N Suppl. %L orgprints34368 %T Performance and selection of winter durum wheat genotypes in different European conventional and organic fields %A P. Mikó %A G. Vida %A M. Rakszegi %A J. Lafferty %A B. Lorentz %A F. Longin %A M. Megyeri %R DOI: 10.1556/0806.45.2017.100 %J Euphytica %I HAL CCSD %X An increasing interest in sustainable forms of agriculture exists worldwide and the demand for varieties specifically adapted to organic and low-input agriculture is rising. As a consequence, breeding methods need to be refined accordingly. In order to get better insight into needs and possibilities with this regard, a comprehensive ring test was performed from 2006 to 2008 with 14 winter wheat varieties in 36 environments in major cropping regions of Austria, France, Romania and Switzerland. Environments were grouped into 9 different subsets according to input systems, years, and countries. Input system N0 consisted of 13 organic and 6 no-input trials; 17 trials in input system N received various levels of synthetic nitrogen. For grain yield (YLD) and protein yield (PYLD), significant G x E was detected. Countries had a stronger effect on both traits than systems. Overall, it was more efficient to select YLD and PYLD in N, for targeting both systems N and N0. For PYLD, direct testing within a given country was always more efficient than indirect selection. Many traits could be scored equally well in both systems, N and N0, but for some traits particularly important for organic agriculture, such as soil coverage, better differentiation was observed under organic conditions. Therefore, we agree with other authors that a commercially sustainable breeding program for organic and low-input agriculture should combine information from high and low-input levels and from diverse regions. Local testing of varieties, however, remains indispensable %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1169-2 %A Almuth Elise Muellner %A Fabio Mascher %A David Schneider %A Gheorghe Ittu %A Ion Toncea %A Bernard Rolland %A Franziska Loeschenberger %L orgprints41624 %T Refining breeding methods for organic and low-input agriculture: analysis of an international winter wheat ring test %D 2014 %K Triticum aestivum (en), Relative efficiency of indirect selection (en), Organic agriculture (en), Low-input agriculture (en), Breeding (en), Genotype by environment interaction (G x E) (en) %P 81-95 %X Organic farming is increasingly being taken up by farmers and agricultural development agencies in tropics. This is in a bid to improve world food security and rural livelihoods in a sustainable way. Long-term field trial that compares organic and conventional systems was set up in sub-humid central Kenya since 2006 to provide a scientific basis for organic agriculture in the region. The project seeks to gather data on how organic farming affects: yield and yield stability; stability of the agro-ecological system; and natural and economic resource efficiency. The experiments were set up at two sites namely Chuka and Thika. Both sites are at an altitude of 1500m asl. While Chuka lies in a high potential area with 2000 mm of rainfall and good soil phosphorus availability, Thika has fair yield potential, 1000 mm rainfall and low phosphorus availability. Crop rotations include maize, beans and vegetables.” The trials compares organic and conventional systems at two input levels, namely subsistence and commercial levels, resulting in four treatments: Conventional high input, organic high input, conventional low input and organic low input. In Chuka, organic yields were on average the same as conventional yields. On the low potential site of Thika, organic yields reached an average 55% of the conventional yields. Organic yields on the low input level were on average 13% lower than conventional yields on the low input level. On the high input level, organic yields were on average 26% lower than conventional yields. Organic maize yields achieved on average 77% of conventional maize yields, whereas organic brassica yields were 66% lower than conventional brassica yields. No significant difference was observed between mean organic and conventional legume crop yields. Our results suggest that: on high potential site of Chuka, organic crops can be grown without yield reduction; on low potential site of Thika, especially if low nutrient availability coincide with low rainfall, considerable yield reductions must be expected in organic systems in the transition phase; low input systems are less sensitive to conversion to organic agriculture than high input systems and relative yield levels in organic systems vary between crops. %K Conventional farming, high input systems and low input systems, organic farming, yield potentials, Syscom %D 2010 %A Martha Musyoka %A Christine Zundel %A Adenirin Chabi-Olaye %A Anna Muriuki %A Monica Mucheru-Muna %A Bernard Vanlauwe %L orgprints18370 %T Site-specific organic and conventional crop yields in a long-term farming systems comparison in sub-humid central Kenya %V 113 %X To match Nitrogen (N) supply to crop N demand, it is essential to understand N release and uptake patterns in different farming systems and crops. To assesses the dynamics of N released in organic and conventional systems and potential synchrony and asynchrony in crop N uptake, a study was conducted over three cropping seasons (potato, maize and leafy vegetables) at two sites in the Central Highlands of Kenya. Mineral-N release and synchrony were monitored in conventional and organic systems at high (recommended N, P, pesticides and irrigation) and low input (low N, P, pesticide use and rainfed) systems. Mineral-N release was assessed using in situ buried bags and N synchrony was measured by the daily differences in N fluxes. The percentage of N applied released during potato (38%) and vegetable (44%) cropping seasons were similar between systems. However, under maize strong temporal N immobilization from inputs occurred, particularly at Thika, related to the poor quality of manure and compost (lignin:N ratio > 13). In all systems, excess-asynchrony of available N was pronounced during vegetative stages and at harvest, while insufficient-asynchrony occurred at reproductive stages. During potato cropping season at Thika, Org-High showed highest positive N fluxes (> 20 kg N ha−1 day−1) at planting and tuber bulking stage. At early stages of maize and vegetables Org-Low and Org-High experienced up to 5 times larger negative N fluxes (insufficiency) compared to conventional treatments at Chuka site. The study recommends reducing N applications at planting and increasing N dosages at reproductive stages of crops. %N 3 %J Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-09978-z %A Martha W. Musyoka %A Noah Adamtey %A Else K. Bünemann %A Anne W. Muriuki %A Edward N. Karanja %A Monica Mucheru-Muna %A Komi K.M. Fiaboe %A Georg Cadisch %L orgprints36379 %T Nitrogen release and synchrony in organic and conventional farming systems of the Central Highlands of Kenya %P 283-305 %D 2019 %K Incubation, Mineralization, Mineral-N release, Synchrony, Organic input quality %K dairy, supply chain, low input, organic, innovation, acceptability, Q methodology %D 2014 %C Braunschweig, Germany %P 1167-1170 %S Thuenen Report %E G. Rahmann %E U. Aksoy %R 10.3220/REP_20_1_2014 %T Innovations in low input and organic dairy supply chains – what is acceptable in Europe? %L orgprints24124 %A Phillipa Nicholas %A Serena Mandolesi %A Simona Naspetti %A Raffaele Zanoli %J Building Organic Bridges %I Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut %X A Q-Method study was carried out as part of the Sustainable Organic and Low Input Dairying Project (SOLID) to investigate the acceptability of innovations in organic and low input dairy supply chains in the UK, FI, IT and BE. %V 4 %X The growth in organic and low-input farming practices is driven by both market demand for high quality, safe food, and European Union policy support, and these types of farming practices are considered in European Union policies for sustainable production, food quality, healthy life, and rural development. However, many constraints to the development of low-input and organic dairy farming supply chains have been identified, including economic, political, and technical constraints. In order for these types of supply chains to develop and provide further benefits to society, innovations are required to improve their sustainability. However, an innovation will only be taken up and result in desirable change if the whole supply chain accepts the innovation. In this paper, Q methodology is used to identify the acceptability of dairy supply chain innovations to low-input and organic supply chain members and consumers in Belgium, Finland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. A strong consensus existed across all respondents on innovations that were deemed as unacceptable. The use of genetically modified and transgenic organisms in the farming system and innovations perceived as conflicting with the naturalness of the production system and products were strongly rejected. Innovations that were strongly liked across all participants in the study were those related to improving animal welfare and improving forage quality to be able to reduce the need for purchased concentrate feeds. Only minor differences existed between countries as to where the priorities lay in terms of innovation acceptability. %V 97 %N 2 %J Journal of Dairy Science %R 10.3168/jds.2013-7314 %A Phillipa Nicholas %A Serena Mandolesi %A Simona Naspetti %A Raffaele Zanoli %L orgprints25121 %T Innovations in low input and organic dairy supply chains - What is acceptable in Europe? %P 1157-1167 %K dairy; supply chain; low input; organic; innovation; acceptability; Q methodology %D 2014 %X ‘Improving quality and safety and reduction of cost in the European organic and 'low input' supply chains' (QLIF) is an Integrated Project under the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission which started in March 2004 and will end in February 2009. After three years of research by 31 QLIF partners, the scientific data on on the benefits of the system approach used in organic and ‘low input’ agriculture has expanded considerably. At the same time the project has developed an array of technological innovations that are applicable to a wide range of food production systems and novel approaches for whole food chain management. During the 3rd QLIF Congress held at the University of Hohenheim, Germany, in March 2007, these results were discussed in nine synthesis papers and in 37 in-depth papers. %K QLIF project, Quality low input food, Quality, safety, organic food chains, organic systems, low input, Forschungskommunikation, QLIF, 35001 %D 2007 %A Urs Niggli %A Carlo Leifert %L orgprints10595 %T Improving the quality and safety of organic and low input foods and maximizing the benefits to consumers and producers %I Wageningen UR %X Een houtwal rondom het perceel, een speciale trekker om onkruid te verwijderen, bloemstroken tussen de percelen en natuurlijke vijanden tegen plagen. Dit zijn maatregelen tegen ziekten en plagen die niet gebruikelijk zijn voor de praktijk van debiologische boomkwekerij en zomerbloementeelt. Meer over de resultaten van de vierjarige test met deze maatregelen in BOB 23. Daarin ook aandacht voor de mogelijkheden om de afzet van biologische bomen bij gemeenten te vergroten. Ondernemers doen er goedaan hun potentiële afnemers beter te informeren over de voordelen van hun producten zoals de betere kwaliteit en minder uitval bij het plantmateriaal. %J Biologischonderzoekbericht 23 %A L. Noorduyn %A S. Willems %L orgprints49192 %T Boomkwekerij en zomerbloementeelt %S Biologischonderzoekbericht 23. %C Wageningen, NL %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), bloementeelt (nl), floriculture (en), bomen (nl), trees (en), houtachtige planten als sierplanten (nl), ornamental woody plants (en), onkruidbestrijding (nl), weed control (en), plagenbestrijding (nl), pest control (en), prijzen van productiemiddelen (nl), input prices (en), 502-C-1 Bloementeelt (nl), 502-C-1 Floriculture (en) %D 2005 %L orgprints41619 %A Luciana Parisi %A Laurent Jamar %A Marc Lateur %A Francois Laurens %A Pierre-Eric Lauri %T Adapting apple ideotypes to low-input fruit production agro-ecosystems %R https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7927-3_7 %X Current commercial apple growing is highly dependent on off-farm inputs and it is urgent to develop new strategies to remedy this situation. The challenge for the future is to achieve lower-input apple orchards, whether under Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) or Organic Fruit Production (OFP) systems. This paper analyses the different agronomic factors that play key roles both in the current and future ‘More Sustainable Orchard’, with particular attention on plant protection. Firstly, the concept of ‘ideotype’ is developed, emphasizing the most important characteristics of optimal ideotypes for apple. Secondly, current knowledge on the relationships between genotype, cultural practices and the environment is presented and discussed. This paper deals with properties that need to be combined at plant material and orchard levels to optimise the IFP and OFP low-input systems. The focus is on: (a) the main characteristics of apple ideotypes; (b) breeding strategies; and (c) adapted cultural practices and control measures in the orchards. %I Springer Verlag %J Organic Farming, Prototype for Sustainable Agricultures %P 131-148 %K Pest and disease control (en), Low-input systems (en), Malus x domestica (en), Sustainable orchard (en), Organic fruit production (OFP) (en), Cultural practices (en), Apple breeding (en), Integrated fruit production (IFP) (en) %D 2014 %K livestock - genotype by environment interaction - agroecology - organic farming - low-input system %D 2016 %P 1749-1759 %N 11 %J Animal %X Agroecology uses natural processes and local resources rather than chemical inputs to ensure production while limiting the environmental footprint of livestock and crop production systems. Selecting to achieve a maximization of target production criteria has long proved detrimental to fitness traits. However, since the 1990s, developments in animal breeding have also focussed on animal robustness by balancing production and functional traits within overall breeding goals. We discuss here how an agroecological perspective should further shift breeding goals towards functional traits rather than production traits. Breeding for robustness aims to promote individual adaptive capacities by considering diverse selection criteria which include reproduction, animal health and welfare, and adaptation to rough feed resources, a warm climate or fluctuating environmental conditions. It requires the consideration of genotype×environment interactions in the prediction of breeding values. Animal performance must be evaluated in low-input systems in order to select those animals that are adapted to limiting conditions, including feed and water availability, climate variations and diseases. Finally, we argue that there is no single agroecological animal type, but animals with a variety of profiles that can meet the expectations of agroecology. The standardization of both animals and breeding conditions indeed appears contradictory to the agroecological paradigm that calls for an adaptation of animals to local opportunities and constraints in weakly artificialized systems tied to their physical environment. %V 10 %R 10.1017/S1751731116000926 %A F. Phocas %A Catherine Belloc %A J. Bidanel %A Luc Delaby %A J. Y. Dourmad %A B. Dumont %A Pauline Ezanno %A L. Fortun-Lamothe %A G. Foucras %A Brigitte Frappat %A E. Gonzalez-Garcia %A D. Hazard %A C. Larzul %A S. Lubac %A S. Mignon-Grasteau %A C. R. Moreno %A M. Tixier-Boichard %A M. Brochard %L orgprints33566 %T Review: Towards the agroecological management of ruminants, pigs and poultry through the development of sustainable breeding programmes: I-selection goals and criteria %X Within an interdisciplinary approach 24 groups of 20 pigs each were fattened outdoors to examine and calculate the nutrient inputs and their distribution in soils in relation to several management strategies. Management strategies varied in diets, field crops to pigs, static or mobile installation units like huts, troughs, and sun shelters. Stocking rates were adapted to the regulations of the Bioland organic farming associations, which limit the nutrient input to a maximum nitrogen load of 112 kg ha -1 a-1 or 10 fattening pigs ha-1 a-1, respectively. The results were discussed with regard to the nutrient accumulation in soils and leaching of nitrate into groundwater. Recommendations in relation to management strategies and integration of outdoor pig fattening within crop rotation of an organic farming system were formulated. Nutrient accumulation and leaching can be kept to a well tolerated level by adapting nutrient inputs and optimising their distribution. Therefore, the amount of concentrate has to be limited. Fodder loss should be avoided and available field fodder has to be considered as a ratio of concentrate. The main conclusion of this approach: The results indicate that it is possible to integrate pig production within crop rotation without the risk of high nutrient losses by moving huts and troughs at short intervals and rationed paddocks at weekly intervals, which markedly homogenised the distribution of nutrients. %L orgprints4446 %T Integration of organic outdoor pig production within crop rotation %A Michael Quintern %D 2005 %K Organic Farming, outdoor pig production, crop rotation, management, nutrient input, nutrient distribution, nitrogen leaching %A Marie Reimer %A Myles Oelofse %A Dorette Müller-Stöver %A Kurt Möller %A Else K. Bünemann %A Silvia Bianchi %A Airi Vetemaa %A Dora Drexler %A Bence Trugly %A Ben Raskin %A Hugh Blogg %A Anton Rasmussen %A Vincenzo Verrastro %A Jakob Magid %L orgprints51758 %T Sustainable growth of organic farming in the EU requires a rethink of nutrient supply %R https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-023-10297-7 %X The European Commission recently set a target of increasing the area of organic agriculture to 25% by 2030. To achieve this, it is imperative to understand current nutrient use patterns and identify sustainable nutrient supply pportunities. To that end, this study assessed the ustainability of the current nutrient origin and supply of 71 arable organic farms in 8 European regions. Deficient nutrient supply was found on 24%, 66%, and 56% of farms for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively. On average, we show a moderate surplus for nitrogen (28 kg ha−1), while phosphorus and potassium balances were close to zero (− 1 and 2 kg ha−1, respectively). Large variation between countries and farm types shows a divide between more intensive systems relying on external inputs, and less intensive systems facing nutrient deficits and lower outputs. We show, for the first time, the extent of current use of external input types, where conventional manures supplied 17–26% of external nutrients and inputs from non-agricultural origin supplied 31–41%. A large proportion of nutrient sources within the last group are materials derived from urban wastes. The sustainable expansion of the organic sector will require increased use of locally available recycled fertilizers from urban wastes, and acceptance of such sources by organic farmers is shown to be high, provided they are considered safe. %V online %J Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems %P 1-17 %D 2023 %K Organic agriculture, Sustainable nutrient management, Farming systems, Nutrient use, Contentious inputs, Nutrient demand, Abacus, FiBL25054, RELACS %L orgprints38668 %A Marie Reimer %A Tobias Edward Hartmann %A Myles Oelofse %A Jakob Magid %A Else K. Bünemann %A Kurt Möller %T Reliance on Biological Nitrogen Fixation Depletes Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Reserves %J Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems %V 118 %X Limited nutrient availability is one of the major challenges in organic farming. Little is known about nutrient budgets of organic farms, the underlying factors or effects on soil fertility. We therefore assessed farm gate nutrient budgets for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) of 20 organic farms in Germany and analyzed their soil nutri-ent status. In average, the budgets showed a surplus of N (19 kg ha−1), K (5 kg ha−1), S (12 kg ha−1), and Mg (7 kg ha−1), and a deficit of P (−3 kg ha−1). There was, however, high variability between farms (e.g. standard deviation up to ± 36 kg N ha−1), which was mainly explained by different degrees of reliance on biological N fixation (BNF) as N source. When farms obtained more than 60% of their N input through BNF, they had deficits of P (mean −8 kg P ha−1) and K (mean −18 kg K ha−1). Nutrient status of most soils was within the ad-vised corridor, but for P, K and Mg, 10–15% of fields were lower and 45–63% were higher than advised. Extractable soil nutrient contents did not correlate with the nutrient budgets, inputs or outputs. Only extractable soil P increased with increasing P inputs and outputs. Fur-thermore, a decrease in extractable soil P was detected with a prolonged history of organic farming, indicating a risk of soil P mining in organic farming systems. In conclusion, the study revealed nutrient imbalances in organic farming and pointed to P and K scarcity as a major challenge for organic farms with high reliance on BNF in the long term. %K Relacs, soil, nutrient content, soil fertility, Nutrient management, Organic farming, Germany, Soil depletion, Nutrient inputs, Farm gate budget, Abacus, FiBL25054, FiBL2505403 %D 2020 %P 273-291 %L orgprints9912 %T The content of bioactive compounds in rat experimental diets based on organic, low-input and conventional plant materials %A Ewa Rembialkowska %A Ewelina Hallmann %A Anna Rusaczonek %A Richard Bennett %A Kirsten Brandt %A Lorna Lueck %A Carlo Leifert %K rat feed, organic, conventional, low input, polyphenols %D 2007 %X Rat feed based on raw plant materials was produced according to the nutritional recommendations for rat feeding trials. Rat feeds produced from crops grown under 4 different production systems were used: (a) organic, (b) conventional, (c) low input 1 (organic plant protection was used in combination with mineral fertilizers) and (d) low input 2 (conventional pest management and only organic fertilizers were used). The results showed that rat feeds prepared from the organically produced plants contained more total polyphenols and the nutritionally desirable, bioactive compound lutein. The main objective of analyzing bioactive compounds in the rat feed is to determine whether the differences in composition of feed materials from different production systems could explain any measured differences in impact on the health status of rats. %T Animal dietary intervention study of effect of organic vs conventional food production methods on health and well – being of rats %L orgprints8237 %A prof. Ewa Rembiałkowska %D 2006 %K organic feed, conventional feed, low input feed, rat health, immune system, well-being %X According to the research studies conducted during last 20 years the wholesomeness and nutritive value of the organically produced crops is often higher than of conventional plant products. Organic crops contain less harmful substances (e.g. pesticide residues, nitrates) and more desirable compounds (e.g. vitamin C, flavonoids) than conventional ones. However, the impact of the organic food consumption on animal and human health and well being still remains almost unknown. Small experimental mammals fed organically showed in some experiments better health and fertility parameters, but much more research studies are needed in order to broaden our knowledge. Therefore a dietary intervention study on rats will be conducted at Warsaw Agricultural University. The rat feed will consist of wheat, potatoes, carrots and onions produced organically vs. low input vs. conventionally. In order to meet all nutritional demands of rats the appropriate amount of casein, lactoalbumin, rape seed oil, minerals and vitamins will be added. The main research hypothesis claims that rats consuming different diets would perhaps show different feed uptake, behavior pattern and health parameters, including immune system, due to different composition of the experimental diets. %K Organic data collection and processing systems, statistics, data input harmonisation, data output harmonisation, Sozio-Ökonomie, Statistik, EISfOM %D 2005 %P 29-30 %J Ökologie und Landbau %X Problemstellung Der europäische Biomarkt entwickelt sich schnell. Er wächst jedes Jahr um ca. 20 %. Um die Förderung des biologischen Landbaus entsprechend einer harmonischen Angebots- und Nachfrageentwicklung ausrichten zu können, werden detaillierte Informationen über die Produktion, die Vermarktung und den Konsum von Bioprodukten benötigt. Bisher liegen nur lückenhaft Daten zum Biomarkt in den einzelnen europäischen Ländern vor. Eine gezielte und regelmässige Erfassung der wichtigsten Kennziffern nationaler Biomärkte existiert quasi bisher nicht. Projektziele Innerhalb eines 3-jährigen Forschungsprojektes sollen nun die Grundlagen für den Aufbau einer europäischen Datenbank gelegt werden, in der regelmässig auf Zuverlässigkeit geprüfte Daten über die nationalen Biomärkte veröffentlicht werden. Das Projekt beginnt im Herbst 2002 und dauert bis Herbst 2005. Neben dem FiBL sind Projektpartner aus den Ländern Deutschland, Grossbritanien, Dänemark, den Niederlanden, Italien, Österreich und Polen beteiligt. %V 134,2/2005 %I Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau %E Toralf Richter %E Annamaria Kovacs %A Toralf Richter %A Annamaria Kovacs %L orgprints6220 %T FA European Information System for Organic Markets %E Toralf Richter %E Annamaria Kovacs %T Improving quality and safety and reduction of cost in the European organic and “low input” food supply chains: Subproject 1: Determining consumer expectations and attitudes towards organic/low input food quality and safety %L orgprints6218 %A Toralf Richter %A Annamaria Kovacs %J Ökologie und Landbau %V 134,2/2005 %X State of the Art: Consumer expectation, attitudes and perception about organic foods have or are currently being studied. The EU-project OMIaRD project has produced the most comprehensive statistics so far on the scope and dimensions of the organic market in Europe and will shortly provide more detailed insights from focus group and laddering interviews with regular and occasional consumers. Data sets are or will be soon available from survey based studies in several EU countries. However, it is currently difficult to compare consumer surveys from different EU-countries because a range of different questionnaires/survey approaches is used. Definition of the problem: Recent scientific studies and information from major retail chains indicate that the attitudes and expectations of consumers towards foods (those expressed in quantitative questionnaire based surveys), may differ from their actual buying behaviour. It has been suggested, that this is due to the higher price, not being offset by a sufficiently high value given to quality and safety benefits (perceived and actual) associated with such foods. On the other hand, the example of baby food market (where up to 80% of the total retail sales is now “organic”) shows the great potential for expanding the market for organic and “low input” foods. The survey methods and questionnaires used were developed and focus on “quality and safety” characteristics known to be recognised by consumers of conventional foods (e.g. appearance, taste, packaging, microbiological safety and production or trade system associated quality benefits such as “free range”, “GM-free” and “fair trade”). Many of these characteristics are also important for organic consumers, and for example surveys have confirmed that consumers buy organic food because they perceive it as ”healthier”, “tastier”, “GM-free”, “animal welfare focused”, and/or “protective of the environment and biodiversity”. Also, surveys indicated that there are relative differences in the ranking of these characteristics between EU-countries. However, a range of other quality characteristics/parameters, which are thought to influence the buying behaviour of consumers of “low input” and/or organic foods, have rarely been included in existing questionnaires. Parameters that were often insufficiently covered include proximity of production (imports, country of origin, regional food, locally produced), specific animal welfare standards (e.g. livestock standards prescribing different levels of access to the outside) and/or nutritional benefits associated with different levels of processing of foods (e.g. pasteurisation, homogenisation and/or filtration of milk; use or non-use of specific crop protection strategies). Furthermore, little detailed information is available of the actual evolution of buying behaviour of consumers of organic and “low input” foods. There is also little quantitative knowledge about the effect of changes in knowledge levels and perceptions of quality and safety benefits on consumer decision making. Project aims including target group: Project aims: - to identify and explain differences and similarities between EU countries with respect to consumers expectations and attitudes concerning the quality and safety of organic and “low input” foods - to Identify important “quality and safety” characteristics recognised by consumers of organic and “low input” foods that are not currently addressed in consumer surveys - to conduct a quantitative European consumer survey about attitudes to organic food - to determine actual consumer buying pattern behaviour through consumer choice tests - to determine potential future trends in consumer buying behaviour through detailed semi-quantitative/structured consumer interviews (consumer narratives). This is also expected - to allow the evolution of consumer buying behaviour to be correlated to changes in knowledge levels and perceptions of consumers about organic and “low input” foods. - Analysis of implications for future demand Target group: Policy and market actors Methodology: Different methods of quantitative and qualitative consumer surveys are conducted. %I Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau %K Consumer behaviour, low input food consumption, organic food consumption, Markt, QLIF, consumer %D 2005 %P 29-30 %X The objectives of the French national institute of agronomy (INRA) cereals programme are to evaluate genetic material from breeding programmes for low input systems (high disease and lodging resistance, low seeding rate, good response to low level of nutrients, standard quality) including organic conditions. The aim of the study is to define important agronomic characteristics of cultivar adapted to organic farming. Despite some relation with agronomical performances in low input system, weeds competitiveness, productivity and baking quality are specific in organic farming. Productivity and baking quality are linked to nutrient acquisition ability: nitrogen uptake and nitrogen-use-efficiency. The selection of new lines based on weed competition and N efficiency is necessary. Thus, we define an index selection method. %A B. Rolland %A M. Al Rifai %A P. Bataillon %A L. Fontaine %A O. Gardet %A F. X. Oury %L orgprints12819 %T Wheat trials networks for determining characters for organic breeding %K plant breeding, organic farming, low inputs, pure lines, winter bread wheat %D 2008 %L orgprints21943 %T Participatory cotton breeding for organic and low input farming in Central India %A T. Roner %A M. M. Messmer %A M. Finckh %A D. Forster %A R. Verma %A R. Baruah %A S. S. Patil %E E. Tielkes %I CUVILLIER VERLAG %X Up to 80% of world’s organic cotton is produced in India. However, involved producers are facing increased difficulties to find suitable cultivars. Few hybrids selected for high input farming and genetically-modified (GM) cotton, which is explicitly excluded in organic farming, are presently dominating the Indian seed market. In addition farmers have lost their traditional knowledge on seed production and hybrid seed needs to be purchased each season. %J Tropentag 2012 - Resilience of agricultural systems against crises - Book of abstracts %K organic cotton, India, cotton breeding, low input farming, Bodenwissenschaften, genetically-modified, GM, Pflanzenzüchtung, Baumwolle %D 2012 %C Göttingen, Germany %P 2-5 %D 2012 %K Organic research in india, revalidation of traditional organic technologies, organic inputs, organic system reserch %X In this article general overview of research progress in the field of organic agriculture in India was given. This include revalidation of traditional organic practices, invent/discover and commercial production technology for organic inputs and research on organic systems. Some of the future directions of organic research in Indian was also discussed. %V 14 %J ISOFAR newsletter %T Innovative organic farming in india %L orgprints24678 %A Arun K. Sharma %I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) CH-Frick %X This volume contains proposals for criteria for evaluation of plant protection products, fertilisers and soil conditioners1 to be used in organic agriculture. These ideas were developed in the course of the European Union (EU) Concerted Action project ‘ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION’ (QLK5-CT-2002-02565). For more information on this project see the end of this volume or visit the project website www.organicinputs.org. The documents in this volume are proposals elaborated by the project consortium and external experts. They were discussed with a broader audience at a public conference held in Brussels on October 13, 2005, and have been amended accordingly. Our proposals also include a “criteria matrix”, which is in Microsoft Excel format, and therefore stands as a separate file. The criteria matrix is discussed in section 5, but we strongly recommend that you consult the original document. To illustrate the use of the matrix, we have further prepared two case studies, which are also separate Excel files. All of these files are contained on the CD, and can also be downloaded from the project website. Currently, Regulation 2092/91 is under revision. We hope that our ideas can be incorporated into the regulation during this revision! In addition, we strongly encourage national institutions to make use of our proposals at the national level. %L orgprints8551 %A B. Speiser %A F. Blake %A C. Micheloni %A C. Stopes %A M. Andersen %A B. Baker %A S. Bywater %A S. Canali %A R. Ø. Eriksen %A V. Gonzalvez %A A. Hozzank %A L. M. Jespersen %A L. N. Jørgensen %A M. Kelderer %A H. Kleeberg %A C. Koopmans %A B. Kromp %A M. Manstretta %A A. Maurer da Costa %A MC. Monnier %A A. Pauler %A O. Schmid %A A. Schreyer %A A. Slabe %A L. Tamm %A M. Trapman %A P. von Fragstein %T Evaluating inputs for organic farming – a new system. Proposals of the ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION project %S Final Report %D 2005 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Organic Inputs Evaluation, Hilfstoffe, Organic Inputs %K Bewertung von Hilfstoffen für den Biologischen Landbau, Hilfsstoffliste, Organic Inputs Evaluation, Organic Inputs %D 2005 %L orgprints8428 %A B. Speiser %A F. Blake %A C. Micheloni %A C. Stopes %A M. Andersen %A B. Baker %A S. Bywater %A S. Canali %A R. Ø. Eriksen %A V. Gonzalvez %A A. Hozzank %A L. M. Jespersen %A L. N. Jørgensen %A M. Kelderer %A H. Kleeberg %A C. Koopmans %A B. Kromp %A M. Manstretta %A A. Maurer da Costa, MC. %T Evaluating inputs for organic farming - a new system %X This CD contains criteria for the evaluation of plant protection products, fertilizers and soil conditioners to be used in organic agriculture. These ideas were developed in the course of the European Union Concerted Action project «ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION» (QLK5-CT-2002-02565). For more information visit the project website www.organicinputs.org. The editors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, under Key Action 5 of the Fifth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (QLK5-CT-2002-02565 «ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION») and co-funding by the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science (BBW 02.0113). %I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) CH-Frick %P 8-9 %D 2008 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs Evaluation, Organic Regulation, spinosad, potassium bicarbonate, copper octanoate, ethylene %L orgprints14201 %A Bernhard Speiser %T New crop protection agents authorised for EU %X On 6 May 2008, the European Commission published a new Regulation that authorises the use of spinosad, potassium bicarbonate and copper octanoate in organic farming, and extends the use of ethylene. %I Grolink AB %J The Organic Standard %N 86 %A Bernhard Speiser %L orgprints13365 %T Authorisation of inputs for EU organic farming %I Grolink AB %X Inputs used in organic farming are carefully regulated by organic standards. Organic inputs are also controlled by laws covering agriculture in general. Recent revisions in the EU Regulation have made some changes to recent revisions and these are highlighted below. %N 70 %J The Organic Standard %P 10-11 %D 2007 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs, organic farming, organic standard, EU Regulation, Organic Inputs Evaluation %J Ökologie & Landbau %X In der EU-Öko-Verordnung sind, mit Ausnahme der Pflanzenstärkungsmittel, alle als Betriebsmittel zugelassenen Stoffe einzeln aufgeführt.Nicht aufgeführte Stoffe sind verboten. Doch die Landwirtschaft entwickelt sich weiter – und so kommen ständig neue Betriebsmittel hinzu.Wie wird entschieden, ob sie im ökologischen Landbau eingesetzt werden dürfen oder nicht? Die einer Entscheidung zugrunde liegenden Kriterien sind in Artikel 7 der EU-Öko Verordnung definiert. Allerdings ist ihre Ausfertigung sehr rudimentär, sodass sich die Diskussionen um Neuzulassungen in die Länge ziehen und das System zu erstarren droht. Im EU-Projekt „Organic Inputs Evaluation“ wurden deshalb entsprechende Verbesserungsvorschläge erarbeitet (Speiser, 2005), die in die gerade laufende Revision der Verordnung eingeflossen sind. %V 141 %I Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau %A Bernhard Speiser %L orgprints10416 %T Bewegung bei Betriebsmitteln für den Öko-Landbau? %D 2007 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs, EU-Öko-Verordnung, EU-Projekt, Organic Inputs Evaluation %P 47-48 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs Evaluation, organic standards and regulations, organic farming %D 2007 %P 12-13 %L orgprints13366 %T A new system for evaluating inputs for organic farming %A Bernhard Speiser %N 70 %J The Organic Standard %X With developments in agriculture always in a state of flux organic standards and regulations can act as a factor against innovation in organic farming. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the control of inputs. To improve this situation, a EU-funded Concerted Action project "Organic Inputs Evaluation" was set up. Below are the proposals developed by the project. %I Grolink AB %D 2005 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Phytopathologie, Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs %P 41-42 %L orgprints8578 %T Aktueller Projektbericht: Bessere Regelungen für die Zulassung von Betriebsmitteln %A Bernhard Speiser %N 3 %J Ökologie & Landbau %V 135 %X Die Zulassung neuer Hilfsstoffe ist derzeit schwierig, das System droht zu erstarren. Im Rahmen des EU-Projektes "Organic Inputs Evaluation" werden Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der heutigen Regelungen auf EU-Ebene erarbeitet. %I Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau %D 2003 %K Organic inputs, EU-regulation 2092/91 %L orgprints803 %T Harmonised and Standardised procedures for evaluation of plant protection products, fertilizers and soil conditioners for use in organic agriculture (Organic Inputs) %A Dr. Bernhard Speiser %X The objectives of the project Harmonised and Standardised procedures for evaluation of plant protection products, fertilizers and soil conditioners for use in organic agriculture (Organic Inputs) are - To develop recommendations for a harmonized and standardised procedure for evaluation of plant protection products allowed for use in organic agriculture according to Council regulation EEC 2092/91, Annex II.B - To develop recommendations for a harmonized and standardised procedure for evaluation of fertilisers and soil conditioners allowed for use in organic agriculture according to Council regulation EEC 2092/91, Annex II A. - This project is carried out with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities. - Type of project Concerted Action - Project No QLK5-CT-2002-02565 - Duration 2003 - 2005 %I Reseacrh Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) %K Hilfsstoffe, Organic Inputs %C Proceedings of a workshop held September 23-24, 2004 in Rome, Italy %D 2005 %L orgprints4270 %T Draft Criteria for Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners Used in Organic Agriculture %A Bernhard (Editor) Speiser %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland %X This volume contains documents which were prepared in the course of the workshop “Draft Criteria for Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners Used in Organic Agriculture”, held in Rome on September 23-24, 2004. This workshop was part of the European Union (EU) Concerted Action project ‘ORGANIC INPUTS EVALUATION’ (QLK5-CT- 2002-02565). For more information on this project see the last page of this volume or visit the project website www.organicinputs.org. Prior to the workshop, a working group prepared two criteria matrices (hereafter called ‘matrix A’ and ‘matrix B’, and the participants tried out both matrices and reported their experience in a questionnaire. Because the emphasis is on testing the matrices, these results are presented here in anonymous form (‘eval 1’, ‘eval 2’ etc.). During the workshop, a revised matrix was developed(hereafter called ‘matrix C’). Matrix C will serve as a basis for the future work in this project, and will be further developed by the working groups. For the latest information, please visit the project website www.organicinputs.org, or consult the project co-ordinator (via the project website). This volume aims at illustrating the state-of-the-art of the project for the workshop mentioned above. At present, all of the matrices are work in progress, and represent notes on further directions of the work, rather than final statements. It goes without saying that they need scientific improvements as well as editorial corrections. However, this will be part of the future work in the project, and was therefore not attempted when editing this volume. %D 2023 %K pests, diseases, pest control, disease control, Africa, organic farming, cocoa, field beans, groundnuts, soybeans, training manual, plant protection, organic inputs, substances, Abacus, FiBL6518802, Africa Knowledge Hubs GIZ %L orgprints52495 %A Brian Ssebunya %A Irene Kadzere %A Bernhard Speiser %A Gilles Weidmann %T Pest and Disease Management in Selected Organic Crops - A Resource Manual for Trainers %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, CH-Frick %X This manual presents the principles of organic pest and disease management as well as specific measures that apply to particular pests and diseases of cocoa, field beans, groundnuts, and soybeans grown in Africa. The training manual further outlines some of the regulatory considerations for use of various inputs in organic crop production, especially when farmers are considering marketing. %L orgprints52498 %T Pest and Disease Management in Selected Organic Crops - A Resource Manual for Trainers %A Brian Ssebunya %A Irene Kadzere %A Bernhard Speiser %A Gilles Weidmann %R 10.5281/zenodo.7993450 %X This manual presents the principles of organic pest and disease management as well as specific measures that apply to particular pests and diseases of cocoa, field beans, groundnuts, and soybeans grown in Africa. The training manual further outlines some of the regulatory considerations for use of various inputs in organic crop production, especially when farmers are considering marketing. %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL %C CH-Frick %D 2023 %K pests, diseases, pest control, disease control, Africa, organic farming, cocoa, field beans, groundnuts, soybeans, training manual, plant protection, organic inputs, substances, Abacus, FiBL6518802, Africa Knowledge Hubs GIZ %S Leitfaden / Handbuch %A Andreas Steinwidder %A Marco Horn %A Rupert Pfister %A Hannes Rohrer %A Johann Gasteiner %L orgprints32827 %T Close relationship between pre- and post-calving reticuloruminal pH Levels in dairy cows %V 178 %X The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of prepartum reticuloruminal pH values on postpartum pH values of lactating cows at two concentrate supplementation levels. An indwelling pH measurement system with a wireless data transmitting unit was given to 9 heifers and 11 cows orally 2 weeks before expected calving. The pH was measured from week 2 prepartum to week 6 postpartum. Prepartum, all animals were fed hay and grass silage only. After parturition the animals were assigned to one of two concentrate supplementation levels (Con and Low). During the first 6 weeks postpartum, 5.6 kg and 2.9 kg dry matter per day of concentrates were fed to cows in groups Con and Low, respectively. Before parturition, no effect of the week on the mean pH was found, but pH values varied considerably between individual animals. During the last week prior parturition, the median, lower and upper quartile values of the mean pH values were 6.47, 6.41 and 6.59 for heifers and 6.29, 6.19 and 6.39 for cows, respectively. Standard deviations of the mean pH values for heifers and cows were 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. After parturition, no diet effect on the mean pH and maximum pH values was found. The minimum pH differed between Con and Low, but the absolute levels were almost equal (6.02 and 6.04, resp.). A strong correlation (r>0.8; P<0.01) between the mean pH value before parturition (pHweek−1) and pH values after parturition was found. Animals having lower pH levels before parturition continued to have lower mean pH and minimum pH values during weeks 1 to 6 postpartum. Furthermore, these animals had stronger short term fluctuations of H3O+ concentrations and a longer time span with pH values below 6.2. The results support the theory of the existence of cow-specific baselines concerning rumen pH, pointing to individual differences in the rumen environment, fermentation and metabolism and emphasising the importance of further research on this topic. %J LivestockScience %N 2015 %P 177-182 %K Dairy cow; Ruminal pH; Grain; Low input; Organic farming %D 2015 %A Andreas Steinwidder %A Marco Horn %A Rupert Pister %A Hannes Rohrer %A Johann Gasteiner %L orgprints29215 %T Close relationship between pre- and post-calving reticuloruminal pH levels in dairy cows %J Livestock Science (2015) %V 178 %X The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the prepartum reticuloruminal pH values on the postpartum pH values of lactating cows at two concentrate supplementation levels. An indwelling pH measurement system with a wireless data transmitting unit was given to 9 heifers and 11 cows orally 2 weeks before expected calving. pH was measured from week 2 prepartum to week 6 postpartum. Prepartum, all animals were fed hay and grass silage only. After parturition the animals were assigned to one of two concentrate supplementation levels (Con and Low). During the first 6 weeks postpartum, 5.6 kg and 2.9 kg dry matter (DM) per day of concentrates were fed to cows in groups Con and Low, respectively. Before parturition, no effect of the week on the mean pH was found, but pH values varied considerably between individual animals. During the last week prior parturition, the median, lower and upper quartile values of the mean pH values were 6.47, 6.41 and 6.59 for heifers and 6.29, 6.19 and 6.39 for cows, respectively. Standard deviations of the mean pH values for heifers and cows were 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. After parturition, no diet effect on the mean pH and maximum pH values was found. The minimum pH differed between Con and Low, but the absolute levels were almost equal (6.02 and 6.04, resp.). A strong correlation (r> 0.8; P<0.01) between the mean pH value before parturition (pHweek-1) and pH values after parturition was found. Animals having lower pH levels before parturition continued to have lower mean pH and minimum pH values during weeks 1 to 6 postpartum. Furthermore, these animals had stronger short term fluctuations of H3O+ concentrations and a longer time span with pH values below 6.2. The results support the theory of the existence of cow-specific baselines concerning rumen pH, pointing to individual differences in the rumen environment, fermentation and metabolism and emphasising the importance of further research on this topic. %D 2015 %K Dairy cow, Ruminal pH, Grain, Low input, Organic farming, Milchkühe, Pansen, pH, Kraftfutter, Bio, Oko %P 177-182 %C Berlin %D 2009 %K Organic food, low-input food, choice experiments, buying behaviour, QLIF, FiBL 35001, sustainability assessment %P 336-339 %A Hanna Stolz %A Matthias Stolze %L orgprints14372 %T Bestimmungsgründe für die Präferenz von Bio- und Low-Input- Lebensmitteln %X Food quality has become an important topic in the food market. Thus, suppliers have started offering conventional products including additional quality attributes, such as “free from GMO” or “free from additives”. We analysed the preferences and buying behaviour regarding such conventional “low-input” products in competition with conventional and organic product alternatives in consumer choice experiments in Germany and Switzerland. In the experiments, we tested milk, yogurt and apples. The choice experiments were combined with face-to-face interviews in order to collect information about the participating consumers, which might explain the buying behaviour observed in the choice experiment. We found that low-input products rather compete with conventional than with organic products, because the low-input alternative was mainly chosen by consumers, who also in their everyday’s life buy the respective product in conventional quality. Furthermore, variances in the buying behaviour observed mainly depend on consumers’ attitudes of food quality. %I Verlag Dr. Köster %A Bertil Sylvander %A Martine François %L orgprints4487 %T Organic and Low Input Food Consumers: Concerns and Perspectives for Developing the Organic Market in the Future %K organic farming, consumer attitudes, consumer behaviour, low input food, quality, safety, acceptability of technologies, learning %D 2005 %X This contribution deals with occasional consumer attitudes to organic/low input food in relation to quality and safety issues; and presents the preliminary results of studies conducted as part of the EU Framework 6 QLIF research project. The main result shows that a lack of knowledge among consumers about the production and processing techniques leaves room for a learning process on how to give pragmatic content to the demand from “caring people” and how to allow consumers to learn more about farming and processing. %K organic farming; labour input; machinery input; innovative technologies %D 2003 %P 525-533 %E P. Piccarolo %T Labour and machinery systems in organic farming %L orgprints2435 %A C.G. Sørensen %A V. Nielsen %J XXX CIOSTA-CIGR CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS %I Universita degli Studi di Torino %X In order to analyse and evaluate the future development of organic farming in Denmark efforts are needed to extend and improve the data on labour and machinery input. Previous investigations have not been able, in a uniquely way, to describe the labour requirement related to factors like farm type, type of production, level of mechanisation, etc. Existing modelling approaches on labour demand and machinery input, used for conventional farms, has only been scarcely used on organic farming systems. There is a need for a systematic analysis of the technical operational consequences and subsequent prognosis of the labour requirement, capacity, and labour profiles for specific organic production systems, including the evaluation of innovative cropping and mechanisation systems. The latter is important, as the continuing development of organic farming systems will probably imply an increased application of innovative types of machinery and systems, which are specifically adapted to the principles of organic farming. A number of model farms illustrating “future organic farms” have been designed. For these farms the analyses of the labour and machinery systems dependent on different technological assumptions (existing and new innovative technologies) have been carried out. The analyses comprise all work operations in the field and the animal houses together with a selection of machinery types and an estimation of machinery sizes. The analysis use prerequisites like cropping plan, an optimised animal manure application, norm yields adjusted to the cropping plan, etc. The output from the analysis comprises labour profiles, labour budgets related to the specific fields, to the specific crops, to the specific periods (week, months, etc.), to the specific machines or treatments, etc. The labour demand for the production farms range from 6.1 to 16.6 h ha-1 and from 16.5 h LU-1 to 39.6 h LU-1 for work in the animal houses. Also, results indicate that the inclusion of row crops in the cropping plan demand a high labour input, which would reduce the uptake of row crops in the cropping plan. In terms of labour input, organic cattle production is comparable with conventional cattle production. Current as well as innovative technologies and work methods related to organic farming have been identified and evaluated. Technologies that are expected to be implemented in the next 5-10 years have been selected for further elaboration within the context of model farms. As examples, the new technologies chosen consist of a weeding robot and an integrated system for thermal band treatment. The selected technologies are either available or have been tested as a prototype technology. The labour demand is reduced by 80-85% by introducing these technologies. %V 2 %K organic, low input, crop production, soil fertility, food safety, Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, QLIF %D 2007 %L orgprints10626 %T Development of strategies to improve quality and safety and reduce cost of production in organic and ‘low input‘ crop production systems %A L. Tamm %A U. Koepke %A Y. Cohen %A C. Leifert %X The overall aims of organic and low input crop production include the economically viable and environmentally sound production of high quality food and feed. Technological bottlenecks in such systems include insufficient and instable yields and in some instances unsatisfactory processing, sensory and/or nutritional quality of the final product. Recently, concerns have also been raised that the intensive use of manures may lead to increased risk for contamination of food by enteropathogenic micro-organisms. Crop production in low input systems is based on key pillars, i.e. (i) a fertile soil which provides sufficient capacity to allow for plant growth while preventing soil-borne diseases, (ii) high quality, disease-free seeds and plant material, (iii) a crop-specific soil fertility management to provide sufficient nutrients for optimum plant growth, and (iv) adequate crop protection techniques to prevent damage due to noxious organisms. In the QLIF project we develop improved component strategies to overcome technological bottlenecks in annual (wheat, lettuce, tomato) and perennial (apple) crop production systems. In this paper we report the progress achieved so far. %X Air-borne foliar diseases as well as soil-borne diseases can cause substantial losses in agricultural production systems. One of the strategies to overcome production losses caused by plant diseases is the targeted use of disease defence mechanisms that are inherent to plants. In this paper, the potential to enhance the plant’s health status either by inducing resistance through optimized soil management techniques or by foliar application of inducers of resistance is explored on the basis of a literature review and results from laboratory and field experiments. In our studies, the focus was on recent research about the use of dl-ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and an aqueous extract of Penicillium chrysogenum (Pen) as elicitors. We conclude that BABA as well as Pen can contribute to disease control strategies. The use of soil fertility management techniques to reduce diseases was explored in recent research about the impact of shortand long-term management practices on soil suppressiveness to air-borne and soil-borne diseases, with the aim to elucidate the influence of soil properties and to quantify the relative importance of site-specific vs cultivation-mediated soil properties. The results indicate that site-specific factors, which cannot be influenced by agronomic practices have a greater impact than cultivation-specific effects within the same site. Nevertheless, short- and long-term management strategies were shown to have the potential for influencing soil suppressiveness to certain diseases such as Rhizoctonia solani. © 2011 Royal Netherlands Society for Agricultural Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. %V 58 %N 3-4 %J NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences %L orgprints19611 %A L. Tamm %A B. Thürig %A A. Fließbach %A A. E. Goltlieb %A S. Karavani %A Y. Cohen %T Elicitors and soil management to induce resistance against fungal plant diseases %R doi:10.1016/j.njas.2011.01.001 %P 131-137 %D 2011 %K Organic, Low input, Crop production, Soil fertility, Elicitor, QLIF, FiBL 35001 %J Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica, Section C - Food Economics %X Organic and low-input farming practices are considered keystones for the conservation of biodiversity in semi-natural systems. Accordingly, attention to the assessment of the benefits stemming from these activities is increasing in order to provide a solid base for the adoption of agro-environmental incentives and to support their monitoring and evaluation. The evaluation of the positive effects of organic and low-input farming activities on biodiversity is limited mainly by the difficulty in proposing simple and widely-applicable indicators of biodiversity, and the substantial lack of data concerning the costs of measuring biodiversity an essential element for the cost-effectiveness analysis of indicators. Moreover, the limited scientific literature available on indicator costs is based on ex-post analyses rather than on systematic data collection. The assessment of the costs of measuring biodiversity at the farm scale throughout Europe is one of the specific tasks of the BioBio project (UE-FP7). In this work, we discuss methodological aspects and preliminary results based on data gathered during fieldwork measurements of biodiversity in BioBio. %I Taylor & Francis (Routledge) %T Assessing the costs of measuring biodiversity: methodological and empirical issues %L orgprints40983 %A Stefano Targetti %A Davide Viaggi %A David Cuming %A Jean-Pierre Sarthou %A Jean Philippe Choisis %R https://doi.org/10.1080/16507541.2012.695118 %K cost effectiveness (en), organic farming (en), low input farming (en), biodiversity indicator (en), indicator cost (en) %D 2012 %P 2-9 %A Genevieve Teil %L orgprints41700 %T : Une étude empirique des certifications de qualité dans la vitiviniculture française %R https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2013.0615 %I EDP Sciences %J Cahiers Agricultures %P 133-141 %K low input farming (en), environment (en), designation of origin (en), quality labels (en), viticulture (en), wines (en), ORGANIC AGRICULTURE (en), ASYMMETRIES (en), INFORMATION (en) %D 2013 %X Soil-borne diseases are one of the most important problems in organic and other ‘low input’ soil-based greenhouse production systems. While chemical soil disinfection has been the method of choice in conventional farming systems, soil steaming has been the main strategy for the control of soil borne diseases in organic production. Both methods are extremely expensive and have been increasingly restricted for environmental reasons by government and organic standard setting bodies respectively. The use of tolerant varieties and of grafting onto resistant rootstocks were evaluated as potential replacements for soil steaming in organic and low input systems and found to be as effective in reducing root disease and increasing root fresh weight, fruit yield and number. The effects on fruit yield and quality characteristics were then further evaluated using different varieties for grafting and different growth media typically used in (a) organic (soil amended with manure), and (b) conventional (perlite fertilised with mineral fertilisers via the irrigation system) growth media/fertilisation regimes, and also a (c) novel “low input” growth medium designed to provide better aeration of the rooting zone. Fruit numbers, diameters and weights and total fruit yields were significantly different between growth media and highest for plants grown in the “low input” system, slightly lower for plants grown in the perlite and lowest for plants grown in the organic system. The potential for replacing chemical and steam soil disinfection methods in organic and ‘low input’ soil based greenhouse production systems is discussed. %T Effect of variety choice and use of resistant rootstock on crop yield and quality parameters of tomato plants grown in organic, low input and conventional production systems/growth media %L orgprints10449 %A A. Theodoropoulou %A C. Giotis %A J. Hunt %A J. Gilroy %A E. Toufexi %A A. Liopa-Tsakalidis %A A. Markellou %A L. Lueck %A C. Seal %A C. Leifert %K organic, low input, conventional, tomato production, resistant rootstocks, fruit quality %D 2007 %R 10.3390/su14063182 %L orgprints43953 %T The State of Play of Copper, Mineral Oil, External Nutrient Input, Anthelmintics, Antibiotics and Vitamin Usage and Available Reduction Strategies in Organic Farming across Europe %A Korinna Varga %A Judit Feher %A Bence Trugly %A Dora Drexler %A Florian Leiber %A Vincenzo Verrastro %A Jakob Magid %A Caroline Chylinski %A Spiridoula Athanasiadou %A Barbara Thuerig %A Anna László %A Márta Ladányi %A Bram Moeskops %A Joelle Herforth-Rahmé %A Lucius Tamm %V 14 %X Although input use in organic agriculture is strictly regulated, and significantly less contentious inputs are applied in organic than in conventional farming systems, copper, mineral oil, external nutrient input, anthelmintics, antibiotics and vitamins are still commonly used among organic farmers in the EU, partly due to the scarce availability of alternative products and the difficulty of implementing preventive strategies. Moreover, besides the direction set by the European Commission’s organic regulation, only a handful of policy instruments exist at national levels to reduce the use of these contentious inputs. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of the RELACS EU-funded project about the current use of copper, mineral oils, external nutrient inputs, anthelmintics, antibiotics and vitamins in organic farming in the EU. The paper is based on six internal reports developed in RELACS which relied on international surveys, in-depth interviews, multiple case study methods, database-based calculations, secondary data sources, plus a survey independent from the reports to map existing policy instruments and voluntary initiatives in the EU aiming to reduce the use of the six input categories. As a result, the paper gives a comprehensive overview of the current consumption of the six contentious inputs within the organic sector, highlighting potential alternative strategies in the pipeline, available preventive measures and the willingness of farmers towards adopting these solutions. It also informs about specific policy instruments already in force, as well as about ongoing voluntary initiatives to reduce contentious inputs. Due to the current dependence of organic farming systems on the six categories of contentious inputs, any sudden phase-out or ban on their usage would do more harm than good to the organic sector. Therefore, gradual, data-driven reduction measures are needed, which require significant further investments in targeted research, and in policy support measures, with the active involvement of agricultural stakeholders. %J Sustainability %N 6 %P 1-36 %K organic farming, contentious inputs, copper, mineral oils, soil nutrient management, anthelmintics, antibiotics, vitamins; reduction strategies, agricultural policy, Abacus, FiBL2505407, RELACS %D 2022 %K olive growing, organic farming, low input cultivation, ecological footprint %D 2010 %L orgprints18097 %T Oléiculture moderne & enjeux agronomiques %A FRANCOIS WARLOP %J Oléiculture moderne & enjeux agronomiques %X Olive cultivation in the mediterranean basin has been strongly modernized in the last 25 years. Irrigation and plant protection led to intensive orchards and significant ecological footprint (on greenhouse gases for example), whereas olive products are still considered as natural ones by consumers. This article presents some improvements and french research currently carried out to improve olive cultivation, and reduce its environmental impact. %T Urgent need for new apple breeding methods better adapted to low-input agro ecosystems %L orgprints18101 %A FRANCOIS WARLOP %A MARC LATEUR %A ENRIQUE DAPENA %D 2010 %K Fruit breeding, organic farming, low-input, hardiness, disease tolerance %X Due to its perennial statute, fruit sector is the first consumer of plant protection products per hectare. This may also be a direct consequence of a historical cultivar selection that neglected the tree rusticity for years, and mostly encouraged high yield, common quality and aesthetical properties. The ecological footprint of fruit cultivation is therefore very high, and not sustainable. Many fungicides and insecticides shall be used, even in organic farming, to face sanitary problems. Considering the time necessary to create new cultivars, an urgent change of paradigm is needed. The French Ministry recently launched a mission involving many scientists active in this field, to start integrating environmental purposes into the vegetal selection devices. Discussion is ongoing, and may lead to major changes in the current organization of the French system. Some experiment already started in Belgium, Spain or France to provide more suitable cultivars, meanwhile decreasing the fruit production cost, as cultivars should require less attention in the orchard. It appears that evaluation of the cultivars shall be made at the basin scale, and not for a whole country, since their behaviour is variable, and characteristics (such as adaptation to climate change) may not be suitable everywhere. Fruit growers could also be part of the selection process as they better know the key-points to keep or reject a new hybrid. One could think of a core group of growers and technicians, skilled in hybridization, for a first screening of seedlings in a limited number of orchards, and a second wider group, active in a second step on a shorter screening but in more diversified places. %T How to optimize fruit and berry cultivar selection for organic farmers ? A comparison of European approaches. %L orgprints28589 %A Francois Warlop %A B.G.H. Timmermans %A Gerjan Brouwer %A Hilde Nybom %A MARC LATEUR %A Markus Kelderer %A Franco Weibel %A Hanne Lindhard Pedersen %A Alain GARCIN %A Philipp Haug %A ENRIQUE DAPENA %D 2014 %K organic farming, variety testing, fruit growing, low input, sustainable orchard %X Most of the currently grown commercial fruit cultivars remain unsuitable to low-input or sustainable organic farming systems. The major reason is that they have been developed and selected under high input cultivation, and without sufficient attention to susceptibility to pests and diseases. Some of these cultivars are nevertheless marketed as resistant because they carry genetic markers for major resistance genes but these are unfortunately prone to break-down (most of apple resistant cultivars relay only on the Vf). As a result, new fruit cultivars tend to reveal unexpected and often undesirable traits when grown in commercial organic orchards, and thus fail to bring about the much needed expansion in organic production and market availability. However, research is ongoing, and some institutions in Europe have established specific approaches in their breeding programs for testing new selections and cultivars under entirely organic conditions – sometimes including also evaluation of storage capability, consumer acceptance or suitable characteristics for juice and cider processing. This paper gives an overview of approaches developed in some European countries, their characteristics, objectives and results. It shows a number of different ways to address a difficult topic. We conclude that it is very desirable to – on a European level – exchange results and ideas to further improve the testing systems, and to increase the distribution of promising cultivars for the European organic fruit sector. %J ECOFRUIT 2014 proceedings %V 61 %X In der ökologischen Schweinemast bestimmt das Vermarktungsziel die Auswahl der Genetik und Fütterungsintensität. Eine vornehmlich schlachtkörperqualitäts-orientierte Vermarktung, d. h. die Ausrichtung auf Fleischertrag, verlangt moderne Genotypen mit hoher körpereigener Proteinsynthesekapazität (also z. B. eher geringe Duroc-Genanteile im Masttier) und Rationen, die eine qualitativ hochwertige Aminosäurenversorgung gewährleisten, was zu einem mehr oder weniger hohen Nährstoffimport von außen in das landwirtschaftliche System hinein führt (high external input system). Fleischqualitäts-orientierte Vermarktungsziele tolerieren Genotypen mit niedrigerer körpereigener Proteinsynthesekapazität bzw. Rationen mit geringwertigerem Aminosäurenprofil bis hin zu Rationen vollständig betriebseigener Herkunft, woraus ein low external input system resultiert. %J Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research %N 2 %A Friedrich Weißmann %L orgprints19180 %T Eine exemplarische Betrachtung des Einflusses von Genotyp und Fütterung auf Mastleistung, Schlachtkörperqualität und Fleischqualität in der ökologischen Schweinemast %P 75-82 %K Organic pig fattening, Duroc, feeding, growth performance, carcass quality, meat quality, high external input system, low external input system %D 2011 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), grondstoffenindustrie (nl), input industries (en), biologische productie (nl), biological production (en), china (nl), china (en), marketing (nl), marketing (en), handelsbeurzen (nl), trade fairs (en), duitsland (nl), germany (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 219-H Agrarisch marketing (nl), 219-H Agricultural Marketing (en) %D 2009 %P 20 - 22 %N 4 %J molenaar : weekblad voor de graanverwerkende en veevoederindustrie %V 112 %X De biologische vakbeurs Biofach werd in 2009 voor de twintigste keer gehouden. In die twee decennia is de biologische sector van een nichemarkt uitgegroeid tot volwaardig, internationaal marktsegment. Dit bleek ook op de beursvloer, waar alle werelddelen volop waren vertegenwoordigd %L orgprints48266 %T Biologische sector is wereldmarkt : China profileert zich als leverancier biologische grondstoffen %A J. Wijbenga %K rat feed, organic, conventional, low input, polyphenols %D 2008 %L orgprints12324 %A MSc Katarzyna Wiśniewska %A prof. Ewa Rembiałkowska %A dr Ewelina Hallmann %A MSc Anna Rusaczonek %A dr Lorna Lueck %A prof. Carlo Leifert %T The antioxidant compounds in rat experimental diets based on plant materials from organic, low-input and conventional agricultural systems %X Results presented in this paper are part of a study that investigates the effect of four production systems on health effects in rats. This study was aimed to evaluate differences in the levels of flavonols, total polyphenols, beta-carotene and lutein which are well known antioxidants in four rat feeds. Raw plant materials were produced according to four different agricultural systems: organic farming (without synthetic pesticides and mineral fertilizers), low-input 1 (organic plant protection was used in combination with mineral fertilizers), low input 2 (conventional pest management and organic fertilizers were used) and conventional farming (synthetic pesticides and mineral fertilizers were used). The results indicate that rat feed prepared from the organically produced plants contained more antioxidant compounds, especially total polyphenols, flavonols and lutein. Rat feed produced for feeding experiments varied significantly in a series of key phytochemicals and therefore have the potential to produce different health effects in the subsequent feeding trials. %X Verslag van een workshop georganiseerd door LBI en WUR over het sluiten van kringlopen in de biologische landbouw. Een en ander in het kader van het LNV-onderzoeksprogramma ´Intersectorale samenwerking binnen de biologische landbouw´. De huidige situatie in de Nederlandse biologische landbouw wordt gekenmerkt door diverse onevenwichtigheden: mest, voer en stro komen nog grotendeels uit de gangbare landbouw of het buitenland, er zijn verliezen van nutriënten naar de maatschappij en een retourstroom vanuit de maatschappij ontbreekt nagenoeg. Intersectorale samenwerking zou kunnen zorgen voor een betere sluiting van kringlopen. Kernvragen zijn daarbij het schaalniveau (op bedrijfs- of regionaal niveau, of in Eurpees verband), de plaats van de intensieve veehouderij (met veel buitenlandse inputs), de mate van overheidssturing, hergebruik van afvalstromen uit de maatschappij, en het dilemma ´groei of vormgeven aan de intenties van biologische landbouw´ %V 24 %J Ekoland : vakblad voor biologische landbouwmethoden, verwerking, afzet en natuurvoeding %N 4 %A J. De Wit %A W. Barendrecht %L orgprints49553 %T Kringlopen in de biologische landbouw, deel 2 : studiedag "Optimaal Intersectoraal": een breed scala aan uitdagingen %P 16 - 17 %D 2004 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), kringlopen (nl), cycling (en), bedrijfssystemen (nl), farming systems (en), samenwerking (nl), cooperation (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), sectorale analyse (nl), sectoral analysis (en), sectorale ontwikkeling (nl), sectoral development (en), kennis (nl), knowledge (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 113-B-2 Bedrijfssystemen (nl), 113-B-2 Farming Systems (en) %D 2003 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), landbouwbedrijven (nl), farms (en), ruwe grondstoffen (nl), raw materials (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), mest (nl), manures (en), marketing (nl), marketing (en), handel (nl), trade (en), agrarische handel (nl), agricultural trade (en), goederenbeurzen (nl), commodity exchanges (en), samenwerking (nl), cooperation (en), dierlijke meststoffen (nl), animal manures (en), voer (nl), feeds (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), normen (nl), standards (en), regelingen (nl), regulations (en), eu regelingen (nl), eu regulations (en), richtlijnen (directives) (nl), directives (en), kaderrichtlijn water (nl), water framework directive (en), 215-C Agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), 215-C Farm Management (en) %P 23 - 25 %T Biologische grondstoffenhandel : strengere normen vormen goede stimulans voor een biologische grondstoffenhandel %L orgprints49712 %A J. De Wit %A K. Van Veluwe %J Ekoland : vakblad voor biologische landbouwmethoden, verwerking, afzet en natuurvoeding %N 9 %X Uitleg over de mogelijkheden voor biologische bedrijven om grondstoffen uit te wisselen (koppelbedrijven, intermediairs en handelaren, en fax-mail lijsten of websites) en ideeën om uitwisseling tussen bedrijven te stimuleren (vanuit de ervaringen van koppelbedrijven). De komende EU-regeling m.b.t. de biologische herkomst van uitgangsmateriaal, voer en mest, en de steeds strenger wordende eisen van certificeerders op dit gebied, maken het voor biologische bedrijven steeds meer noodzakelijk om grondstoffen uit te wisselen. In aparte kaders uitleg over de marktontwikkelingen en prijsvorming voor biologische mest. Veranderingen in vraag en aanbod als gevolg van veranderde regelgeving kunnen leiden tot forse prijsschommelingen %V 23 %D 2007 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), gesloten systemen (nl), closed systems (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), low input landbouw (nl), low input agriculture (en), varkens (nl), pigs (en), pluimvee (nl), poultry (en), akkerbouw (nl), arable farming (en), 113-C-1-a Intenties van ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1-a Intentions for Organic Farming (en) %P 449 - 462 %A J. De Wit %A H. Verhoog %L orgprints48804 %T Organic values and the conventionalization of organic agriculture; Theme: Values in Organic Agriculture %N 4 %J NJAS : Wageningen journal of life sciences / Royal Society for Agricultural Sciences %V 54 %X It is debatable whether organic agriculture as a whole is conventionalizing, as historical data are almost absent. However, a short overview of a few organic sectors in the Netherlands shows that the influence of conventional agro-food commodity chains is increasing and that the use of off-farm inputs is high. So current practices in organic agriculture (OA) may have negative effects on issues like energy use, nutrient losses and recycling, even though the practices are compliant with the existing EU-regulation on OA. This reduces the distinguishability of OA, thereby threatening long-term market perspectives and public support. Whether conventionalization is problematic depends on the opinion of what ‘organic agriculture’ actually entails. It is argued that no conclusions can be drawn about core values of OA in a normative (ethical) sense from sociological research on values of various stakeholders and their motives for being active in the organic chain. Only normative values may function as a guide towards the future, inspiring practices in OA as well as long-term market perspectives and regulatory developments. The OA principles formulated by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) on ecology, health, care and fairness do provide such a normative value basis and appear to be firmly rooted in the values of OA identified in the literature. Looking at the consequences of conventionalization in some sectors of OA in the Netherlands, we can conclude that they conflict with all IFOAM principles, in some way, especially with the Principles of Ecology and Health. If the OA sector wants to adhere to these core values and promote long-term market perspectives as well as public support, a development is required that limits conventionalization or mitigates its negative effects. The use of off-farm inputs is an important factor in conventionalization itself and has negative effects on the core organic values. Given the influence of international trade and economic competition, this development will require regulative action at international level that is focused on a reduced use of off-farm inputs (either conventional or organic inputs transported over a long distance). %T Elm Farm Research Centre Bulletin with Technical Updates from the Organic Advisory Service 80 %L orgprints6833 %A Lawrence Woodward %A Lois Philipps %A Martin Wolfe %A Hannah Jones %A Kay Hinchsliffe %A Roger Hitchings %A Josie O'Brien %A Tim Deane %D 2005 %K Genetic engineering CAP reform Foot and Mouth Disease supermarket vaccination quality taste quality environmental benchmarking organic agriculture BTO biodiversity soil ecosystem cereal varietal characteristics low-input systems horticulture market hock breast burns poultry research IOTA %I Elm Farm Research Centre %X A collection of technical, policy and research articles on organic food and food systems %I Spanish National Research Council %X The SOLID project (Sustainable Organic Low-Input Dairying) carried out research to improve the sustainability of low-input/organic dairy systems in different ways. This document summarises major challenges in practice for both organic and low input production systems of small ruminants. Workshops and trials explored feed supply (including feeding of by products and pasture irrigation), and health and welfare as important areas for improvement. The report presents some first conclusion from the participatory trials. %A David Yanez Ruiz %A Georgioa Arsenos %A Konstantinos Zaralis %A Ignacio Martin-Garcia %L orgprints35192 %T Recommendations on innovative strategies related to nutrition, health and welfare of small ruminants %S SOLID Deliverable 1.4 %D 2016 %K Organic, low input, dairy goats, by products, participatory research %C Madrid %L orgprints45636 %A S. Zikeli %A C. Boutry %A V. Dzhuvinov %A M. Friedli %A E. Furmanczyk %A T. Holtz %A M. Kelderer %A B. Lepp %A E. Malusa %T DOMINO – Synthesis of Soil Management Strategies Integrating Plant and Waste Based Alternative Fertilizers %X The project DOMINO (http://www.domino-coreorganic.eu/) focused on the evaluation of alternative fertilisers based on locally available wastes, legume-based materials and vermicompost extracts as alternatives to animal-based fertilizers from conventional agriculture in apple orchards. The project included incubation experiments, pot and field experiments in different European countries. In addition, a survey on nutrient budgets and soil nutrient status in organic fruit orchards was conducted in Germany. The evaluation of the fertilizers encompassed also their impact on soil nematodes and microbial activity and biodiversity. Considering all pros and cons, there is no single ideal solution for fertilization. An integrated approach using fertilizers based on legumes in combination with stillages that provide N early in the season can enhance farm internal N cycles leading to an overall higher N efficiency. %J Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Organic Fruit-Growing %P 43-45 %D 2022 %K contentious inputs, clover-based fertilizers, nutrient budgets, organic apple production, Abacus, FiBL25049 %D 2001 %K Development of Organic Food and Farming; Central and Eastern Europe; CEE; Regional Action Plan for organic farming; Low-external-input agriculture; Agri-environment policy; Policies for organic farming; Organic food market; Inspection and certification; State support %C Copenhagen %P 137-145 %E (Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries) DMFAF %L orgprints26429 %T Overview of Development of Organic Food and Farming in the CEE: Elements for a Regional Action Plan %A Darko Znaor %J Proceedings of the “European Conference - Organic Food and Farming %X The economic transition of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) resulted in rather drastic changes of the agricultural sector. Food production and food consumption in CEE have declined considerably since 1989. The high prices of agri-chemicals and low prices of agricultural produce forced farmers to reduce agricultural inputs or refrain from using them altogether. This resulted in a drop of fertilisers and pesticides use by more than 50% in comparison with 1990. However, this shift was not the result of a designed agri-environmental policy, but rather the consequence of an evolution from state economy to market economy. The current low-input farming as practised in the CEE is not necessarily environmentally friendly. The reduction of agri-chemical inputs (or refraining from using them altogether) unless complemented by better management can also degrade the environment. Therefore it is not surprising that the results of several studies point to agriculture as the biggest source of water pollution and biodiversity threat of the region. At the same time, to improve the agricultural practices seems to be the most effective strategy and the cheapest way of reducing the environmental pollution and nature degradation in the CEE. Organic farming offers an interesting contribution in solving the environmental and economic problems of the CEE’s food and agriculture sector. Currently, organic farming has been practised at some 250.000 ha of the CEE’s farmland, with a tendency of further growth. The existing calculations from the region show that a share of as little as 10-20% of organic farming in the total agricultural production already exhibits benefits for the national economy and reduces the environmental costs/degradations of the agricultural production. However, a stronger development of organic farming in the CEE is possible only through the governmental support. The official agricultural policy in most CEE countries aims at restoring agri-chemical inputs to the pre 1990 level. With the exception of some pioneering efforts, the CEE countries have no developed agri-environmental policy and offer relatively little support to organic farming. Ironically, the conversion subsidies for organic agriculture sometimes co-exist with the subsidies or (partial) tax relief for agri-chemicals. Majority of the CEE policy makers supports organic agriculture primarily rhetorical, while their policy and budgets rarely mirror their interest and commitment for the subject. To enable further development of organic agriculture in the CEE it is suggested to develop a regional action plan. A mix of policy instruments (regulative, economic, informative, institutional and voluntary) should be put in place to facilitate implementation of this regional action plan. The plan should also address the tactics of involving various stakeholders, as well as the financing sources and progress monitoring mechanisms. %I Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries %E John Hontelez %L orgprints26428 %T Policy options for environmentally friendly agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: a three-track policy approach %A Darko Znaor %J EEB and the EU Enlargement %I European Environmental Bureau %X Low-input agriculture is dominant farming style in majority of the Central and East European (CEE) countries. However, the shift from high-input agriculture as practised during the communist time to the present low-input farming was not the result of a designed policy for agricultural development but rather the consequence of a socio-political evolution from state economy to market economy. Ten years after the transition, the agricultural policies of most Central and East European countries are still at the “crossroad”. They are characterised by a diversity of visions on the further development and concepts how to implement these visions. The agri-environmental component of the current CEE’s agricultural policies either doesn’t exist or is rather vague and underdeveloped. Most of the CEE countries still aim at restoring agri-chemical inputs to the pre 1990 level. The low-input farming is not necessarily environmentally friendly since it often doesn’t pay sufficient attention to the environmental degradations caused by agricultural operations. This type of farming too can lead to severe soil erosion, declining biodiversity and building up of pests and diseases. Besides, the low-input farming is often not economically viable. To enable development of environmentally friendly agriculture in CEE countries, a three-track policy approach is suggested. Its measures should: 1. improve environmental and economic performance of the current low-input agriculture; 2. promote further development of pioneering organic agriculture, and 3. convert the remaining high-external-input regime to integrated agriculture. A mix of policy instruments (regulative, economic, informative, institutional and voluntary) should be put in place to facilitate further development of this three-track policy. The calculation from a recently finished Phare project in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania suggests that a tree-track policy approach make an interesting policy option both from the economic and environmental point of view. A share of as little as 30% of improved low-input agriculture and organic agriculture in the total agricultural production results in gross national agricultural production values comparable to those obtained by the conventional scenario. However, when the external (environmental) costs of N-leaching are internalised into the price of the produce by charging a shadow price of €1 per kg of nitrogen leached, the sustainable scenario showed even greater economic benefit. It resulted in net national agricultural production values of 5% (Romania), 16% (Bulgaria) and 40% (Hungary) higher than by the conventional scenario. At the same time, the sustainable scenario exhibits substantially lower nitrogen leaching (45% in Romania, 34% in Bulgaria and 18% in Hungary) as compared with the conventional scenario. This nutrient emission reduction complies quite well with the targets set for nutrient reduction for the Danube River and the Black Sea. Establishment of an international facility to support national teams in preparing and implementing the-three track policy would enable a concerted action in CEE countries. %D 2001 %K Policy options for organic agriculture; Central and Eastern Europe; Low-input agriculture; Three track policy; Nitrogen leaching; Large-scale conversion to organic farming; Widespread adoption of organic farming; Internalisation of external costs of agriculture %C Brussels %P 121-122 %P 2-3 %D 1997 %K Organic agriculture; Yields in organic agriculture; Danube River Basin; Low-input agriculture; Organic farmers; Ecological farmers; Policy mechanisms promoting organic farming; Groznjan declaration; %V 3 %X Next to soil, water is the resource mostly threatened with agricultural practices. Agricultural pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides, silage effluent, organic manures and other farm wastes) enter the water through the run off, erosion, leaching and rarely by direct input. Studies from various parts of the world have shown that agriculture represents major, much more serious source of water pollution than any other sector (industry, transport, population, tourism, etc.) or sometimes all these sectors together. The same counts for Danube, and this has been confirmed by the recent Danube Environmental Integrated Study. The damage to priority functions of ground and surface water in the Danube basin (DB) and part of the north western shelf of the Black Sea is estimated at some 8 billion DEM/year. More than a half of the territory of the Danube basin is used for agricultural activities and agriculture represents an important economic activity of the region. Except in Germany and Austria, farmers in all other Danube countries currently practice mostly low-input agriculture. This is due to the post-communistic economic transition resulting in price liberization and serious disproportion between change of producer, input and retail price of agricultural commodities. This situation resulted in reduced purchasing power and demand for agricultural commodities inducing a mere negative profit margins for farmers. Dramatic price increase of agricultural inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, fuels, etc.) also resulted in dramatic change in the use and production of pesticides and fertilizers which in some countries dropped by more than 70% since 1989. Although from the environmental point of view this change is desirable, it inevitably resulted in declined agricultural output. Therefore advocating continuation of low-input farming in the DB, from the view point of an average "Danubian" seems to be nonsense. "Do you want us to starve?", and "contrary to Germany and Austria we don't use fertilizers and pesticides and our agriculture is already environmentally friendly" are the two most common and most frequent statements one hears about the issue. Indeed, travelling along the mid and lower Danube one can find hundreds of thousands of hectares being managed almost as century ago. Scenes with horse ploughing, hand sowing and weeding are reality again. Very little, or often no pesticides and fertilizers are used. And yields are very poor. Far too little to attribute the word "sustainable" to that type of agriculture. However an experienced eye can notice that besides poor yields, low-input agriculture as practised in the region, causes a number of environmental problems, too. Signs of ongoing erosion, over (or more often) undergrazing, lack of soil organic matter and bad soil structure, soil left bare after harvest, inappropriate manure storage and handling (often resulting in leaching) are only a few of these. Besides, narrow crop rotation or sometimes monoculture (e.g. maize, grain cereals, potatoes) apart from reducing soil fertility and building-up pest and diseases, has deuterating effect on overall biodiversity, too. In other words, present agriculture in DB, although low, or often "zero" input, is not sustainable neither from economic nor environmental point of view. Only a tiny part of DB farmers learnt the lesson: drastic reduce or complete refrain from agri-chemical inputs alone, without parallel steps in (re)designing eco system and its strengthening through biological processes is not sufficient. What does it mean? It means that "conventional agriculture without inputs" unless complemented with better farm management is not an optimal form of low-input agriculture, and will never achieve production levels and environmental benefits as required by the concept of sustainable agriculture. This can be achieved only when low-input agriculture is encompassed with good farm management, wider crop rotation, proper land:animal ratio, careful soil cultivation, wise use of green and other organic manures, preventive and environmentally friendly curative plant protection measures, etc. Some DB farmers took this approach, and they are usually called "organic" or "ecological" farmers. Organic agriculture is rapidly growing sector both in EU and DB, with the annual growth rate of 25-30%. Reliable data on the area farmed organically in DB are scare, but it is estimated that some 1 million ha are currently being farmed according to the EU or similar (inter)national regulations on organic agriculture (table 1). However, organic farming is more popular in Germany and especially in Austria (16% of total Austrian agriculture is organic), while in other DB countries it is still marginalized. Yields obtain under organic management, as well as net return indicate that this type of agriculture is fully competitive to the existing low-input agricultural practices in the basin. Besides, comparison studies with other farming systems show far less environmental degradation. Organic farms usually have better soil structure, more organic matter, better nutrient balance, less polluted soil and lower erosion rate. Further, organic farms show better energy efficiency and are also more diversified both at the level of crops/animals grown and the level of naturally occurring species and habitats. In some Danube countries organic products are certified and separately labelled and sold, sometimes also attracting 10 50% higher price. This is especially true in CZ, H and SK where organic agriculture is far more developed than in other post communistic DB countries. While CZ has developed domestic market for organic produce, H and SK export most of their organic production (> 80%). Research on organic farming is being carried at agricultural universities and research institutes in Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Moldova. Although the sustainable (organic) agriculture in DB has increasingly been under focus of various parties (e.g. UNDP round table on sustainable agriculture, several Avalon Foundation seminars, PHARE demonstration centres project, etc.), the issue is still not taken seriously enough. And all this in spite of clear indications that agriculture plays the key role in biodiversity, climate change, water pollution (the main polluter of the DB), and that it is at the same time most cost-effective sector when reduction/prevention of (water) pollution is in question. This ignorance is however, not only at the side of international organizations like UNDP, UNEP, FAO, EC, etc. and governments (both from DB and others), but what surprises, even at the side of well respected environmental organizations. Although the "Gro_njan Declaration" (resulted from a workshop organized by Avalon Foundation) which appeals for further recognition of organic agriculture in the region as it is "one of the most ecologically, socially, economically and culturally appropriate forms of agriculture for Europe" was co-signed by organizations like EURONATUR (European Natural Heritage Fund), WWF (World Wilde Fund for Nature), Birdlife International, IUCN (The World Conservation Union) and Greenpeace- these organizations their concern about, and care for nature conservation and biodiversity translate into support for nature parks and not for sustainable agriculture yet. The same counts for REC (Regional Environmental Centre- Budapest) which when compared with other fields, awarded far too little grants in the field of sustainable agriculture. Sustainable (organic) agriculture is also a very important part of the Strategic Action Plan for the Danube River Basin 1995 2005, and is positively addressed in the documents from the Pan European Ministerial Environmental Protection Conferences in Luzerne, and especially in Sofia. Governments policy however is still almost entirely focusing on reaching the former output levels through restoring of the former high input approaches via re organised cooperatives or a small number of big private farms. But Danube countries (and apparently CEE in general) are going through a "forced" experience with low-input agriculture. Forced in the sense that it was not desired policy for agricultural development but was a consequence of a politically dominant process of evolution from state economy to market economy. Policy makers can chose for different strategies to support the development of organic agriculture. These can include a whole range of actions, consisting both from the deterring (regulations, "green taxes", penalties, etc.) and stimulating measures (subsidies, education, research, publications, building public awareness and institutional structures, etc.). Every DB country can devote 1-2% of its total agricultural budget to sustainable (organic) agriculture, as well as international funding programmes. But the fact that this is not happening, and that potentials of agriculture towards solving urgent environmental problems of the Basin are neglected, lead towards one of two following conclusions. Either policy makers from the region and international organizations because of insufficient information don't know exactly how to put agriculture on a more sustainable track, or there are other prevailing interests preventing cheap, but "beginning of the pipe" environmental actions. As long as there is no answer on this question and concrete projects demonstrating good will to change the current neglectance of contribution that sustainable types of agriculture can offer to cleaner DB, we cannot even think about having "Schöne Blau Donau" again. Darko Znaor The author is guest researcher at Wageningen Agricultural University and advisor to Avalon Foundation. %J Danube Watch %N 2 %T What Future for Sustainable Agriculture? %L orgprints26427 %A Darko Znaor %L orgprints49846 %A J. Zonderland %A I. Enting %A M. De Visser %T Biologisch boeren, is samen produceren %J Praktijkkompas. Rundvee %N 4 %V 16 %X In de biologische landbouw wordt gestreefd naar het sluiten van (mineralen)kringlopen, o.a. door samenwerking tussen bedrijven (koppelbedrijven). Uit een analyse van de in- en uitgaande stikstofstromen bij de Biologische Producentenvereniging Achterhoek, een samenwerkingsverband van biologische agrarische bedrijven, blijkt dat de uitwisseling nog lang niet optimaal is. Biologische mest, voer en stro zijn onvoldoende beschikbaar. Bovendien zijn deze biologische ´grondstoffen´ in de regel duurder dan de gangbare. Voor het sluiten van de mineralenkringlopen moet meer voer en mest worden uitgewisseld. Verder een overzicht van de huidige en verwachte regelgeving m.b.t. het gebruik van mest, voer en stro %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), landbouwbedrijven (nl), farms (en), samenwerking (nl), cooperation (en), stikstof (nl), nitrogen (en), stikstofkringloop (nl), nitrogen cycle (en), mineralen (nl), minerals (en), kringlopen (nl), cycling (en), producentengroepen (nl), producer groups (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), mest (nl), manures (en), stro (nl), straw (en), voer (nl), feeds (en), voedergewassen (nl), fodder crops (en), veevoeding (nl), livestock feeding (en), gelderland (nl), gelderland (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 215-C Agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), 215-C Farm Management (en) %D 2002 %P 6 - 7 %K biologische landbouw (nl), organic farming (en), agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), farm management (en), samenwerking (nl), cooperation (en), landbouwbedrijven (nl), farms (en), stikstof (nl), nitrogen (en), stikstofkringloop (nl), nitrogen cycle (en), producentengroepen (nl), producer groups (en), input van landbouwbedrijf (nl), farm inputs (en), input-output analyse (nl), input output analysis (en), mest (nl), manures (en), stro (nl), straw (en), voer (nl), feeds (en), voedergewassen (nl), fodder crops (en), veevoeder (nl), fodder (en), mineralen (nl), minerals (en), kringlopen (nl), cycling (en), gelderland (nl), gelderland (en), 113-C-1 Ecologische landbouw (nl), 113-C-1 Organic Farming (en), 215-C Agrarische bedrijfsvoering (nl), 215-C Farm Management (en) %D 2002 %P 20 - 21 %L orgprints49833 %A J. Zonderland %A I. Enting %A M. De Visser %A J. Spruijt-Verkerke %T Biologisch boeren is samen produceren %N 4 %J Praktijkkompas. Varkens %V 16 %X In de biologische landbouw staat het sluiten van (mineralen)kringlopen, door uitwisseling van mest, stro en voer tussen bedrijven, centraal; door aanscherping van de regelgeving wordt deze samenwerking steeds belangrijker. Een overzicht van de huidige en verwachte regelgeving rondom gebruik van biologische mest, voer en stro, en een analyse van de in- en uitgaande mineralenstromen (stikstofstromen) bij de Biologische Producentenvereniging Achterhoek, een samenwerkingsverband van biologische agrarische bedrijven. De uitwisseling van stro, voer en mest is nog lang niet optimaal