@misc{orgprints14257, title = {Einsatz von Nematoden gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege}, keywords = {Biocontrol, Kirschenfliege, cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, nematoden, nematodes}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14257/}, abstract = {Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege im biologischen Anbau: Pr{\"u}fung von entomopathogenen Nematoden in Labor- und Feldversuchen. Seit Jahrzehnten wird intensiv nach alternativen Kontrollmassnahmen zur chemischen Bek{\"a}mpfung der Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) gesucht. Bis heute leider nur mit bescheidenem Erfolg f{\"u}r die Praxis. Der Einsatz insektenparasitischer Nematoden zur vorbeugenden Bek{\"a}mpfung der im Boden {\"u}berwinternden Sch{\"a}dlinge hat j{\"u}ngst aber neue Hoffnungen geweckt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie liegen nun vor. Fazit: Die Mehrzahl der Kirschfruchtfliegen scheint sich dem Angriff der Nematoden geschickt zu entziehen, indem sich die Maden nach Verlassen der Kirschen, innerhalb k{\"u}rzester Zeit im Boden verpuppen und danach f{\"u}r Parasitierungsversuche durch die Nematoden resistent sind. Den Nematoden bleibt nicht gen{\"u}gend Zeit, um die Kirschenfliegenpopulation sp{\"u}rbar zu verringern. } } @misc{orgprints5712, title = {Entwicklung und Evaluation von Methoden zur Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege im biologischen Anbau }, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5712/}, abstract = {Entwicklung und Evaluation von Methoden zur Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege (Rhagoletis cerasi) im biologischen Anbau Die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi ist ein {\"o}konomisch wichtiges Problem des biologischen Landbaus in Mitteleuropa. Zur Zeit gibt es keine wirksame L{\"o}sungsstrategie, was die Umstellung von Betrieben behindert, die Hochstamm-Kirschb{\"a}ume mittelfristig bedroht und damit nachteilig f{\"u}r das Landschaftsbild ist. Seit mehreren Jahren werden am FiBL Versuche gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege durchgef{\"u}hrt (Pr{\"u}fung von Fallen und K{\"o}dern). Diese Aktivit{\"a}ten sollen nun im Rahmen einer Doktorarbeit verst{\"a}rkt und fokussiert werden. Ein Schwerpunkt wird die Zucht des Parasiten Phygadeuon wiesmanni f{\"u}r eine sp{\"a}tere Massenfreilassung sein. Erg{\"a}nzend dazu sollen die Fallen- und K{\"o}dersysteme weiterentwickelt werden. Neben den Parasiten soll der Einsatz von Mikroorganismen (Krankheitserregern) und eine Bodenabdeckung mit Netzen gepr{\"u}ft werden, um auch so die Kirschfruchtfliegenpopulation zu dezimieren. F{\"u}r einen termingenaueren Einsatz der Bek{\"a}mpfungsmassnahmen, soll ein temperaturgest{\"u}tztes Prognosesystem f{\"u}r die Kirschfruchtfliege entwickelt und den Kirschenproduzenten zug{\"a}nglich gemacht werden.}, keywords = {Kirschfruchtfliege, Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi, European cherry fruit fly, Biocontrol, Entomopathogenic nematodes, Entomopathogenic fungi, Traps, Lures} } @misc{orgprints6210, title = {Steigerung der Ertragssicherheit im biologischen Steinobstbau}, abstract = {Pflanzenschutzprobleme und eine zu geringe Ertragssicherheit bewirken, dass die Bioproduzenten bislang kaum in den Steinobstbau investiert haben. Das zu geringe und von Jahr zu Jahr schwankende Fr{\"u}chteangebot verhindert, dass M{\"a}rkte, vor allem Grossverteiler, aufgebaut werden k{\"o}nnen. Projektziele - Verbesserungen in der Krankheits- und Sch{\"a}dlingsregulierung; - Sorteneignung f{\"u}r den Bioanbau; - Optimierung der Bodenpflege (Kontrolle der Unkrautkonkurrenz) und Baumern{\"a}hrung; - Betriebswirtschaftliche Erhebungen zur beratungsrelevanten Dokumentation von Aufwand und Ertrag sowie f{\"u}r Vergleichsm{\"o}glichkeiten mit integriert bewirtschafteten Anlagen; - Optimierung bzw. Aufbau professioneller Vermarktungsstrukturen. Methoden - Aufbau von Pilotbetrieben mit vorbildlichen Anlagen; - Pflanzenschutzversuche mit neuen Mitteln und Verfahren, Sortenpr{\"u}fungen; - Erfassung der {\"o}konomischen Erfolgsgr{\"o}ssen auf den Pilotbetrieben; - Gruppenberatungen, Betriebsbesichtigungen, Fachtagungen und Merkbl{\"a}tter zur Vermittlung der neusten Erkenntnisse und Animation f{\"u}r eine Investition in den modernen Biosteinobstanbau; Ergebnisse, Zusammenfassung, Stand der Dinge - Neue, sicherere Pflanzenschutzmittel und ?verfahren wurden gefunden; - Erste Anlagen mit ausreichender Ertragssicherheit sind vorhanden; - Produktionsausdehnung auf ein paar Betrieben im Gange oder in Planung; - Vermarktungsstrukturen konnten optimiert werden. Beteiligte Organisationen Landwirtschaftsamt Kanton Baselland; Bioberatung Kanton Aargau Literature: H{\"a}seli, Andreas und Weibel, Franco (2004) Krankheitsregulierung im biologischen Kirschenanbau mit neuen Produkten und einer fr{\"u}hzeitigen, vor der Bl{\"u}te installierten {\"U}berdachung [Disease control in organic cherry production with new products and early plas-tic cover of the trees]. Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert bei der Konferenz: 11th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing, Germany. D-Weinsberg, 03.-05.02.2004; Ver{\"o}ffentlicht in 11th Conference on Cultivation Technique und Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit Growing. Proceedings to the Conference February 3rd to 5th 2004 at Weinsberg / Germany. D-Weinsberg., Seite(n) pp. 122-130. F{\"o}rdergemeinschaft {\"O}kologischer Obstbau e.V.. H{\"a}seli, Andreas (2004) Vierj{\"a}hrige Versuchserfahrungen zur Regulierung des Zwetschgenrostes [Four years of experience with the control of plum rust in organic production]. Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert bei der Konferenz: 11th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing, Germany. D-Weinsberg, 03.-05.02.2004; Ver{\"o}ffentlicht in 11th Conference on Cultivation Technique und Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit Growing. Proceedings to the Conference February 3rd to 5th 2004 at Weinsberg / Germany., Seite(n) pp. 115-121. F{\"o}rdergemeinschaft {\"O}kologischer Obstbau e.V.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6210/}, keywords = {Biokirschenanbau, Monilia, Kirschenfliege, Sorten, Betriebswirtschaft, Vermarktung, Bioobstbau} } @book{orgprints18027, series = {FiBL-Merkblatt}, title = {Kirschenfliege }, publisher = {Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r biologischen Landbau (FiBL)}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Andi Haseli}, address = {CH Frick}, year = {2008}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/18027/}, abstract = {Die Kirschfruchtfliege ist der wichtigste Sch{\"a}dling im S{\"u}sskirschenanbau. Unbehandelte B{\"a}ume k{\"o}nnen vollst{\"a}ndig befallen sein. Der Handel toleriert aber h{\"o}chstens 2 \%. In einem vom Landwirtschaftlichen Zentrum Ebenrain BL unterst{\"u}tzten Forschungsprojekt des FiBL wurden neue Methoden zur Regulierung der Kirschenfliege im Bioanbau erarbeitet, die jetzt kurz vor der Praxiseinf{\"u}hrung stehen. Das Merkblatt erkl{\"a}rt die Biologie der Fliege und zeigt die neuen Bek{\"a}mpfungsmassnahmen. }, keywords = {Entomologie, Biocontrol, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, } } @unpublished{orgprints8502, author = {Claudia Daniel and Andi H{\"a}seli and Eric Wyss}, year = {2002}, series = {Mittelpr{\"u}fung 2002}, title = {Wirkung von Netzen als Ausschlussverfahren gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi}, keywords = {Pflanzenschutz, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege: Fallen und K{\"o}der, Rantai-Netze, Kulturschutznetze}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8502/}, abstract = {Fragestellung: Pr{\"u}fung von Rantai-Netzen als Ausschlussverfahren gegen Rhagoletis cerasi in abgedeckten Kirschenanlagen Frage 1: K{\"o}nnen die Kirschenfliegen in abgedeckten Anlagen mit Kulturschutznetzen ausgeschlossen werden? Frage 2: K{\"o}nnen in diesen geschlossenen Systemen Fliegen, die aus dem Boden unmittelbar unter dem Baum schl{\"u}pfen, mit Rebell-Fallen abgefangen werden?} } @misc{orgprints16984, publisher = {Blackwell Verlag, GmbH}, journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology}, title = {Field applications of Beauveria bassiana to control the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi}, year = {2010}, doi = {doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01486.x}, volume = {134}, pages = {675--681}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Beauveria bassiana, biological control, Diptera, field trials, organic agriculture, Tephritidae}, abstract = {Field experiments with foliar applications of Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040 (product Naturalis-L) were conducted to control the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of cherries in Europe. Naturalis-L was applied at concentrations of 250 ml per 100 l in 7-day intervals during the flight period of R. cerasi. Flight activity monitored by yellow sticky traps was only slightly affected by treatments. Infection and mycosis of adult cherry fruit flies was shown to be possible under field conditions. Fruit infestation was assessed at harvest. The number of infested fruits was significantly reduced by 65\% with foliar applications of Naturalis-L. These results were obtained from five experiments in 2 years with considerably different weather conditions (wet vs. dry) and in different orchards with different flight intensities of R. cerasi (low vs. high) and different cherry varieties (early ripening vs. late ripening). In conclusion, the application of Naturalis-L is a suitable and economically feasible strategy for controlling R. cerasi in organic cherry production. The product Naturalis L is currently registered for cherry fruit fly control in Italy and Switzerland.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16984/} } @misc{orgprints16985, doi = {doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01410.x}, volume = {133}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, pages = {473--483}, publisher = {Blackwell Verlag, GmbH}, journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology}, title = {Susceptibility of different life stages of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, to entomopathogenic fungi}, year = {2009}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16985/}, abstract = {The effects of six fungus isolates on the mortality of different life stages of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), were assessed in a series of laboratory experiments to find an isolate suitable for biological control. In a first step, the effects of fungus treatments on mortality, mycosis and fecundity of adult flies at a concentration of 107 conidia/ml were evaluated. All fungus isolates caused mycosis but virulence varied considerably among the isolates. Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea caused 90?100\% mortality and had the strongest influence on fecundity. Metarhizium anisopliae also induced high rates of mortality, while the pathogenicity of Isaria farinosa was low. The effects of lower conidia concentrations and the influence of the age of flies were assessed in a second step. Higher conidia concentrations generally resulted in a higher mortality. B. bassiana was most efficient at low concentrations. Young flies showed lower mortality rates than older flies but, sub-lethal effects on eclosion rate of eggs were greater in younger flies. Finally, the effects on L3 larvae were tested: none of the fungus isolates induced mortality in more than 25\% of larvae. As L3 larvae and pupae are not susceptible to fungus infection, field control of R. cerasi should be focused on adult flies.}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Biological control, Tephritidae} } @misc{orgprints10679, title = {Zum Auftreten der Amerikanischen Kirschfruchtfliege in der Nordwestschweiz und im Tessin}, series = {FiBL-Kurzbericht}, year = {2007}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10679/}, abstract = {Eng verwandt mit der Europ{\"a}ischen Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi sind die beiden amerikanischen Kirschfruchtfliegen R. indifferens und R. cingulata Beide Arten sind morphologisch nicht zu unterscheiden (Foote, 1981). Ein Individuum dieser Artengruppe wurde erstmals in den 80er Jahren im Kanton Tessin in der Schweiz gefangen. Zwischen 1991 und 1993 wurde diese Art dann wiederholt im S{\"u}den des Kantons Tessin gefangen (Boller and Mani, 1994). Bisher sind keine gr{\"o}sseren Populationen dieser Art in der Schweiz bekannt (Boller, 2000), was jedoch m{\"o}glicherweise auf eine zu wenig intensive {\"U}berwachung zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Ein intensives {\"U}berwachungsprogramm im Rheintal (Rheinhessen, Deutschland) konnte zwischen 2002 und 2004 nachweisen, dass diese Art weit verbreitet und etabliert ist (Lampe et al., 2005; Lampe et al., 2006). Die Biologie der beiden amerikanischen Arten ist der Europ{\"a}ischen Kirschenfruchtfliege {\"a}hnlich, wobei ihr Flugh{\"o}hepunkt etwa zwei Wochen sp{\"a}ter auftritt, die Eier in gelbe Fr{\"u}chte abgelegt werden und auch Sauerkirschen stark befallen werden.}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege, Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis indifferens, Rhagoletis cingulata } } @misc{orgprints2602, year = {2003}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, title = {Attraktivit{\"a}t verschiedener K{\"o}der und Fallen auf die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi}, series = {Mittelpr{\"u}fungsbericht}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, K{\"o}der, Frutect-Falle, Rebell-Falle, Celaflor-Falle, Ammoniumacetat, Hefe}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2602/}, abstract = {Pr{\"u}fung verschiedener K{\"o}der und Fallen gegen Rhagoletis cerasi.} } @misc{orgprints2578, number = {4}, journal = {Bioaktuell}, title = {Kirschenfliegenegulierung: Da ist der Wurm drin.}, publisher = {FiBL Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r biologischen Landbau, BIO SUISSE (Vereinigung Schweizer Biolandbau-Organisationen)}, year = {2003}, pages = {12--13}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2578/}, abstract = {Die Kirschenfliege ist der wichtigste Sch{\"a}dling in der biologischen Kirschenproduktion. Nachdem die letztj{\"a}hrigen Versuche trotz grossen Einsatzes nur ern{\"u}chternde Ergebnisse brachten, sollen in diesem Jahr komplett neue L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze gepr{\"u}ft werden. Daf{\"u}r sucht das FiBL noch Versuchsfl{\"a}chen und befallene Kirschen.}, keywords = {PSSN2 Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, S{\"u}sskirschen, Leimfallen, K{\"o}dersubstanzen, Sch{\"a}dlingsbek{\"a}mfung, Insektizide, Spinosad, } } @misc{orgprints7168, number = {4}, journal = {Bioaktuell}, title = {Lutte contre la mouche de la cerise: le ver est dans le fruit}, publisher = {FiBL Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r biologischen Landbau, BIO SUISSE (Vereinigung Schweizer Biolandbau-Organisationen)}, year = {2003}, pages = {12--13}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, keywords = {PSSN2 Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, S{\"u}sskirschen, Leimfallen, K{\"o}dersubstanzen, Sch{\"a}dlingsbek{\"a}mfung, Insektizide, Spinosad, la mouche de la cerise, le pi{\`e}ge, }, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/7168/}, abstract = {La mouche de la cerise est le principal ravageur des cultures biologiques de cerises. Malgr{\'e} de grands efforts, les essais de l?ann{\'e}e pass{\'e}e n?ont fourni que des r{\'e}sultats d{\'e}cevants. Cette ann{\'e}e, nous allons diriger nos {\'e}tudes vers des solutions compl{\`e}tement diff{\'e}rentes, pour lesquelles le FiBL cherche encore des surfaces d?essais et des cerises attaqu{\'e}es.} } @inproceedings{orgprints2569, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, pages = {541--542}, editor = {Bernhard Freyer}, year = {2003}, title = {Neue Wege zur Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi in der biologischen S{\"u}sskirschenproduktion}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t f{\"u}r Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut f{\"u}r {\"O}kologischen Landbau}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Sch{\"a}dlingsbek{\"a}mpfung, Rebell-Falle, Frutect-Falle, Spritzmittel, Spinosad-K{\"o}der, }, abstract = {Spinosad in der Formulierung Audienz weist nur eine unzureichende Wirkung gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege auf. Auch die Beimischung von Neem erh{\"o}ht die Wirkung nicht signifikant. Alle momentan verf{\"u}gbaren Frassk{\"o}der sind f{\"u}r die Kirschfruchtfliege nur bedingt geeignet und sollten noch einmal unter standardisierten Bedingungen im Labor verglichen werden. Das Verfahren Attract\&Kill in der Frutect-Falle funktioniert nicht, {\"u}ber andere Typen einer Bait-Station sollte nachgedacht werden.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2569/} } @unpublished{orgprints8501, series = {Mittelpr{\"u}fung 2002}, title = {Attraktivit{\"a}t verschiedener K{\"o}der auf die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, year = {2002}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8501/}, abstract = {Fragestellung: Pr{\"u}fung verschiedener K{\"o}der in Frutect-Fallen gegen Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen Verfahren: Spinosad GF120 (K{\"o}der), Israelischer K{\"o}der, Nulur 1:3, Nulur 1:10, Leere Falle}, keywords = {Pflanzenschutz, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege: Fallen und K{\"o}der, Spinosad, Nulur, Israelischer K{\"o}der, {\"o}kologischer Obstanbau, } } @unpublished{orgprints8500, title = {Wirkung verschiedener insektizidhaltiger K{\"o}der auf die Kirschenfliege Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen}, series = {Mittelpr{\"u}fung 2002}, year = {2002}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8500/}, abstract = {Fragestellung: Pr{\"u}fung verschiedener insektizidhaltiger K{\"o}der in Frutect-Fallen gegen Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen Frage 1: Wirksamkeit von Spinosad GF 120 gegen die Kirschenfliege Frage 2: Wirksamkeit des israelischen K{\"o}ders mit 2\% bzw.10\% Pyrethrum Frage 3: Vergleich der Wirksamkeit der beiden K{\"o}der}, keywords = {Pflanzenschutz, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege: Fallen und K{\"o}der, insektizidhaltige K{\"o}der, Frutect-Fallen, Spinosad, Pyrethrum} } @unpublished{orgprints8527, series = {Mittelpr{\"u}fung 2002}, title = {Wirkung von Spinosad GF 120 (K{\"o}derformulierung) gegen die Kirschenfliege Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Pflanzenschutz, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Fallen und K{\"o}der, Spinosad, }, abstract = {Fragestellung: Pr{\"u}fung des Insektizides Spinosad GF 120 als Frassk{\"o}der gegen Rhagoletis cerasi in biologischen Kirschenanlagen}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8527/} } @phdthesis{orgprints15613, author = {Claudia Daniel}, year = {2009}, school = {Technische Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Freising-Weihenstephan}, title = {Entomopathogenic fungi as a new strategy to control the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)}, keywords = {Pflanzenschutz, Sch{\"a}dlinge, N{\"u}tzlinge, Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), Regulierung, Kirschfruchtfliege, Sch{\"a}dlingsbek{\"a}mpfung, entomopathogene Pilze}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/15613/}, abstract = {The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest of sweet cherries in Europe. Up to 100\% of the fruit can be infested. Methods for controlling this pest are limited in organic agriculture as well as in integrated production, as the insecticide currently used (Dimethoate) is being challenged due to problems of ecotoxicity and residues. Alternative methods for cherry fruit fly management are therefore needed. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new control strategy for R. cerasi using entomopathogenic fungi. In a first step, the effects of six fungus isolates on the mortality of different life stages of R. cerasi were assessed in a series of laboratory experiments. All fungus isolates caused mycosis in R. cerasi larvae and adults. These results are the first evidence of the susceptibility of R. cerasi to infection with hyphomycetous fungi. Because the flies for the laboratory experiments were collected from different locations in northwestern Switzerland, susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi can be assumed for the cherry fruit fly population in the whole region. Although all fungus isolates tested were pathogenic to adults and larvae, virulence varied considerably among fungus isolates and R. cerasi life stages. The effects on L3 larvae were negligible; none of the fungus isolates induced mortality in more than 25\% of the larvae. In contrast, adult flies were found to be highly susceptible to all fungus isolates (Metarhizium anisopliae 714, M. anisopliae 786, Isaria fumosorosea 531, I. fumosorosea Apopka 97 and Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040) except Isaria farinosa 954. The high mortality of 90 to 100\% induced by B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea during the pre-oviposition period led to significantly reduced oviposition. Higher conidia concentrations generally led to higher mortality. B. bassiana was the most effective isolate at low concentrations. Young flies showed lower mortality rates than older flies, but effects on egg eclosion rate were greatest young flies treated zero to one day after emergence. A fly-to-fly conidia transmission could not be proven after treatment of flies with a conidia suspension. Soil treatments with entomopathogenic fungi to infect emerging flies were also effective. Although the adult emergence rate was not reduced, flies emerging from treated soil showed a mortality of 42 to 83\%. The oviposition rate was thus reduced by 29 to 73\%, depending on the fungus isolate. In a second step, different field application strategies were considered: soil treatments with entomopathogenic fungi to control emerging adults, the use of auto-inoculative devices for attract-and-kill strategies, and on-plant application as mycoinsecticides. Because the two American cherry fruit fly species Rhagoletis indifferens and Rhagoletis cingulata were introduced in Europe in the 1980s and because the isolates of entomopathogenic fungi selected for R. cerasi might show a different virulence on these species, the field experiments were accompanied by a four-year monitoring campaign for these species. The results of the campaign indicate that the population density of the American species is very low ({\ensuremath{<}}0.001\%) in commercial sweet cherry orchards in northwestern Switzerland. Soil treatments with biocontrol agents can only be effective if fly migration between differently treated trees is low. In order to examine the general potential of soil treatments, experiments using netting to cover the soil were conducted in two years and in two different orchards. The netting reduced fruit infestation by 91\%. In addition, it was shown that the flies move only very short distances (less than 5 m) within orchards. In general, soil treatments areconsidered to be a promising strategy for controlling R. cerasi. The efficacy of soil treatments using different formulations of entomopathogenic fungi was evaluated in semi-field trials. Soil treatments with barley grain-formulated entomopathogenic fungi had no effect on fly emergence rate. However, adult mortality was significantly increased. The oviposition rate was thus reduced by up to 90\%. In conclusion, the experiments provide first evidence that control of adult R. cerasi is possible with soil treatments under field conditions in temperate zones. A further development of this control strategy seems worthwhile for fungus isolates tested, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. However, the results of the one year semi-field experiments do not allow general conclusions. Another approach to bring the flies in contact with entomopathogenic fungi is the use of autoinoculative devices in an attract-and-kill strategy. For an effective attract-and kill strategy, however, highly attractive traps and baits are an essential prerequisite. The attractiveness of baits was therefore evaluated using yellow sticky traps in combination with different baits in field experiments in three years and in five different orchards. Although some baits were able to double the number of captured flies, the response of the flies to the various baits was low overall. More effective baits are needed in order for their application to be economical. On-plant application of mycoinsecticides is another method for exposing the flies to entomopathogenic fungi. Foliar applications of B. bassiana (product Naturalis-L) at seven day intervals significantly reduced the number of infested fruit by 60 to 70\%. Flight activity monitored by yellow sticky traps was only slightly affected by treatments. Infection of flies under field conditions was shown to be possible. The results were obtained from five experiments in two years with considerably different weather conditions and in different orchards with different flight intensities of R. cerasi. The other treatments tested (PreFeRal?WG containing I. fumosorosea and extensive application regime of Naturalis-L) were less effective. In order to evaluate a possible repellent effect of formulation additives contained in the oil-based formulation of the product Naturalis-L, laboratory, semi-field and field experiments were conducted using Naturalis-L, additives of Naturalis-L and other oil products. Observations of fly behaviour in the laboratory experiments revealed that oil products had an oviposition deterring effect: flies frequently landed on treated fruit and started their typical oviposition behaviour; however, due to the slippery, oily fruit surface, the flies were not able to penetrate the skin with their ovipositors. The rate of successful oviposition was thus reduced. Under field conditions, however, rape oil products degrade too rapidly to provide good control. For the product Naturalis-L, these results suggest a dual mode of action: (1) some flies are killed due to fungus infection and (2) sub-lethally infected and weakened flies might be overtaxed by the oily film on the fruit surface and therefore unable to oviposit. In conclusion, the application of Naturalis-L (B. bassiana) is a suitable and economically feasible strategy for controlling R. cerasi. Naturalis-L is currently registered for cherry fruit fly control in Italy and Switzerland. For good efficacy, four treatments of 0.25\% Naturalis-L with 1000 l water per hectare should be applied at seven to ten day intervals beginning five to ten days after the beginning of the flight period until seven days before harvest. In extensively managed standard trees, R. cerasi management is still difficult, and Naturalis-L applications are not recommended due to possibly insufficient fruit coverage in the upper canopy. Further research is needed to evaluate whether soil treatments with barley grain-formulated fungi could be a viable strategy for controlling R. cerasi in these orchards.} } @misc{orgprints21267, title = {Kirschenfliege schlau bek{\"a}mpfen}, journal = {bioaktuell}, year = {2010}, volume = {3/2010}, pages = {11--11}, author = {Claudia Daniel and Andreas H{\"a}seli}, abstract = {Der fr{\"u}he Vogel f{\"a}ngt den Wurm... - der clevere Biobauer ist noch fr{\"u}her und bek{\"a}mpft die Fliege: Mit Naturalis-L steht auch im Biolandbau ein geeignetes Mittel gegen die Kirschenfliege zur Verf{\"u}gung. Es sind aber wiederholte Anwendungen n{\"o}tig. Und wer zu sp{\"a}t damit anf{\"a}ngt oder zu fr{\"u}h aufh{\"o}rt, bezahlt Lehrgeld.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21267/}, keywords = {Kirschenfliege, Steinobstanbau, Bek{\"a}mpfung, Entomologie, Naturalis-L, Pflanzenschutz und Biodiversit{\"a}t} } @misc{orgprints25849, year = {2010}, author = {Andreas H{\"a}seli and Franco Weibel}, pages = {17}, journal = {Obst- und Weinbau }, title = {Biokirschen: eine Kultur mit Ausbaupotenzial}, month = {July}, abstract = {Der biologische Kirschenanbau galt wegen der Kirschenfliege und der Bl{\"u}tenmonilia lange als nahezu unm{\"o}glich. Dank neuen Anbaustrategien und biologischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln hat sich das radikal ge{\"a}ndert. Zudem sind die Absatzchancen ausgezeichnet.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25849/}, keywords = {Departement f{\"u}r Beratung, Bildung und Kommunikation, Pflanzenschutz, Obstbau, Bl{\"u}tenmonilia, Kirschenfliege} } @misc{orgprints6055, series = {28(2) 2005}, journal = {IOBC/wprs Bulletin}, title = {Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against nut and orchard pests}, publisher = {IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 28(2) 2005}, author = {S. Kuske and Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss and J. Sarraquigne and M. Jermini and M. Conedera and M. Grunder}, pages = {163--167}, year = {2005}, keywords = {nematodes, Entomologie Obstbau, biological control, entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Balaninus nucum, Curculio elephas, Cydia splendana, Rhagoletis cerasi, Kirschenfliege}, abstract = {Semi-field and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against grubs in hazelnut, chestnut and cherry orchards. Mortality of hazelnut weevils in interred containers treated with 2.2x106 infective juveniles (IJ) m-2 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was 75.4\%. H. indica caused 65.2\% and S. feltiae 43.3\% pest mortality, but numbers were not significantly different from the untreated control (33.4\%). Mortality of the chestnut weevil was slightly increased in S. carpocapsae (2x106 IJ m-2) treated containers (44.6\%) compared to untreated control containers (39.2\%), but differences were either not significant. Soil applications against the European cherry fruit fly did not lead to any pest control effect and we suggest that there is little potential for EPNs to control this key insect pest of sweet cherries. }, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6055/} } @unpublished{orgprints5028, year = {2005}, author = {Stefan Kuske and Claudia Daniel and J.-P. Sarraquigne and M. Jermini and M. Conedera and A. Peters and J. M. Grunder}, title = {Field evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against orchard pests}, abstract = {Survival of pest in micro-plot trials (container studies) or field plot trials was monitored after exposure to commercially used EPN strains. Experimental plots were artificially infested with pest larvae that naturally burrowed into the soil for diapause. Either larval mortality or adult emergence, was assessed to estimate the control effect of the EPN treatment. Here we present preliminary results from three ongoing projects.}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5028/}, keywords = {Biocontrol, Kirschenfliege, nematodes} } @misc{orgprints7179, title = {Kirschenfliege: Wie sie ihre Feinde austrickst}, journal = {Schweizerische Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Obst- und Weinbau}, number = {16}, year = {2005}, volume = {114}, author = {Stefan Kuske and J{\"o}rg Grunder and Claudia Daniel and Eric Wyss}, pages = {6--9}, keywords = {Entomologie Obstbau, Kirschenfliege, Kontrollma{\ss}nahmen, Anwendung insektenparasitischer Nematoden}, url = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/7179/}, abstract = {Seit Jahrzehnten wird intensiv nach alternativen Kontrollmassnahmen zur chemischen Bek{\"a}mpfung der Kirschenfliege gesucht (Boller und Remund 1980). Bis heute leider nur mit bescheidenem Erfolg f{\"u}r die Praxis. Der Einsatz insektenparasitischer Nematoden zur vorbeugenden Bek{\"a}mpfung der im Boden {\"u}berwinternden Sch{\"a}dlinge hat j{\"u}ngst aber neue Hoffnungen geweckt. Wieso sich diese sonst so zuverl{\"a}ssigen N{\"u}tzlinge an der Kirschenfliege ebenfalls die Z{\"a}hne ausbeissen, soll im vorliegenden Artikel aufgezeigt werden.} }