relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36863/ title: Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Program and abstract book subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Soil description: Long-term experiments are unique research platforms to shed light on the performance of cropping systems and their impact on ecosystem services. Comparisons of organic and conventional systems in long-term field experiments provide essential information on biomass productivity, nutrient cycling, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. The DOK (Bio-Dynamic, Bio-Organic, Konventionell) field experiment in Switzerland has been running for forty years and has provided a wealth of data. With this conference, scientists who have been researching the functioning of agricultural systems and underlying processes in the DOK and other field experiments worldwide, were brought togehter. The knowledged compiles and synthesizedduring sessions and workshops is synthesized in the proceedings. date: 2019-10 type: Proceedings type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36863/1/agroscope-fibl-eth-2019-long-term-trials.pdf identifier: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) (2019) Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Program and abstract book. . Proceedings of Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials?, Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5104/ title: DOK-Langzeit-Versuch subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Crop husbandry description: In 1974, the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture (BLW) charged the former Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Hygiene of Environment (FAC, Bern-Liebefeld) to set up a field trial in collaboration with the FiBL in order to compare the performance of organic farming systems.When FAC-Liebefeld was shut down, the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture (FAL-Reckenholz) took over the responsibility for the DOK trial in close cooperation with FiBL. The DOK-long term trial - unique in its conception - compares the consequences of bio-organic, bio-dynamic and conventional farming systems in a randomised plot trial that has no other equivalent. Experimental samples are used by many other laboratories to develop new methods in the areas of soil and food quality. The strategies of fertilization and plant protection are the main differences between the systems, whereas crop rotation and soil tillage were almost identical. The area where the DOK-trial is located, is documented to have long been in use as arable land (1957–1973 ley rotation, 1973–1975 field legumes and cereals, 1976 oats). In May 1977 the whole area was sown with grass-clover, and in the spring of 1978 the field experiment began with potatoes, spring wheat and spring barley. type: Research facility description type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/5104/1/Maeder-2005-DOK.pdf identifier: {Facility} DOK: DOK-Langzeit-Versuch. [DOK long-term experiment.] Facility Leader(s): Mäder, Paul, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6259/ title: DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen) subject: Soil subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Seit 1978 betreibt das FiBL gemeinsam mit der Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART den DOK-Versuch in Therwil bei Basel. Der Langzeitversuch vergleicht die biologischdynamische mit der organisch-biologischen und der konventionellen Anbaumethode. Die langjährigen Resultate aus dem DOK-Versuch zeigen, dass biologische Anbausysteme bei deutlich geringeren Aufwendungen trotz tieferer Erträge eine ressourcenschonende Agrarproduktion ermöglichen. Gleichzeitig fördert der biologische Landbau das Bodenleben und erhöht die Artenvielfalt der Begleitflora und die Fauna. Im Mai 2002 erschien in der Zeitschrift Science ein Artikel über den DOK-Versuch, dadurch fand der Versuch zusätzlich weltweit Beachtung. DOK-Versuch wird weitergeführt Trotz grossem Spardruck haben die Direktoren der Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART und des Forschungsinstituts für biologischen Landbau FiBL entschieden, den Langzeitversuch weiterzuführen. FiBL-Dossier Bereits 2000 erschien das FiBL-Dossier „Bio fördert Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Artenvielfalt – Erkenntnisse aus 21 Jahren DOK-Versuch“. Derzeit ist die zweite Auflage in Arbeit, die voraussichtlich Anfang 2007 erscheint. type: Project description type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: {Project} DOK: DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen). [DOK Trial (long-term trial comparing bio-dynamic, organic, conventional).] Runs 1978 - 2011. Project Leader(s): Mäder, Paul and Fliessbach, Andreas, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14554/ title: DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen) subject: Soil subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: An understanding of agro-ecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report the 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of bio-dynamic, bio-organic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20 % lower in the organic systems, although input of fertiliser and energy was reduced by 34 – 53 % and pesticide input by 97 %. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs. Definition of the problem: Soils are well buffered systems and an adaptation of the soil - plant relationship from high-input to low external input farming practices may last decades. For instance, soil nutrient stocks are frequently huge in European soils and a normalisation after conversion to organic low-input systems needs time. Also the adaptation of the soil micro-flora to altered chemical soil conditions presumably occurs only after a prolonged period of time upon conversion from high-input to low-input farming. Therefore, long-term trials are essential to assess the agronomic performance of low-input production systems and a focus should be put on studying the underlying soil processes. Project aims: - to analyse the long-term agronomic performance of a Swiss wheat cultivar under organic and integrated farming systems (continued) - to investigate the interrelations of soil properties and plant growth in different farming systems Experiments: - to perform a system comparison experiment with organic and integrated farming (continued, running since 1978) - to assess soil chemical, physical and biological properties - to determine nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics related processes in the soil-plant –microorganisms - system - to study the soil - plant interface Methodology: Soil microbial biomass analyses, enzyme activities, characterisation of microbial populations (Biolog, PLFA, DNA), assessment of mycorrihizal root colonisation and diversity by molecular tools, isotope tracer and dilution techniques. type: Project description type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: {Project} DOK: DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen). [DOK Trial (long-term trial comparing bio-dynamic, organic, conventional).] Runs 1978 - 2011. Project Leader(s): Mäder, Paul and Fliessbach, Andreas, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6047/ title: Kohlenstoffflüsse und mikrobielle Diversität subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil description: Organic farming is one of the most promising alternatives to intensive agriculture. Crop plant-soil interactions are complex and influenced by agricultural practice. Many efforts have been done to elucidate the effects of different farming systems on crop growth, nutrient availability, soil quality and biodiversity. Many studies however are short-termed and rely on laboratory rather than comparative field experiments. The DOK field trial at Therwil (Basel-Land, Switzerland) is one of the few long-term field trials that compare organic and integrated farming systems since 1978 (Mäder et al. 2002, http://www.fibl.org/). Soils of this field trial have been extensively studied with respect to soil nutrient delivery, soil biology and microbial biodiversity. Organically managed soils efficiently produced crops at lower level of input and exerted positive effects on soil quality and biodiversity. Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of carbon and plant nutrients, and are taken as bioindicators of soil quality. Results of the DOK trial indicate a more efficient resource utilisation in organic treated soils, possibly due to increased soil microbial activity. We postulate that a highly diverse and active microbial community may accelerate decomposition of plant organic matter and increase turnover of carbon uptake in organic managed soils of the DOK trial. In the proposed study we intend to measure carbon fluxes from the crop plant to the soil microbial pool under field conditions. We would like to determine, which members of the microbial community are most actively involved in decomposition and plant derived carbon uptake in different farming systems. The discrimination of plant derived carbon from native soil organic carbon is now possible, since maize, a C4-crop, is grown for the first time in the long-term DOK field trial that previously has been dominated by a C3-vegetation. We will use stable isotope techniques to identify C4-crop induced changes in soil carbon pools and fluxes by calculating the difference in the 13C/12C-isotopic ratio of the crop plant and the soil. Microorganisms that are actively involved in decomposition and uptake of plant derived carbon will be traced by 13C. We will also use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling to specify microbial groups and changes in the microbial community. PLFA are specific components of cell membranes only found in intact cells and are indicative of major microbial groups. Additionally, the 12C/13C signature of individual PLFAs will determine microorganisms involved in active uptake of maize derived 13C. Since 13C phospholipid fatty acids have hardly been investigated by the use of a natural abundance 13C approach, the application of this technique can be regarded as pioneer work in the field of microbial ecology. Assumably, active microbial populations can be distinguished from those that are not utilizing the plant-derived carbon sources. The outcome of this project will provide new insights in functional properties of the microbial community in soils of sustainable farming systems We would like to determine, which members of the microbial community are most actively involved in decomposition and plant derived carbon uptake in different farming systems. We will use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling in combination with stable carbon isotope techniques. PLFA profiling will allow the characterization of microbial phylogenetic groups whereas 12C/13C signature of individual PLFAs will assign specific microorganisms involved in active uptake of plant derived carbon. The difference in the 13C/12C-isotopic ratio of the crop plant and the soil, allows for identifying C4-crop induced changes in soil carbon pools and fluxes. Carbon derived from the maize can be distinguished from Carbon derived from soil organic matter mineralization. Root exudates are partly incorporated into soil microorganisms and partly mineralized to CO2. The flux rate and pool size changes will allow for an estimate of root biomass and turnover and indicate carbon utilisation efficiency of soil microbes. The contribution of root exudates and plant residues to soil organic matter fractions that are actively involved in soil processes will be measured, and thus, it is expected to substantiate previous findings under controlled lab conditions of higher decomposition rates and an enhanced incorporation of available organic carbon to microbial biomass. The acquired data will be integrated to soil carbon modelling approaches with respect to low input and organic farming systems. type: Project description type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: {Project} Kohlenstoffflüsse und mikrobielle Diversität. [Soil carbon fluxes and microbial diversity.] Runs 1995 - 2006. Project Leader(s): Fliessbach, Andreas, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17842/ title: IP- und Bio-Produktion: Ökobilanzierung über eine Fruchtfolge creator: Alföldi, Thomas creator: Schmid, Otto creator: Gaillard, Gérard creator: Dubois, David subject: Crop combinations and interactions subject: Composting and manuring description: In den vergangenen Jahren wurde die Methode der Ökobilanzierung weiterentwickelt und an die Bedürfnisse der Landwirtschaft angepasst. Mit vergleichenden Ökobilanzen wurden bereits bisher die Umweltauswirkungen der biologischen und integrierten Anbauweise erfasst. Diese Arbeiten beschränken sich jedoch auf die Ebene der Einzelkultur. Im vorliegenden Beitrag stellen wir vergleichende Ökobilanzen über eine ganze Fruchtfolgeperiode vor, die wir im Rahmen eines langjährigen Vergleichsversuches (DOK-Versuch) durchführten. Unter diesen Bedingungen schnitt das organisch- biologische Verfahren ökologisch besser ab als das konventionelle/integrierte. date: 1999 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/17842/1/alfoeldi-etal-1999-agrarforschung.pdf identifier: Alföldi, Thomas; Schmid, Otto; Gaillard, Gérard and Dubois, David (1999) IP- und Bio-Produktion: Ökobilanzierung über eine Fruchtfolge. Agrarforschung, 6 (9), pp. 337-340. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29989/ title: Video: Der DOK-Versuch - Eine Internationale Forschungsplattform creator: Alföldi, Thomas subject: Soil biology subject: Environmental aspects description: Agroscope und FiBL starteten 1978 den DOK-Versuch bei Therwil BL. Die drei Buchstaben D, O und K stehen für die drei Anbausysteme, die hier verglichen werden: D für das biologisch-dynamische, O für das biologisch-organische und K für konventionell. Jedes Jahr wird ein Feldtag durchgeführt, um über die neuesten Projekte und Versuche zu informieren. Die zahlreichen Projekte des Nationalen Forschungsprogramms 68 “Ressource Boden“ (NFP 68) unterstreichen, wie aktuell der DOK-Versuch heute immer noch ist. Eines von 16 Projekten, die derzeit im DOK-Versuch laufen, untersucht die Auswirkungen der Bewirtschaftung auf die Bodenmikroorganismen, die Lachgas auf- oder abbauen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Bio bezogen auf die Flächeneinheit weniger Lachgas bildet. Bezogen auf den Ertrag bestehen zwischen Bio und konventionell jedoch keine Unterschiede. Hans-Martin Krause untersucht, unter welchen Bedingungen Bodenorganismen aus Nitrat Lachgas bilden. Aktuell untersucht er, was passiert, wenn die Erntereste der Vorfrucht Raps und Soja in den Boden eingearbeitet werden. Dabei hat er gemessen, dass sich bei Weizen nach Soja mehr Lachgas bildet als bei Weizen nach Raps. In einem weiteren NFP68 Projekt von Agroscope werden die Kohlenstoffflüsse durch Pflanzenwurzeln in den Boden untersucht. Das ist wichtig, weil der Humusgehalt ein Indikator für die Bodenqualität ist. Je mehr Kohlenstoff durch die Pflanze in den Boden geleitet wird, desto mehr Humus wird produziert. Beim Mais hat sich gezeigt, dass beim biologischen Anbau mehr Wurzeln im Unterboden zu finden sind, als beim konventionellen Verfahren, wo sich die Wurzeln vermehrt im Pflughorizont konzentrieren. Die Gesamtwurzelbiomasse der beiden verschiedenen Anbausysteme unterscheidet sich nicht gross. Pflanzenwurzeln geben während ihres Wachstums Kohlenstoffverbindungen in den Boden ab und ein Teil der Wurzeln selbst wird abgebaut. Diese Kohlenstoffmenge beträgt ungefähr zwei Drittel des Wurzelkohlenstoffs. Interessant ist, dass das biologische System diese Wurzelleistung mit geringeren oberirdischen Biomasseerträgen erbringt und relativ zur oberirdischen Biomasse mehr Kohlenstoff in den Boden einträgt. Franz Bender von Agroscope interessiert sich für Wurzelsymbiosepilze (Mykorrhiza) im DOK-Versuch. In früheren Studien zeigte sich, dass die Pflanzen im Biosystem stärker mit Mykorrhiza kolonisiert sind und die Artenvielfalt in den Bioparzellen erhöht ist, es kommen mehr empfindliche Gattungen vor. Jetzt untersucht Bender mit Wuchszylindern, wieviel Kohlenstoff über die fadenförmigen Pilze in den Boden eingetragen wird und wie dieser Eintrag vom Anbausystem beeinflusst wird. date: 2015-06-23 type: Video type: NonPeerReviewed format: video/mpeg language: de identifier: /id/eprint/29989/1/video.php_y%3Dhttps_%252F%252Fwww.youtube.com%252Fwatch_v%3DQYBS4Qj7T14 identifier: Alföldi, Thomas (2015) Video: Der DOK-Versuch - Eine Internationale Forschungsplattform. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), CH-Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21155/ title: Sensory, yield and quality differences between organically and conventionally grown winter wheat creator: Arncken, Christine creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Weibel, Franco P. subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: BACKGROUND: Consumers expect organic produce to have higher environmental, health and sensory related qualities than conventional produce. In order to test sensory differences between bio-dynamically, bio-organically and conventionally grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Runal), we performed double-blinded triangle tests with two panels on dry wholemeal flour from the harvest years 2006, 2007 and 2009 and from two field replicates of the ‘DOK’ long-term farming system comparison field trial near Basel, Switzerland. Yield and quality parameters were also assessed. RESULTS: Significant farming system effects were found for yield (up to 42% reduction in the organic system), thousand kernel weight, hectolitre weight and crude protein content across the three years. In the triangle tests one out of 12 pair-wise farming system comparisons (PFSCs) on wholemeal flour made from the different wheat samples showed significant sensory differentiation (between bio-dynamically and conventionally grown wheat). When all data from the three harvest years and two panels were aggregated, a statistically significant effect (P = 0.045) of PFSCs on the number of correct answers became evident. CONCLUSIONS: Although testing of dry wholemeal flour was very challenging for panellists, we were able to show that sensory differences between farming systems can occur. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry date: 2012 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/21155/1/accepted_early_view_Version_Juli_August_2012.pdf identifier: Arncken, Christine; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen and Weibel, Franco P. (2012) Sensory, yield and quality differences between organically and conventionally grown winter wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (J Sci Food Agric), 92, pp. 2819-2825. relation: DOI 10.1002/jsfa.5784 identifier: DOI 10.1002/jsfa.5784 identifier: urn:ISSN:online ISSN: 1097-0010 identifier: info:doi/DOI 10.1002/jsfa.5784 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19566/ title: Sensory Difference of Bio-Dynamically, Organically and Conventionally Produced Wheat from the DOK Long-Term Field Trial creator: Arncken, Christine M. creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Weibl, Franco P. subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Soil description: There is a need of scientific evidence on the differentiation of organic from conventional produce concerning health, nutrition and sensory related qualities (Leifert et al., 2007). Analysis of wheat from the DOK long-term system comparison trial near Basel, Switzerland (Mäder et al., 2002) showed that organic wheat differed in contents of 16 “diagnostic” proteins from conventional wheat (Zörb et al., 2009a), had higher concentrations of K+ and Mg2+ cations and lower concentrations of six amino acids, and a different seed ripening metabolism (Zörb et al., 2009b). In a previous sensory test with cooked porridge of wheat (cv. Tamaro) from the DOK trial (harvest 1999), the biodynamic samples had been preferred (Arncken et al., 2007). In the present work we aimed to corroborate these results with dry samples of three harvest years. publisher: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) date: 2011 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19566/1/arncken-etal-2011-Poster_FQH_Prague.pdf identifier: Arncken, Christine M.; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen and Weibl, Franco P. (2011) Sensory Difference of Bio-Dynamically, Organically and Conventionally Produced Wheat from the DOK Long-Term Field Trial. Poster at: First International Conference on Organic Food Quality and Health Research, Czech Republic, Prague, 18-22 May 2011. [Submitted] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11127/ title: Gestalt, Geruch und Geschmack von Weizen im DOK-Versuch creator: Arncken (-Karutz), Christine subject: Food security, food quality and human health subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Breeding, genetics and propagation description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Beobachtungen zur Gestalt und Wachstumsdynamik der Winterweizensorte „Tamaro“ aus den Jahren 1998-2000 in einem Langzeit-Feldversuch mit zwei biologischen und zwei konventionellen Bewirtschaftungsverfahren ausgewertet. Folgende Hypothesen bilden den Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit: 1.) Pflanzengestalt oder Entwicklungsdynamik der verschiedenen Verfahren zeigen charakteristische Unterschiede. 2.) Eine sensorische Unterscheidung des Ernteguts der verschiedenen Verfahren ist bei entsprechender Schulung und Sensibilisierung möglich. 3.) Die sensorischen Ergebnisse stehen in einem sinnvollen Zusammenhang mit den Unterschieden in Gestalt oder Entwicklungsdynamik. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, bildhaft herauszuarbeiten, was für Pflanzentypen und Ernteprodukte durch biologischen bzw. konventionellen Landbau in der Gegenwart entstehen. Dies soll ein Beitrag für die Diskussion über Zuchtziele in der biologisch dynamischen Weizenzüchtung sein; denn der innere Bezug, den verschiedene Gestaltaspekte zu den Umgebungsbedingungen der Pflanzen haben, ist für diese Züchtung wegweisend. Im DOK-Versuch werden seit 1978 die Verfahren Biologisch-Dynamisch (D), Organisch- Biologisch (O) und Konventionell-Integriert mit Stallmistdüngung (K) in je zwei Düngungsstufen (D1, D2, O1, O2, K1, K2) angebaut, wobei jeweils die zweite Düngungsstufe das praxisübliche Verfahren repräsentiert. In dieser Arbeit konzentrieren sich die Untersuchungen weitgehend auf die Verfahren D2, O2 und K2. Vereinzelt wurde auch das zweite konventionelle Verfahren, viehlos mit rein mineralischer Stickstoffdüngung ohne Stallmist (M), hinzugenommen. In der Wachstumsdynamik der Pflanzen zeigte sich ein Kontrast zwischen „jugendbetonter“ und „reifebetonter“ Dynamik, erstere vor allem vertreten durch die Verfahren K2 und M, letztere durch D2 und O2. Damit kann die erste Hypothese dieser Arbeit teilweise bejaht werden. Die feineren Unterschiede, wie etwa zwischen K2 und M oder zwischen D2 und O2, konnten nur manchmal bestimmt werden. Im Geruch der Körner zeigte sich ein Kontrast zwischen einem von „Armutsbegriffen“ dominierten Geruchsprofil bei M und einem von „Süssebegriffen“ dominierten Geruchsprofil bei D2. Bei der Degustation von codierten Breiproben wurde das Verfahren D2 gegenüber K2 und O2 signifikant bevorzugt. Damit erfährt die zweite Hypothese Unterstützung. Als Schlussfolgerung ergibt sich daraus die These, dass das „süsse“ Aroma Ausdruck bzw. Ergebnis der Reifevorgänge im Feld ist. Damit ist die dritte Hypothese, dass die Sensorik und die Gestalt oder Entwicklungsdynamik in einem sinnvollen Zusammenhang stehen, zwar nicht „bewiesen“, aber durch viele Beobachtungen unterstützt. Wenn solche Unterschiede und Zusammenhänge schon innerhalb derselben Sorte rein durch variierte Anbaumassnahmen gefunden werden können, müsste es sich bei der Selektion aus vielen verschiedenen Genotypen lohnen, auf Gestalt und Entwicklungsdynamik zu achten. Es ist zu erwarten, dass damit Geruch und Geschmack als direkteste Gradmesser der Nahrungsqualität verbessert werden können. date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/11127/1/arncken-2007-DOK-Bericht-weizen.pdf identifier: Arncken (-Karutz), Christine (2007) Gestalt, Geruch und Geschmack von Weizen im DOK-Versuch. FiBL-Schlussbericht. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) CH-Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14200/ title: Gestalt, Geruch und Geschmack von Weizen im DOK-Versuch creator: Arncken-Karutz, Christine subject: Food security, food quality and human health subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Breeding, genetics and propagation description: Welche unterschiedlichen Qualitäten von Weizen entstehen durch die biologischdynamische, die organischbiologische und die konventionelle Wirtschaftsweise? Wie können sie ganzheitlich erfasst werden? Wie reagieren die Pflanzen als Ganze und als Bestand auf die verschiedenen Anbauweisen? Mit diesen Fragen wurde während der Jahre 1998 bis 2000 die Winterweizensorte „Tamaro” in einem Langzeit-Feldversuch (DOK-Versuch) beobachtet und untersucht. Dabei wurde Wert auf Erfahrungen gelegt, die mit Hilfe der "unbewaffneten" menschlichen Sinne gemacht werden können. So kann der Begriff "Qualität" mit konkreten Erlebnissen gesättigt werden, die jeder aufmerksame und interessierte Mensch haben kann. Solche Erlebnisse brauchen Landwirte und Konsumenten für ihre täglichen Handlungsentscheidungen. date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14200/1/arncken-2008-lebendigeErde_3_2008_weizen.pdf identifier: Arncken-Karutz, Christine (2008) Gestalt, Geruch und Geschmack von Weizen im DOK-Versuch. [Qualitätsforschung mit unbewaffneten menschlichen Sinnen.] Lebendige Erde (3/2008), pp. 42-45. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37044/ title: Long-term modelling of crop yield, nitrogen losses and GHG balance in organic cropping systems creator: Autret, Bénédicte creator: Mary, Bruno creator: Strullu, Loic creator: Chlebowski, Florent creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Olesen, Jørgen E. creator: Beaudoin, Nicolas subject: Soil quality subject: Crop husbandry subject: Air and water emissions description: Although organic cropping systems are promoted for their environmental benefits, little is known about their long-term impact on nitrogen (N) fate in the soil–plant-atmosphere system. In this paper, we analyze two long-term experiments: DOK in Switzerland (39-yr) and Foulum organic in Denmark (19-yr). Four treatments were considered in each experiment: two conventional treatments with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN), organic with manure (BIOORG) and unfertilized treatment (NOFERT) at DOK; conventional (CGL-CC+IF) and three organic treatments, one with cover crops only (OGL+CC-M) and two including cover crops and grass-clover with (OGC+CC+M) or without manure (OGC+CC-M), at Foulum. STICS model was used to simulate crop production, N surplus, nitrate leaching, gaseous N losses and changes in soil organic N. It was calibrated in the conventional treatments and tested in organic systems. The crop production, N surplus and soil organic N stocks were satisfactorily predicted. The mean N surplus greatly differed between treatments at DOK, from −58 (NOFERT) to +21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (CONFYM), but only from −9 (OGL+CC-M) to +21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (OGC+CC+M) in Foulum. Soil N pools declined continuously in both sites and treatments at a rate varying from −18 to −78 kg N ha−1 yr−1, depending on fertilization and crop rotation. The decline was consistent with the observed N surpluses. Although not all simulations could be tested against field observations and despite of prediction uncertainties, simulations confirm the hypothesis that environmental performances resulting from C and N cycles depend more on specificities of individual than nominal treatments. Significant correlations appeared between long-term N surplus and soil N storage and between total N fertilization and total N gaseous losses. Results showed in both experiments that arable organic systems do not systematically have lower N surplus and N losses than conventional ones, providing opportunity for increasing N use efficiency of these systems. date: 2020 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: text/html language: en identifier: /id/eprint/37044/1/S0048969719345887 identifier: Autret, Bénédicte; Mary, Bruno; Strullu, Loic; Chlebowski, Florent; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen; Olesen, Jørgen E. and Beaudoin, Nicolas (2020) Long-term modelling of crop yield, nitrogen losses and GHG balance in organic cropping systems. Science of The Total Environment, 710, p. 134597. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134597 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134597 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134597 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/39134/ title: Long-Term Farming Systems Research creator: Bhullar, Gurbir S. creator: Riar, Amritbir subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Crop husbandry subject: Soil description: Long-Term Farming Systems Research: Ensuring Food Security in Changing Scenarios presents the legacy and heritage of Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) in Agriculture while also addressing the challenges and potential solutions. The book discusses how LTEs form an important asset in understanding agriculture’s significant influence on life on earth. As global governments and development agencies try to achieve the Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, this book’s content is of unprecedented importance, providing insights into the interactions of agricultural production with ecological, economic and societal aspects. In this regard, this book offers a thorough resource of information based on experiences from various ongoing LTEs in different parts of the world. The contextual variety and geographic diversity presented in this book makes it useful for agricultural and environmental scientists, as well as students and educators in such fields. publisher: Academic Press date: 2020 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/39134/1/bhullar-riar-ed-2020-LongTermFarmingSystemsResearch-Book-p1-224.pdf identifier: Bhullar, Gurbir S. and Riar, Amritbir (2020) Long-Term Farming Systems Research. [Ensuring Food Security in Changing Scenarios.] Academic Press, UK. identifier: urn:ISBN:978-0-12-818186-7 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/40920/ title: Long-term organic farming fosters below- and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control, and productivity creator: Birkhofer, Klaus creator: Bezemer, T. Martijn creator: Bloem, Jaap creator: Bonkowski, Michael creator: Christensen, Søren creator: Dubois, David creator: Ekelund, Fleming creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Hedlund, Katarina creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mikola, Juha creator: Robin, Christophe creator: Setälä, Heikki creator: Tatin-Froux, Fabienne creator: Van Der Putten, Wim H. creator: Scheu, Stefan subject: "Organics" in general description: Organic farming may contribute substantially to future agricultural production worldwide by improving soil quality and pest control, thereby reducing environmental impacts of conventional farming. We investigated in a comprehensive way soil chemical, as well as below and aboveground biological parameters of two organic and two conventional wheat farming systems that primarily differed in fertilization and weed management strategies. Contrast analyses identified management related differences between “herbicide-free” bioorganic (BIOORG) and biodynamic (BIODYN) systems and conventional systems with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN) and herbicide application within a long-term agricultural experiment (DOK trial, Switzerland). Soil carbon content was significantly higher in systems receiving farmyard manure and concomitantly microbial biomass (fungi and bacteria) was increased. Microbial activity parameters, such as microbial basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization, showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that soil carbon in the conventional system (CONFYM) was more easily accessible to microorganisms than in organic systems. Bacterivorous nematodes and earthworms were most abundant in systems that received farmyard manure, which is in line with the responses of their potential food sources (microbes and organic matter). Mineral fertilizer application detrimentally affected enchytraeids and Diptera larvae, whereas aphids benefited. Spider abundance was favoured by organic management, most likely a response to increased prey availability from the belowground subsystem or increased weed coverage. In contrast to most soil-based, bottom-up controlled interactions, the twofold higher abundance of this generalist predator group in organic systems likely contributed to the significantly lower abundance of aboveground herbivore pests (aphids) in these systems. Long-term organic farming and the application of farmyard manure promoted soil quality, microbial biomass and fostered natural enemies and ecosystem engineers, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and pest control. Mineral fertilizers and herbicide application, in contrast, affected the potential for top-down control of aboveground pests negatively and reduced the organic carbon levels. Our study indicates that the use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicide application changes interactions within and between below and aboveground components, ultimately promoting negative environmental impacts of agriculture by reducing internal biological cycles and pest control. On the contrary, organic farming fosters microbial and faunal decomposers and this propagates into the aboveground system via generalist predators thereby increasing conservation biological control. However, grain and straw yields were 23% higher in systems receiving mineral fertilizers and herbicides reflecting the trade-off between productivity and environmental responsibility. publisher: Elsevier date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Birkhofer, Klaus; Bezemer, T. Martijn; Bloem, Jaap; Bonkowski, Michael; Christensen, Søren; Dubois, David; Ekelund, Fleming; Fließbach, Andreas; Gunst, Lucie; Hedlund, Katarina; Mäder, Paul; Mikola, Juha; Robin, Christophe; Setälä, Heikki; Tatin-Froux, Fabienne; Van Der Putten, Wim H. and Scheu, Stefan (2008) Long-term organic farming fosters below- and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control, and productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, pp. 2297-2308. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007 identifier: urn:ISSN:ISSN: 0038-0717 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19613/ title: Long-term organic farming fosters below- and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity creator: Birkhofer, K creator: Bezemer, TM creator: Bloem, J creator: Bonkowski , M creator: Christensen , S creator: Dubois , D creator: Ekelund , F creator: Fließbach , A creator: Gunst , L creator: Hedlund , K creator: Mäder , P creator: Mikola , J creator: Robin , C creator: Setälä , H creator: Tatin-Froux , F creator: Van der Putten , WH creator: Scheu, S subject: Soil quality subject: Soil biology subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Organic farming may contribute substantially to future agricultural production worldwide by improving soil quality and pest control, thereby reducing environmental impacts of conventional farming. We investigated in a comprehensive way soil chemical, as well as below and aboveground biological parameters of two organic and two conventional wheat farming systems that primarily differed in fertilization and weed management strategies. Contrast analyses identified management related differences between "herbicide-free" bioorganic (BIOORG) and biodynamic (BIODYN) systems and conventional systems with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN) and herbicide application within a long-term agricultural experiment (DOK trial, Switzerland). Soil carbon content was significantly higher in systems receiving farmyard manure and concomitantly microbial biomass (fungi and bacteria) was increased. Microbial activity parameters, such as microbial basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization, showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that soil carbon in the conventional system (CONFYM) was more easily accessible to microorganisms than in organic systems. Bacterivorous nematodes and earthworms were most abundant in systems that received farmyard manure, which is in line with the responses of their potential food sources (microbes and organic matter). Mineral fertilizer application detrimentally affected enchytraeids and Diptera larvae, whereas aphids benefited. Spider abundance was favoured by organic management, most likely a response to increased prey availability from the belowground subsystem or increased weed coverage. In contrast to most soilbased, bottom-up controlled interactions, the twofold higher abundance of this generalist predator group in organic systems likely contributed to the significantly lower abundance of aboveground herbivore pests (aphids) in these systems. Long-term organic farming and the application of farmyard manure promoted soil quality, microbial biomass and fostered natural enemies and ecosystem engineers, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and pest control. Mineral fertilizers and herbicide application, in contrast, affected the potential for top-down control of aboveground pests negatively and reduced the organic carbon levels. Our study indicates that the use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicide application changes interactions within and between below and aboveground components, ultimately promoting negative environmental impacts of agriculture by reducing internal biological cycles and pest control. On the contrary, organic farming fosters microbial and faunal decomposers and this propagates into the aboveground system via generalist predators thereby increasing conservation biological control. However, grain and straw yields were 23% higher in systems receiving mineral fertilizers and herbicides reflecting the trade-off between productivity and environmental responsibility. date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19613/1/Birkhofer-etal-2008-long-term-organic-farming.pdf identifier: Birkhofer, K; Bezemer, TM; Bloem, J; Bonkowski , M; Christensen , S; Dubois , D; Ekelund , F; Fließbach , A; Gunst , L; Hedlund , K; Mäder , P; Mikola , J; Robin , C; Setälä , H; Tatin-Froux , F; Van der Putten , WH and Scheu, S (2008) Long-term organic farming fosters below- and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40, pp. 2297-2308. identifier: urn:ISSN:0038-0717 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26205/ title: Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity creator: Birkhofer, Klaus creator: Bezemer, TM creator: Bloem, J creator: Bonkowski , M creator: Christensen, S. creator: Dubois, David creator: Ekelund , F creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Hedlund , K creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mikola , J creator: Robin , C creator: Setälä, Heikki creator: Tatin-Froux , F creator: Van der Putten , WH creator: Scheu, Stefan subject: Soil description: Organic farming may contribute substantially to future agricultural production worldwide by improving soil quality and pest control, thereby reducing environmental impacts of conventional farming. We investigated in a comprehensive way soil chemical, as well as below and aboveground biological parameters of two organic and two conventional wheat farming systems that primarily differed in fertilization and weed management strategies. Contrast analyses identified management related differences between “herbicide-free” bioorganic (BIOORG) and biodynamic (BIODYN) systems and conventional systems with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN) and herbicide application within a long-term agricultural experiment (DOK trial, Switzerland). Soil carbon content was significantly higher in systems receiving farmyard manure and concomitantly microbial biomass (fungi and bacteria) was increased. Microbial activity parameters, such as microbial basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization, showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that soil carbon in the conventional system (CONFYM) was more easily accessible to microorganisms than in organic systems. Bacterivorous nematodes and earthworms were most abundant in systems that received farmyard manure, which is in line with the responses of their potential food sources (microbes and organic matter). Mineral fertilizer application detrimentally affected enchytraeids and Diptera larvae, whereas aphids benefited. Spider abundance was favoured by organic management, most likely a response to increased prey availability from the belowground subsystem or increased weed coverage. In contrast to most soil-based, bottom-up controlled interactions, the twofold higher abundance of this generalist predator group in organic systems likely contributed to the significantly lower abundance of aboveground herbivore pests (aphids) in these systems. Long-term organic farming and the application of farmyard manure promoted soil quality, microbial biomass and fostered natural enemies and ecosystem engineers, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and pest control. Mineral fertilizers and herbicide application, in contrast, affected the potential for top-down control of aboveground pests negatively and reduced the organic carbon levels. Our study indicates that the use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicide application changes interactions within and between below and aboveground components, ultimately promoting negative environmental impacts of agriculture by reducing internal biological cycles and pest control. On the contrary, organic farming fosters microbial and faunal decomposers and this propagates into the aboveground system via generalist predators thereby increasing conservation biological control. However, grain and straw yields were 23% higher in systems receiving mineral fertilizers and herbicides reflecting the trade-off between productivity and environmental responsibility. date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26205/1/Birkhofer_etal_2008_soil.pdf identifier: Birkhofer, Klaus; Bezemer, TM; Bloem, J; Bonkowski , M; Christensen, S.; Dubois, David; Ekelund , F; Fließbach, Andreas; Gunst, Lucie; Hedlund , K; Mäder, Paul; Mikola , J; Robin , C; Setälä, Heikki; Tatin-Froux , F; Van der Putten , WH and Scheu, Stefan (2008) Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40 (9), pp. 2297-2308. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36894/ title: Effects of farming system and simulated drought on biodiversity, food webs and ecosystem functions in the DOK trial creator: Birkhofer, Klaus creator: Carnero, D.S. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Gavin, P. creator: Hedlund, K. creator: Ingimarsdóttird, M. creator: Jørgensen, H.B. creator: Kozjek, K. creator: Kundel, D. creator: Laraño, J.M. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Meyer, S. creator: Montserrat, M. creator: Scheu, S. creator: Truu, J. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Soil subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Organic agriculture promotes overall biodiversity in arable fields, with well-documented positive effects on plant and pollinator diversity and abundance. Responses of soil-living decomposers, aboveground herbivores and predators to organic farming are less uniform and not equally well understood. The DOK trial offers ideal conditions to assess the long-term effects of organic compared to conventional farming practices on these above- and belowground invertebrate communities. Organic treatments in the DOK trial have a pronounced effect on abundances, diversity and species composition across taxonomic borders. Application of farmyard manure promotes nematode and earthworm numbers, whereas mineral fertilizers detrimentally affected potworm and fly larvae numbers. Aboveground predators are more abundant under organic agriculture and herbivores show an opposite response. However, effects go beyond simple numeric responses as organic agriculture alters the species composition of local communities significantly. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36894/1/birkhofer-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p57.pdf identifier: Birkhofer, Klaus; Carnero, D.S.; Fliessbach, A.; Gavin, P.; Hedlund, K.; Ingimarsdóttird, M.; Jørgensen, H.B.; Kozjek, K.; Kundel, D.; Laraño, J.M.; Mäder, P.; Meyer, S.; Montserrat, M.; Scheu, S. and Truu, J. (2019) Effects of farming system and simulated drought on biodiversity, food webs and ecosystem functions in the DOK trial. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 57. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19615/ title: Generalist predators in organically and conventionally managed grass-clover fields: implications for conservation biological control creator: Birkhofer , K creator: Fließbach , A creator: Wise , DH creator: Scheu , S subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Organically managed agroecosystems rely in part on biological control to prevent pest outbreaks. Generalist predators (Araneae, Carabidae and Staphylinidae) are a major component of the natural enemy community in agroecosystems. We assessed the seasonal dynamics of major generalist predator groups in conventionally and organically managed grass–clover fields that primarily differed by fertilisation strategy. We further established an experiment, manipulating the abundant wolf spider genus Pardosa, to identify the importance of these predators for herbivore suppression in the same system and growth period. Organic management significantly enhanced ground-active spider numbers early and late in the growing season, with potentially positive effects of plant cover and non-pest decomposer prey. However, enhancing spider numbers in the field experiment did not improve biological control in organically managed grass–clover fields. Similar to the survey results, reduced densities of Pardosa had no short-term effect on any prey taxa; however, spider guild structure changed in response to Pardosa manipulation. In the presence of fewer Pardosa, other ground-running spiders were more abundant;therefore, their impact on herbivore numbers may have been elevated, possibly cancelling increases in herbivore numbers because of reduced predation by Pardosa. Our results indicate positive effects of organic farming on spider activity density; however, our survey data and the predator manipulation experiment failed to find evidence that ground-running spiders reduced herbivore numbers. We therefore suggest that a positive impact of organic fertilisers on wolf spiders in grass–clover agroecosystems may not necessarily improve biological control when compared with conventional farming. date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19615/1/birkkhofer-etal-2008-predators.pdf identifier: Birkhofer , K; Fließbach , A; Wise , DH and Scheu , S (2008) Generalist predators in organically and conventionally managed grass-clover fields: implications for conservation biological control. Annals of Applied Biology, 153, pp. 271-280. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/34925/ title: Soil organic carbon cycling in a long-term agricultural experiment,Switzerland creator: Bliedtner, Marcel creator: Stalder, Tobias creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Salazar, Gary creator: Sönke, Szidat creator: Zech, Roland subject: Soil quality subject: Switzerland description: Soils are one of the largest organic carbon pools and changes in the carbon release from soils has considerable impact on the composition of atmospheric CO2. Alongside the accelerated carbon release from soils by anthro-pogenic warming (Crowther et al., 2016), agricultural use strongly affects soil organic carbon (SOC) (Johnstonet al., 2009). Conversion from conventional to organic farming has been suggested a valuable contribution to sequester SOC providing a great mitigation potential within agricultural practices (Smith et al., 2008).Here we present SOC contents and 14C activity under two different farming practices in the long-termagricultural DOK trial at Therwil, Switzerland (Mäder et al., 2002). In this long-lasting agricultural experiment, we compare biodynamic farming (biodyn), which receives manure and biodynamic preparations, with conventional farming (conmin), which receives only mineral fertilizers. We analyzed functional SOC fractions from both farming practices for SOC concentration and radiocarbon (∆14C) in two soil layers (0-20 cm and 20-50 cm).Three SOC fractions were obtained by density and particle size fractionation: particular organic matter (POM,labile pool), mineral-associated organic matter <20μm (MOM <20μm, stable pool) and mineral-associatedorganic matter >20μm (MOM >20μm, labile pool).Our results clearly show higher SOC concentrations for biodyn compared to conmin in all SOC fractions in the upper soil layer (0-20 cm). In the subsoil (20-50 cm) we found a negligible influence of farming practices with depth. High ∆14C values in the POM and >20μm fraction indicated that they are a more labile and fastcycling carbon pool, whereas lower∆14C values in the <20μm fraction indicate that this fraction represents astable and slowly cycling carbon pool. ∆14C differences between biodyn and conmin occurred in the POM and>20μm fraction, with higher ∆14C values in the biodyn system suggesting greater input of fresh plant material with a faster turnover. date: 2018 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/34925/1/bliedtner-eta-2018-EGU2018-Vol20-15897.pdf identifier: Bliedtner, Marcel; Stalder, Tobias; Mäder, Paul; Fließbach, Andreas; Salazar, Gary; Sönke, Szidat and Zech, Roland (2018) Soil organic carbon cycling in a long-term agricultural experiment,Switzerland. In: Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-15897. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37047/ title: Soil suppressiveness to Pythium ultimum in ten European long-term field experiments and its relation with soil parameters creator: Bongiorno, Giulia creator: Postma, Joeke creator: Bünemann, Else K. creator: Brussaard, Lijbert creator: de Goede, Ron G. M. creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Tamm, Lucius creator: Thürig, Barbara subject: Soil quality subject: Soil tillage description: Soil suppressiveness to pathogens is defined as the capacity of soil to regulate soil-borne pathogens. It can be managed by agricultural practices, but the effects reported so far remain inconsistent. Soil suppressiveness is difficult to predict and for this reason different soil properties have been linked to it with the aim to find informative indicators, but these relationships are not conclusive. The objectives of this study were i) to test if soil suppressiveness is affected by long-term agricultural management such as tillage and organic matter (OM) addition; ii) to understand the direct and indirect relationships between soil suppressiveness and labile organic carbon fractions; and iii) to understand the relationship between soil suppressiveness and other chemical, physical and biological soil quality indicators. We measured soil suppressiveness with a bioassay using Pythium ultimum - Lepidium sativum (cress) as a model system. The bioassay was performed in soils from 10 European long-term field experiments (LTEs) which had as main soil management practices tillage and/or organic matter addition. We found that the site had a stronger influence on soil suppressiveness than agricultural practices. Reduced tillage had a positive effect on the suppressive capacity of the soil across sites using an overall model. Organic farming and mineral fertilization increased soil suppressiveness in some LTEs, but no overall effect of OM was found when aggregating the LTEs. Soil suppressiveness across LTEs was linked mainly to microbial biomass and labile carbon in the soil, but not to total soil organic matter content. From structural equation modelling (SEM) we conclude that labile carbon is important for the maintenance of an abundant and active soil microbial community, which is essential for the expression of soil suppressiveness. However, soil suppressiveness could only partly (25%) be explained by the soil parameters measured, suggesting that other mechanisms contribute to soil suppressiveness such as the presence and the activity of specific bacterial and fungal taxa with high biocontrol activity. date: 2019 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/37047/1/bongiorno-etal-2019-SoilBiolBiochem-Vol133-p174-187.pdf identifier: Bongiorno, Giulia; Postma, Joeke; Bünemann, Else K.; Brussaard, Lijbert; de Goede, Ron G. M.; Mäder, Paul; Tamm, Lucius and Thürig, Barbara (2019) Soil suppressiveness to Pythium ultimum in ten European long-term field experiments and its relation with soil parameters. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 133, pp. 174-187. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.012 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.012 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.012 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25739/ title: Metabolite profiling on wheat grain to enable a distinction of samples from organic and conventional farming systems creator: Bonte, Anja creator: Neuweger, Heiko creator: Goesmann, Alexander creator: Thonar, Cécile creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Langenkämper, Georg creator: Niehaus, Karsten subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Identification of biomarkers capable of distinguishing organic and conventional products would be highly welcome to improve the strength of food quality assurance. Metabolite profiling was used for biomarker search in organic and conventional wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) of 11 different old and new bread wheat cultivars grown in the DOK system comparison trial. Metabolites were extracted usingmethanol and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. date: 2014-01-15 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/25739/1/bonteetal2014.pdf identifier: Bonte, Anja; Neuweger, Heiko; Goesmann, Alexander; Thonar, Cécile; Mäder, Paul; Langenkämper, Georg and Niehaus, Karsten (2014) Metabolite profiling on wheat grain to enable a distinction of samples from organic and conventional farming systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (J Sci Food Agric), online, pp. 1-8. identifier: urn:ISSN:online ISSN: 1097-0010 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14392/ title: Stickstoffausnutzungseffizienz von 15N-markierter Schafsgülle und 15N-markiertem Mineraldünger in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Anbausystemen creator: Bosshard, Christine creator: Sorensen, Peter creator: Frossard, Emmanuel creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Nanzer, Simone creator: Oberson, Astrid subject: Nutrient turnover description: Nitrogen (N) utilisation by crops has to be improved to minimize losses to the environment. We investigated N use efficiency of animal manure and mineral fertiliser and fate of fertiliser N not taken up by crops in a bio-organic (BIOORG) and a conventional (CONMIN) cropping system of a long-term experiment over three vegetation periods (wheat-soybean-maize). Microplots received a single application of 15N-labelled slurries or mineral fertiliser. At the end of each vegetation period we tested whether higher microbial activity and biomass in BIOORG than CONMIN soils and lower long-term N input level in BIOORG affected use efficiency and fate of fertiliser N not taken up by crops. In total 41%, 15% and 50% of 15N applied as urine, faeces and mineral fertiliser was recovered by the three crops. 15N recovered from originally applied urine, faeces and mineral fertiliser in the topsoil at the end of the third vegetation period was 19%, 25% and 20%, respectively. Of urine-, faeces- and mineral fertiliser-15N 40%, 61% and 29% was not recovered by the three crops and in topsoil suggesting significant transport of 15N-labelled components to deeper soil layers. BIOORG and CONMIN differed neither in fertiliser N use efficiency by crops nor in 15N recovery in soil indicating insignificant differences in turnover and utilization of applied manure N in the bio-organic and conventional cropping system. date: 2009 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14392/1/Bosshard_14392.pdf identifier: Bosshard, Christine; Sorensen, Peter; Frossard, Emmanuel; Mayer, Jochen; Mäder, Paul; Nanzer, Simone and Oberson, Astrid (2009) Stickstoffausnutzungseffizienz von 15N-markierter Schafsgülle und 15N-markiertem Mineraldünger in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Anbausystemen. Paper at: 10. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zürich, 11.-13. Februar 2009. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37049/ title: Effect of long‐term organic and mineral fertilization strategies on rhizosphere microbiota assemblage and performance of lettuce creator: Chowdhury, S. Paul creator: Babin, D. creator: Sandmann, M. creator: Jacquiod, S. creator: Sommermann, L. creator: Sorensen, S.J. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Geistlinger, J. creator: Smalla, K. creator: Rothballer, M. creator: Grosch, R. subject: Soil quality subject: Nutrient turnover description: Long-term agricultural fertilization strategies gradually change soil properties including the associated microbial communities. Cultivated crops recruit beneficial microbes from the surrounding soil environment via root exudates. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization strategies across field sites on the rhizosphere prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) community composition and plant performance. We conducted growth chamber experiments with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivated in soils from two long-term field experiments, each of which compared organic versus mineral fertilization strategies. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed the assemblage of a rhizosphere core microbiota shared in all lettuce plants across soils, going beyond differences in community composition depending on field site and fertilization strategies. The enhanced expression of several plant genes with roles in oxidative and biotic stress signalling pathways in lettuce grown in soils with organic indicates an induced physiological status in plants. Lettuce plants grown in soils with different fertilization histories were visibly free of stress symptoms and achieved comparable biomass. This suggests a positive aboveground plant response to belowground plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Besides effects of fertilization strategy and field site, our results demonstrate the crucial role of the plant in driving rhizosphere microbiota assemblage. date: 2019 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/37049/1/chowdhury-etal-2019-EMI-Vol21-p2426-2439.pdf identifier: Chowdhury, S. Paul; Babin, D.; Sandmann, M.; Jacquiod, S.; Sommermann, L.; Sorensen, S.J.; Fliessbach, A.; Mäder, P.; Geistlinger, J.; Smalla, K.; Rothballer, M. and Grosch, R. (2019) Effect of long‐term organic and mineral fertilization strategies on rhizosphere microbiota assemblage and performance of lettuce. Environmental microbiology, 21 (7), pp. 2426-2439. relation: doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14631 identifier: doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14631 identifier: info:doi/doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14631 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2726/ title: Auswirkungen reduzierter Hofdüngergaben im Bioackerbau creator: Dubois, David creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Strasser, Fredi subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Weed management subject: Soil biology subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring description: Im Biolandbau ist das Idealbild eines gemischt wirtschaftenden Betriebes mit Vieh und Pflanzenbau weit verbreitet. Aus wirtschaftlichen Zwängen wird der Trend zu viehschwachen oder gar viehlosen Biobetrieben immer wichtiger. Untersuchungen der FAL und des FiBL im DOK-Versuch zeigen, dass sich, wenn die Bewirtschaftung nicht angepasst wird, die Reduktion der Hofdüngergaben ungünstig auf Ertrag, Unkrautbesatz und Bodenfruchtbarkeit auswirkt. publisher: FiBL Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, BIO SUISSE (Vereinigung Schweizer Biolandbau-Organisationen) date: 2003 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2726/1/dubois-2003-reduzierte-hofduengergaben.pdf identifier: Dubois, David; Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas and Strasser, Fredi (2003) Auswirkungen reduzierter Hofdüngergaben im Bioackerbau. [Effects of reducing farm yard manure in organic arable farming.] Bioaktuell (9/03), pp. 6-7. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13315/ title: Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming systems under identical crop rotations creator: Esperschütz, Jürgen creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Schloter, Michael creator: Fließbach, Andreas subject: Nutrient turnover subject: "Organics" in general subject: Soil quality description: In this study the influence of different farming systems on microbial community structure was analyzed using soil samples from the DOK long-term field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional (CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined microbial communities in winter wheat plots at two different points in the crop rotation (after potatoes and after maize). Employing extended polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated a significant influence of organic agriculture on microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application consistently revealed the strongest, and the preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from slowly growing bacteria (k-strategists) showed the strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. Although the highest fungal biomass was found in the two organic systems of the DOK field trial, their contribution to the differentiation of community structures according to the management regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities responded most strongly to either conventional or organic farming management. date: 2007 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13315/1/Esperschuetz-FEMSME-2007.pdf identifier: Esperschütz, Jürgen; Gattinger, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Schloter, Michael and Fließbach, Andreas (2007) Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming systems under identical crop rotations. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 61 (1), pp. 26-37. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4341/ title: Micronutrient status in two long-term trials with fertilisation treatments and different cropping systems creator: Fischer, Meike creator: Raupp, Joachim creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Dubois, David creator: Römheld, Volker subject: Soil quality description: Although organic fertilisers always contain micronutrients, we have to pay attention to the question of whether continuous fertilisation will lead to lower contents in plants or lower availability in the long run. We investigated topsoil samples from long-term trials with farmyard manure and mineral fertili-sation and with different organic and conventional farming systems. Input of micronutrients via or-ganic fertilisers was obviously more significant in the case of poor sandy soil than in that of loamy soil with high total contents and higher mineralising potential. date: 2005 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: source language: en identifier: /id/eprint/4341/1/Fischer_etal_4p_revised-ed.doc identifier: Fischer, Meike; Raupp, Joachim; Mäder, Paul; Dubois, David and Römheld, Volker (2005) Micronutrient status in two long-term trials with fertilisation treatments and different cropping systems. Poster at: Researching Sustainable Systems - International Scientific Conference on Organic Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia, September 21-23, 2005. [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21619/ title: Effects of conventionally bred and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize varieties on soil microbial biomass and activity creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Messmer, Monika creator: Nietlispach, Bruno creator: Infante, Valentina creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil subject: Environmental aspects description: Genetically modified (GM) maize containing genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was cultivated on 29% of the total maize production area worldwide in 2009. Most studies to date compare Bt- maize varieties with their near isogenic lines; however, there is little information on the variability of conventional maize breeding lines and how the effects of Bt varieties are ranked within. In our study on the potential risks of Bt- maize varieties, we analyzed tissue quality and compared the effects of ten conventional and GM maize varieties on soil microbiological properties in a replicated climate chamber experiment. All maize varieties were cultivated twice in the same soil microcosm. Shoot yields and soluble C in leaf tissue of Bt varieties were higher than the ones of non- Bt . Soil dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 5% under Bt varieties compared to non- Bt , while most of the other soil microbial properties (soil microbial biomass, basal respiration) showed no significant differences between Bt and non- Bt varieties. The leaves and roots of one Bt variety were decomposed to a greater extent than the ones of its near isogenic line; the conventional breeding lines also showed higher values. Changes in crop and soil parameters were found when comparing the first and the second crops, but the effects of repeated cropping were the same for all tested varieties. For the studied parameters, the variation among non- Bt- maize varieties was similar to the difference between Bt and non- Bt varieties. date: 2012 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/21619/1/Fliessbach_2011_BFS.pdf identifier: Fließbach, Andreas; Messmer, Monika; Nietlispach, Bruno; Infante, Valentina and Mäder, Paul (2012) Effects of conventionally bred and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize varieties on soil microbial biomass and activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48 (3), pp. 315-324. relation: 10.1007/s00374-011-0625-6 identifier: 10.1007/s00374-011-0625-6 doi: 10.1007/s00374-011-0625-6 identifier: info:doi/10.1007/s00374-011-0625-6 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/23134/ title: Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Nietlispach, Bruno creator: Messmer, Monika creator: Rodríguez- Romero, Ana-Sue creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil biology description: An experiment was carried out in a climate chamber to analyse if Bt-maize may cause particular changes in soils with different levels of microbial biomass and activity due to long-term management history. Among the soils selected, the ones managed organically for 30 years exhibited twice the microbial biomass and 2.6 times the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the soil from a field with long-term conventional maize monoculture. Soils were cultivated twice in a row with Bt-maize, its near-isogenic line and a conventional breeding line. We tested the hypotheses that (a) soil microbial biomass and activity are affected by the cultivation of Bt-maize and that (b) the influence of Bt-maize depends on the level of soil microbial biomass and activity. Shoot and root yield and shoot C-content of Bt-maize were higher than the ones of the near-isogenic line. DHA under Bt-maize was 6 % higher, and the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) was 9 % lower than under its near-isogenic line, giving some support to hypothesis (a). No significant interactions of the soils and the varieties used were found in this study, thus hypothesis (b) was not confirmed, and soils with different microbial biomass and activity appear to react in a similar way to the cultivation of Bt-maize. date: 2013-01-29 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/23134/1/Fliessbachetal-2013-BiolFertilSoils-published-online.pdf identifier: Fließbach, Andreas; Nietlispach, Bruno; Messmer, Monika; Rodríguez- Romero, Ana-Sue and Mäder, Paul (2013) Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, online, - . relation: DOI 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 identifier: DOI 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 identifier: urn:ISSN:0178-2762 (Print) 1432-0789 (Online) identifier: info:doi/DOI 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/9531/ title: Soil biological quality in short- and long-term field trials with conventional and organic fertility input types creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Schmidt, Christoph creator: Bruns, Christian creator: Palmer, Mike creator: Nietlispach, Bruno creator: Leifert, Carlo creator: Tamm, Lucius subject: Soil biology subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring description: Soils of the DOK trial and three other field trials with manure input were analysed for effects on soil biology. While long-term effects indicate a new steady state at the DOK trial site, differences at the other field trials suggest that fresh manure at the Bonn trial and chicken manure at the UK sites are at least temporarily advantageous, probably due to their relatively fast mineralization. date: 2007 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/9531/1/fliessbach-etal-2007-soil_biological_quality.pdf identifier: Fließbach, Andreas; Schmidt, Christoph; Bruns, Christian; Palmer, Mike; Nietlispach, Bruno; Leifert, Carlo and Tamm, Lucius (2007) Soil biological quality in short- and long-term field trials with conventional and organic fertility input types. Paper at: 3rd QLIF Congress: Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems, University of Hohenheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43735/ title: 42 years of crop and soil quality research in the DOK long-term field experiment - advantages of organic farming in mitigating of and adapting to climate change creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Krause, H.-M. creator: Stehle, B. creator: Oberson, A. creator: Mayer, U. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Soil quality description: 42 years of crop and soil quality research in the DOK long-term field experiment - advantages of organic farming in mitigating of and adapting to climate change. date: 2021 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/43735/1/fliessbach-etal-2021-EUROSOIL2021-Presentation.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, A.; Krause, H.-M.; Stehle, B.; Oberson, A.; Mayer, U. and Mäder, P. (2021) 42 years of crop and soil quality research in the DOK long-term field experiment - advantages of organic farming in mitigating of and adapting to climate change. Paper at: EuroSoil 2021, Geneva, Switzerland, 23-27 August 2021. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/9094/ title: Biological soil quality as a factor of efficient resource utilization in organic farming systems creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Soil biology subject: Soil quality description: In 1978 the DOK long-term field experiment was installed at Therwil close to Basel comparing the farming systems „bio-Dynamic“, „bio-Organic“ and „(K)conventional“. In the first years of the trial, crop yield and feasibility of organic farming were investigated. Soils were analysed with respect to long-term effects on fertility and were evaluated in the view of farming effects on the environment. Today the interrelation of diversity and efficiency and the quality of organic products is the research focus. Long-term trials like the DOK-trial offer unique opportunities for this kind of research. The DOK-trial compares the three systems mentioned above on the basis of the same intensity of organic fertilization (i.e. the same number of animals per area), the same crop rotation and the same soil tillage. Fertilization and plant protection are different and done according to the farming system. A minerally fertilized conventional treatment is mimicking stockless farming and unfertilized plots serve as controls. Crop yields of the organic systems averaged over 21 experimental years at 80% of the conventional ones. The fertilizer input, however, was 34 – 51% lower, indicating an efficient production. The organic farming systems used 20 – 56% less energy to produce a crop unit and per land area this difference was 36 – 53%. Maintenance of soil fertility is important for a sustainable land use. In DOK field plots the organically treated soils were biologically more active than conventional, whereas chemical and physical soil parameters differed less significantly. Soil organic matter after 21 years shows substantially higher values in farming systems with manure fertilization and especially in biodynamic field plots fertilized with composted farmyard manure. Organic farming systems are suggested to utilize non-renewable resources more efficiently due to a higher inherent soil fertility. contributor: Leifert, C. date: 2005 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/9094/1/FliessbachMaeder-2005-soilQuality-applicationform.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/9094/2/Fliessbach-maeder-2005_SoilAssociation-1.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, A. and Mäder, P. (2005) Biological soil quality as a factor of efficient resource utilization in organic farming systems. In: Leifert, C. (Ed.) Organic Farming, Food Quality and Health. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4342/ title: Soil microbial community structure and organic matter transformation processes in organic and integrated farming systems creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Esperschütz, Jürgen creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Oberholzer, Hansruedi creator: Schloter, Michael creator: Gattinger, Andreas subject: Soil quality description: The DOK long-term field trial in Switzerland started in 1978 (Mäder et al., 2002). Biodynamic (BIODYN), bioorganic (BIOORG) and integrated (CONFYM) farming systems with manure fertilization, an integrated system based on mineral fertilizer only (CONMIN) and an unfertilized control (NOFERT) were investigated for changes in soil organic matter and on the structure of the soil microbial communities. Soil organic matter (SOM) in the Ap-horizon (0-20 cm) was analysed from the beginning of the DOK field trial in 1978. Roughly 20% of the initial SOM was lost when no manure was applied for 21 years as in the CONMIN and the NOFERT system, whereas SOM increased slightly by 4% in the BIODYN system that makes use of composted farmyard manure, corresponding to 1.4 livestock units per hectare (LSU). The BIOORG and the CONFYM system lost about 7%. Soil microbial biomass analysed from 2000 and 2003 samplings revealed higher values in organically fertilised plots. Bacterial and eukaryotic biomasses followed the order: CONMIN < CONFYM ≤ BIOORG ≤ BIODYN. Phospholipid etherlipids, indicative for micro-organisms of the domain Archaea occurred in abundance compared to other organically fertilised soils and followed the order: CONMIN < BIODYN = BIOORG = CONFYM. Clear differences in PLFA based microbial community structure among the four farming systems were observed. Organic fertilization compared to no manure had the strongest effect, followed by organic farming compared to integrated, and finally the kind of organic farming management (BIODYN with composted manure vs. BIOORG with rotted manure). The incorporation of maize-derived carbon – with higher 13C content – to some of the PLFA was detected and highlights the functional role of the corresponding microbial groups in carbon transformation processes. Contrasting 13C values in the PLFA-biomarkers for Archaea in organic and conventional soils support the assumption that carbon transformation processes are affected by the farming systems. Our results suggest that changes in SOM are indicated by changes in soil microbial biomass. The functional role of microbial groups will be further investigated. The enhanced chemical and biological soil quality found in the field plots fertilized with manure and manure compost maintains key soil functions, on which low input farming systems rely. date: 2005 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: source language: de identifier: /id/eprint/4342/4/Fliessbach_etal_4p_revised-ed.doc identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Esperschütz, Jürgen; Gunst, Lucie; Mäder, Paul; Oberholzer, Hansruedi; Schloter, Michael and Gattinger, Andreas (2005) Soil microbial community structure and organic matter transformation processes in organic and integrated farming systems. Paper at: Researching Sustainable Systems - International Scientific Conference on Organic Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia, September 21-23, 2005. [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2911/ title: DOC trail: soil organic matter quality and soil aggregate stability in organic and conventional soils creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Hany, Roland creator: Rentsch, Daniel creator: Frei, Robert creator: Eyhorn, Frank subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil quality subject: Soil biology description: Conclusion Soil organic matter quality is affected by the agricultural systems of the DOC trial. System effects on the chemical composition, however, were smaller than those on the living organisms in soil and their functions. A close correlation was found between soil structure and microbial biomass indicating that microbes are playing an important role in soil structural stability. publisher: vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland contributor: Alföldi, Thomas contributor: Lockeretz, W. contributor: Niggli, Urs date: 2000 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2911/1/fliessbach-et-al-2000-soil-organic-matter.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Hany, Roland; Rentsch, Daniel; Frei, Robert and Eyhorn, Frank (2000) DOC trail: soil organic matter quality and soil aggregate stability in organic and conventional soils. In: Alföldi, Thomas; Lockeretz, W. and Niggli, Urs (Eds.) Proceedings 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2474/ title: Microbial biomass and size-density factions differ between soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil biology description: Agricultural production systems have to combine management practices in order to sustain soil quality and also pro®tability. We investigated microbial biomass and size-density fractions of soils from a long-term field trial set up in 1978 at Therwil, Switzerland. It compares the economic and ecological performance of organic and conventional agricultural systems. Main differences of the systems were the amount and form of fertiliser as well as the plant protection strategy, whilst crop rotation and soil tillage were the same. Microbial biomass C and N as well as their ratios to the total and light fraction C and N pools in soils of the organic systems were higher than in conventional systems. This is interpreted as an enhanced decomposition of the easily available light fraction pool of soil organic matter (SOM) with increasing amounts of microbial biomass. The role of microbial biomass as a regulator and light fraction organic matter as an indicator of decomposition is discussed. The presented results indicate that labile pools of SOM are distinctly affected by long-term management practices. publisher: Elsevier date: 2000-06 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2474/1/fliessbach-maeder-2000-biomass.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2000) Microbial biomass and size-density factions differ between soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 32 (6), pp. 757-768. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2912/ title: DOC trial: diversity and metabolic effiency of microbial communities in organic and conventional soils creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil quality subject: Soil biology description: Soil microbiota are favoured by organic farming systems. Moreover they were found to need less energy fore their maintenance. The diversity of microbial functions was also increased. Our results support the hypothesis that diverse populations make better use of the available resources. publisher: vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland contributor: Alföldi, Thomas contributor: Lockeretz, W. contributor: Niggli, Urs date: 2000 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2912/1/fliessbach-maeder-2000-doc.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2000) DOC trial: diversity and metabolic effiency of microbial communities in organic and conventional soils. In: Alföldi, Thomas; Lockeretz, W. and Niggli, Urs (Eds.) Proceedings 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52879/ title: DOK Langzeitversuch in Therwil 1978-2019 Vergleich biologischer und konventioneller Anbausysteme creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Krause, Hans-Martin subject: "Organics" in general subject: Crop combinations and interactions subject: Crop husbandry subject: Soil description: Der DOK-Versuch hat seit 1978 die Unterschiede zwischen ökologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Anbausystemen untersucht. Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus über 40 Jahren Forschung werden auf prägnante und umfassende Weise präsentiert. Der DOK-Versuch vergleicht biodynamische, biologisch-organische und konventionelle landwirtschaftliche Systeme. Der Versuch simuliert dabei Betriebe, die Acker- und Viehwirtschaft zusammen betreiben. In jedem dieser Systeme werden zwei Düngerintensitäten untersucht. Das ausschließlich mineralisch gedüngte konventionelle System stellt ein viehloses Anbausystem dar. Die Ergebnisse der Forschung beziehen sich auf fünf Kulturen in einer siebenjährigen Fruchtfolge, die sich zeitlich versetzt in drei Unterparzellen abwechseln: Winterweizen, Kartoffeln, Klee-Gras, Soja und Silomais. Ergebnisse zu Ertrag, Bodenqualität, Nährstoffversorgung, Biodiversität und Klima werden vorgestellt. date: 2023 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/52879/1/Fliessbach_DOK%20Speyer.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen and Krause, Hans-Martin (2023) DOK Langzeitversuch in Therwil 1978-2019 Vergleich biologischer und konventioneller Anbausysteme. Paper at: Integrierter Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz im Ackerbau und Grünland, Bad Kreuznach, Deutschland, 25.10. – 27.10.2023. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/545/ title: Mineralization and microbial assimilation of 14C-labeled straw in soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Production systems subject: Soil biology description: An incubation experiment on straw decomposition was carried out with soils from a long-term field trial at Therwil, Switzerland. Two conventional agricultural systems, one with (CONFYM) and one without manure, an organic system managed according to bio-dynamic farming practice (BIODYN) and an unfertilized control were compared. CONFYM received stacked manure and an additional mineral fertilizer. BIODYN received composted farmyard manure and no mineral fertilizers. Both systems received the same amount of manure based on 1.4 livestock units haˇ1. The aim of the investigation was to explain the large differences in soil microbial biomass and activity between the systems, especially between the manured soils. Di€erences in microbial C-utilization effciency were suggested to be the main reason. We followed the decomposition of 14C-labeled plant material over a period of 177 days under controled incubation conditions. Prior to incubation, microbial biomass was 75% higher and qCO2 up to 43% lower in the BIODYN soil than in the conventional soils. At the end of the incubation period, 58% of the applied plant material was mineralized to CO2 in the BIODYN soil compared to 50% in the other soils. This difference became signifcant 2 weeks after application of plant material and is suggested to be due to decomposition of more recalcitrant compounds. After addition of plant material, the increase of microbial biomass in the unmanured systems was higher than in the manured systems, but with a higher loss rate thereafter. The amount of 14C incorporated into Cmic as related to 14CO2 evolved was markedly higher in the BIODYN soil. The results support the hypothesis that agricultural measures applied to the BIODYN system invoke a higher efciency of the soil microbial community with respect to substrate use for growth. publisher: Elsevier date: 2000 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/545/1/fliessbach-et-all-2000-microbial-assimilation.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Niggli, Urs (2000) Mineralization and microbial assimilation of 14C-labeled straw in soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 32, pp. 1131-1139. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/45358/ title: Økologisk drift gir bedre jordfruktbarhet og større biologisk mangfold. Erkjennelser fra 21 år med DOK-forsøk creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Dubois, D. creator: Gunst, L. subject: Soil quality subject: Farming Systems description: Heftet er en oversettelse av originalutgaven, til bruk i Norge og Danmark. Heftet gjengir resultater fra DOK-forsøket i Sveits, som har vært drevet siden 1978.Resultatene viser at økologiske dyrkingssystemer (biologisk.-dynamisk og organisk-biologisk drift) kan være ressursbesparende jordbruk. Det trengs langt mindre innsatsfaktorer, samtidig som avlingsnivået blir en del lavere enn i konvensjonelle systemer. Økologisk landbruk gir høyere biologisk aktivitet i jorda og en mer artsrik fauna av dyr som lever i jorda eller på jordoverflaten. publisher: Norsk senter for økologisk landbruk contributor: Koesling, M. contributor: Serikstad, Grete Lene contributor: Løes, Anne-Kristin contributor: Loehr-Petersen, Klaus contributor: Hermansen, Sven date: 2004-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: no identifier: /id/eprint/45358/1/DOK-%20fors%C3%B8ket.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Pfiffner, Lukas; Dubois, D. and Gunst, L. (editor): Koesling, M.; Serikstad, Grete Lene; Løes, Anne-Kristin; Loehr-Petersen, Klaus and Hermansen, Sven (Eds.) (2004) Økologisk drift gir bedre jordfruktbarhet og større biologisk mangfold. Erkjennelser fra 21 år med DOK-forsøk. [Organic farming enhances soil fertility and biodiversity Results from a 21 year old field trial.] FiBL Dossier, no. 1, 2004. Norsk senter for økologisk landbruk, Tingvoll. identifier: urn:ISBN:82-7687-118-6 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10627/ title: Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Paul, Mäder subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (Corg, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application Corg-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO2) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, Corg and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than Corg. publisher: Elsevier B.V. date: 2007-01 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/10627/1/Fliessbach_AGEE_2007_AF1949.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf; Gunst, Lucie and Paul, Mäder (2007) Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118, pp. 273-284. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8768/ title: Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Paul, Mäder subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (Corg, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application Corg-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO2) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, Corg and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than Corg. publisher: Elsevier B.V. date: 2006 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/8768/1/fliessbach-etal-2006-artikel-in-agee.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf; Gunst, Lucie and Paul, Mäder (2006) Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, accepted 17 May 2006. [In Press] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13031/ title: Die Vorteile des Öko-Landbaus für das Klima creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Schmid, Heinz creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Air and water emissions description: Die Landwirtschaft ist durch die Produktion von Kohlendioxid, Lachgas und Methan mitverantwortlich für die Klimaerwärmung. Humusreiche Bio-Böden können das Klima jedoch entlasten. publisher: Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau date: 2008 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13031/1/fliessbach-2008-OeL-145.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Schmid, Heinz and Niggli, Urs (2008) Die Vorteile des Öko-Landbaus für das Klima. Ökologie & Landbau (1/2008), pp. 17-19. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36691/ title: Capire meglio i sistemi agricoli con test a lungo termine creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Dal 6 all’11 ottobre, su invito di FiBL, Agroscope e il politecnico di Zurigo si sono riuniti al Monte Verità di Ascona 87 ricercatori provenienti da 20 paesi. L’evento è stato organizzato in occasione dei 40 anni di esistenza dell’esperimento a lungo termine DOK che mette a confronto sistemi di coltivazione biodinamici, biologici e convenzionali. date: 2019 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: it identifier: /id/eprint/36691/1/bioattualita_9_2019_fliessbach.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas (2019) Capire meglio i sistemi agricoli con test a lungo termine. Bioattualità, 2019 (9), p. 12. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36695/ title: Comprendre l’agriculture grâce aux essais de longue durée creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Sur invitation du FiBL, d’Agroscope et de l’EPFZ, près de 90 chercheurs de 20 pays se sont réunis en conférence du 6 au 11 octobre au Monte Verità à Ascona TI pour les 40 ans du lancement de l’essai DOC, qui compare les systèmes agricoles biodynamique, organo-biologique et conventionnel. Plus de 40 exposés ont permis aux participants de présenter et de discuter les résultats de leurs essais de longue durée et de partager leurs connaissances sur l’importance des différents systèmes agricoles pour répondre aux défis de l’avenir. date: 2019 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: fr identifier: /id/eprint/36695/1/bioactualites_9_2019_fliessbach.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas (2019) Comprendre l’agriculture grâce aux essais de longue durée. Bioactualités, 2019 (9), p. 28. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26792/ title: Tiefenverteilung und zeitliche Dynamik der mikrobiellen Biomasse in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Böden creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Imhof, David creator: Brunner, Thomas creator: Wüthrich, Christoph subject: Soil quality subject: Farming Systems description: Die vorliegende Untersuchung befasst sich mit dem zeitlichen Verlauf und der Tiefenverteilung der mikrobiellen Biomasse des Bodens in biologisch-dynamisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Parzellen des Langzeitversuches DOK in Therwil bei Basel. Der Hauptunterschied zwischen biologisch-dynamischem und konventionellem Anbau liegt in der Art der Dünung und im Pflanzenschutz. Sowohl im zeitlichen Verlauf als auch über die Tiefe ergab sich in den Böden für das biologisch-dynamische Verfahren eine höhere Menge an organischer Substanz, eine höhere mikrobielle Biomasse wie auch eine höhere Bodenrespiration. Der Anteil des mikrobiellen Kohlenstoffs (Cmic) am gesamten organischen Kohlenstoffvorrat (Corg) des Bodens war in biologisch-dynamischen bewirtschafteten Böden um 22 % höher als im konventionell bearbeiteten Boden. Dies ist ein Hinweis auf die bessere mikrobielle Verwertbarkeit der organischen Substanz im biologisch-dynamischen Anbau. Die organische Substanz und die mikrobielle Biomasse nahmen mit der Tiefe in beiden Verfahren deutlich ab, während die Bodenatmung kaum einen Tiefengradienten aufwies. In den späteren Wintermonaten war die mikrobielle Biomasse beider Verfahren deutlich erhöht, ansonsten blieb die mikrobielle Biomasse im Jahresverlauf weitgehend konstant. Bodenbiologische Kenngrössen, wie der Gehalt an mikrobieller Biomasse und die Bodenrespiration, die als Indikatoren der Bodenfruchtbarkeit diskutiert werden, zeigen, dass sich die biologische Landwirtschaft nicht nur auf die bearbeitete Bodenschicht direkt auswirkt, sondern auch auf jene Bodenschichten positiv Einfluss nimmt, die unter dem Pflughorizont liegen. date: 1999 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26792/1/FLiessbach_et_al_1999_RB.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Imhof, David; Brunner, Thomas and Wüthrich, Christoph (1999) Tiefenverteilung und zeitliche Dynamik der mikrobiellen Biomasse in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Böden. Regio Basiliensis, 40 (3), pp. 253-263. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36890/ title: Change of biological soil quality in organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK trial creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Krause, H.-M. creator: Kuhn, A. creator: Munyangabe, A. creator: Stehle, B. creator: Sauter, M. creator: Perrochet, F. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research description: The DOK trial has started in the 1970ies, when first reports warned us on the consequences of our actions and the limits to growth. Even though farmers and a huge research community know better, we are still not managing our soils in a sustainable way. It seems inevitable that the mainstream agriculture wants to go beyond natural frontiers. Soils have an enormous buffering capacity, but this ends, when ecosystems are collapsing not only at the local, but also at the global level. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36890/1/fliessbach-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p33.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Krause, H.-M.; Kuhn, A.; Munyangabe, A.; Stehle, B.; Sauter, M.; Perrochet, F. and Mäder, P. (2019) Change of biological soil quality in organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK trial. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 33. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/305/ title: Carbon Source Utilization by Microbial Communities in Soils under Organic and Conventional Farming Practice creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Farming Systems subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: In a long-term field trial in which organic and conventional agricultural systems were compared since 1978 we analyzed soil microbial biomass, microbial activity and substrate utilization patterns by the Biolog GN microplates. Microbial biomass and the Cmic -to-Corg ratio was distinctly higher in organic plots whilst the metabolic quotient qCO2 as an indicator of the energy requirement of soil microorganisms was lower. Substrate utilization profiles were affected by the different lon-term treatments, but also indicated differences of short-term effects like crop and soil management steps. publisher: Springer-Verlag Berlin contributor: Insam, Heribert contributor: Rangger, Andrea date: 1997 type: Book chapter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/305/1/Submeco_1997.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (1997) Carbon Source Utilization by Microbial Communities in Soils under Organic and Conventional Farming Practice. In: Insam, Heribert and Rangger, Andrea (Eds.) Microbial Communities - Functional versus Structural Approaches. Springer-Verlag Berlin, pp. 109-120. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25236/ title: Organic farming enhances soil fertility and biodiversity creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie subject: Soil quality subject: Soil tillage subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: The DOK-long term trial - unique in his conception - compares the consequences of bio-dynamic, bio-organic and conventional farming systems in a randomised plot trial. The field trial was started in 1978. In the beginning the main goals were agronomic: yield and product quality. In the last decade, therefor research has focused on processes in the soil and the long-term effects of organic farming practice on the environment.The database of agronomic results of more than twenty years has stimulatad the discussion about farming systems and has contributed significantly to the general acceptance of organic farming. publisher: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) date: 2000 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/25236/1/1090-doc.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Dubois, David and Gunst, Lucie (2000) Organic farming enhances soil fertility and biodiversity. Dossier/Fact sheet. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-Frick. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25234/ title: Le bio améliore la fertilité du sol et la biodiversité creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Dubois, David creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Gunst, Lucie subject: Soil quality subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil tillage description: Résultats de 21 ans d'essai DOC (Dossier N° 1) Dans un langage accessible au plus grand nombre, ce dossier présente les résultats marquants de 21 années d'essai DOC. Cette expérience de terrain offre une comparaison à long terme des méthodes de culture biodynamique (D), bio-organique (O) et conventionnelle (C). Font l'objet d'une mise en évidence et d'un commentaire, les rendements, les exportations et prélèvements d'éléments fertilisants, les effets sur la vie, la structure et la biodiversité du sol. publisher: Institut de recherche de l'agriculture biologique (FiBL) date: 2001 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: fr identifier: /id/eprint/25234/1/1190-dok.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Dubois, David; Pfiffner, Lukas and Gunst, Lucie (2001) Le bio améliore la fertilité du sol et la biodiversité. Dossier/Fiche d'information. Institut de recherche de l'agriculture biologique (FiBL), CH-Frick. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29308/ title: Welche landwirtschaftlichen Anbausysteme fördern das Bodenleben? creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Oehl, Fritz creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Hartmann, Martin creator: Widmer, Franco subject: "Organics" in general subject: Soil quality subject: Crop combinations and interactions subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: In einem weltweit einmaligen Langzeit-Feldexperiment in der Nähe von Basel werden seit 1978 biologische und konventionelle Anbauweisen in einer 7-jährigen Fruchtfolge miteinander verglichen. Die Landbausysteme wirken sich unterschiedlich auf das Bodenleben aus. Vor allem die biologischen Verfahren fördern die Menge, die Aktivität und die Diversität von Bodenlebewesen. Mit der Entwicklung neuer Methoden sind weitere Erkenntnisgewinne möglich geworden. date: 2015 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/29308/1/fliessbach-etal-2015-hotspot-32-biodiversitaet-p8-9.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen; Oehl, Fritz; Pfiffner, Lukas; Hartmann, Martin and Widmer, Franco (2015) Welche landwirtschaftlichen Anbausysteme fördern das Bodenleben? HOTSPOT, 2015, 32, pp. 8-9. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25233/ title: L'agricoltura bio accresce la fertilità del suolo e la biodiversità creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie subject: Soil quality subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil tillage description: Risultati di 21 anni di ricerca DOK (Dossier No 1) publisher: Istituto di ricerche dell’agricoltura biologica (FiBL) date: 2003 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: it identifier: /id/eprint/25233/1/1334-dok.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Pfiffner, Lukas; Dubois, David and Gunst, Lucie (2003) L'agricoltura bio accresce la fertilità del suolo e la biodiversità. Dossier/Faktenblatt. Istituto di ricerche dell’agricoltura biologica (FiBL), CH-Frick. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2913/ title: Bio fördert Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Artenvielfalt - Erkenntnisse aus 21 Jahren DOK-Versuch creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: In leicht verständlicher Sprache fasst das Dossier die eindrücklichen Ergebnisse aus dem DOK-Langzeitversuch zusammen, in dem die biologisch-dynamische mit der organisch-biologischen und der konventionellen Anbaumethode verglichen werden. Ausgewertet und kommentiert werden die Erträge, Nährstoffzufuhr und -entzug, Bodenstruktur, Bodenleben und Artenvielfalt. publisher: Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) date: 2000 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2913/1/1089-dok.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul; Pfiffner, Lukas; Dubois, David and Gunst, Lucie (2000) Bio fördert Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Artenvielfalt - Erkenntnisse aus 21 Jahren DOK-Versuch. [Organic farming enhances soil fertility and biodiversity Results from a 21 year old field trial.] FiBL-Dossier. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), CH-Frick. identifier: urn:ISBN:978-3-906081-05-2 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25983/ title: Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Nietlispach, Bruno creator: Messmer, Monika creator: Rodríguez-Romero, Ana-Sue creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil description: An experiment was carried out in a climate chamber to analyse if Bt-maize may cause particular changes in soils with different levels of microbial biomass and activity due to long-term management history. Among the soils selected, the ones managed organically for 30 years exhibited twice the microbial biomass and 2.6 times the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the soil from a field with long-term conventional maize monoculture. Soils were cultivated twice in a row with Bt-maize, its near-isogenic line and a conventional breeding line. We tested the hypotheses that (a) soil microbial biomass and activity are affected by the cultivation of Bt-maize and that (b) the influence of Btmaize depends on the level of soil microbial biomass and activity. Shoot and root yield and shoot C-content of Btmaize were higher than the ones of the near-isogenic line. DHA under Bt-maize was 6 % higher, and the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) was 9 % lower than under its nearisogenic line, giving some support to hypothesis (a). No significant interactions of the soils and the varieties used were found in this study, thus hypothesis (b) was not confirmed, and soils with different microbial biomass and activity appear to react in a similar way to the cultivation of Bt-maize. date: 2013-01-29 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/25983/1/Fliessbach_et_al_2013_BFSa.pdf identifier: Fliessbach, Andreas; Nietlispach, Bruno; Messmer, Monika; Rodríguez-Romero, Ana-Sue and Mäder, Paul (2013) Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 49 (7), pp. 829-837. relation: 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 identifier: 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 identifier: urn:ISSN:0178-2762 identifier: info:doi/10.1007/s00374-013-0776-8 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52953/ title: Der DOK-Versuch – Anbausysteme im Vergleich | FiBL Focus creator: Gabel, Vanessa Maria creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality subject: Soil tillage subject: Research communication and quality subject: Environmental aspects description: 1978 wurde von Landwirten und Forschenden gemeinsam der berühmte DOK-Versuch in Therwil bei Basel eingerichtet. Dort werden seitdem die Anbausysteme "biologisch-dynamisch" (D), "biologisch-organisch" (O) und "konventionell" (K) miteinander verglichen. Der DOK-Versuch ist damit weltweit der am längsten andauernde Systemvergleichsversuch in der Landwirtschaft. In der aktuellen Podcast-Folge spricht Vanessa Gabel mit den beiden Gästen, Paul Mäder vom FiBL Schweiz und Jochen Mayer von Agroscope, über ihre langjährigen Erfahrungen im DOK-Versuch, der von beiden Institutionen gemeinsam geleitet wird. Die beiden Forscher erklären den Versuchsaufbau und fassen die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse zusammen. Sie berichten darüber, was den Versuch so besonders macht und welche Highlights aber auch welche Schwierigkeiten sie erlebt haben. Sie erzählen, warum der Versuch auch heute noch neue und zum Teil auch unerwartete Ergebnisse hervorbringt und was sie in der Zukunft noch gerne im DOK untersuchen würden. date: 2024 type: Web product type: NonPeerReviewed format: audio/x-wav language: de identifier: /id/eprint/52953/1/14735338-der-dok-versuch identifier: Gabel, Vanessa Maria; Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2024) Der DOK-Versuch – Anbausysteme im Vergleich | FiBL Focus. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL, CH-Frick . Online at https://www.buzzsprout.com/1774931/14735338-der-dok-versuch , accessed on: March 2024. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/32747/ title: Crop traits drive soil carbon sequestration under organic farming creator: García-Palacios, Pablo creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene creator: Brussaard, Lijbert creator: Carvalho, Filipe creator: Castro, Helena creator: Clément, Jean-Christophe creator: De Deyn, Gerlinde creator: D’Hertefeldt, Tina creator: Foulquier, Arnaud creator: Hedlund, Katarina creator: Lavorel, Sandra creator: Legay, Nicolas creator: Lori, Martina creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Martínez-García, Laura B. creator: Martins da Silva, Pedro creator: Müller, Adrian creator: Nascimento, Eduardo creator: Reis, Filipa creator: Symanczik, Sarah creator: Paulo Sousa, José creator: Milla, Rubén subject: "Organics" in general subject: Soil quality description: 1. Organic farming (OF) enhances top soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in croplands compared with conventional farming (CF), which can contribute to sequester C. As farming system differences in the amount of C inputs to soil (e.g. fertilization and crop residues) are not enough to explain such increase, shifts in crop residue traits important for soil C losses such as litter decomposition may also play a role. 2. To assess whether crop residue (leaf and root) traits determined SOC sequestration responses to OF, we coupled a global meta-analysis with field measurements across a European-wide network of sites. In the meta-analysis, we related crop species averages of leaf N, leaf-dry matter content, fine-root C and N, with SOC stocks and sequestration responses in OF vs. CF. Across six European sites, we measured the management-induced changes in SOC stocks and leaf litter traits after long-term ecological intensive (e.g. OF) vs. CF comparisons. 3. Our global meta-analysis showed that the positive OF-effects on soil respiration, SOC stocks, and SOC sequestration rates were significant even in organic farms with low manure application rates. Although fertilization intensity was the main driver of OF-effects on SOC, leaf and root N concentrations also played a significant role. Across the six European sites, changes towards higher leaf litter N in CF also promoted lower SOC stocks. 4. Our results highlight that crop species displaying traits indicative of resource-acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf and root N) increase the difference in SOC between OF and CF. Indeed, changes towards higher crop residue decomposability was related with decreased SOC stocks under CF across European sites. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study emphasizes that, with management, changes in crop residue traits contribute to the positive effects of organic farming (OF) on soil carbon sequestration. These results provide a clear message to land managers: the choice of crop species, and more importantly their functional traits (e.g. leave and root nitrogen), should be considered in addition to management practices and climate, when evaluating the potential of OF for climate change mitigation. date: 2018 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/32747/1/Garcia-Palacios-etal-2018-JApplEcol-online-p1-10.pdf identifier: García-Palacios, Pablo; Gattinger, Andreas; Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene; Brussaard, Lijbert; Carvalho, Filipe; Castro, Helena; Clément, Jean-Christophe; De Deyn, Gerlinde; D’Hertefeldt, Tina; Foulquier, Arnaud; Hedlund, Katarina; Lavorel, Sandra; Legay, Nicolas; Lori, Martina; Mäder, Paul; Martínez-García, Laura B.; Martins da Silva, Pedro; Müller, Adrian; Nascimento, Eduardo; Reis, Filipa; Symanczik, Sarah; Paulo Sousa, José and Milla, Rubén (2018) Crop traits drive soil carbon sequestration under organic farming. Journal of Applied Ecology, online, pp. 1-10. relation: DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13113 identifier: DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13113 identifier: info:doi/DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13113 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36205/ title: Auswirkungen des langfristigen ökologischen Landbaus auf bodenbürtige Treibhausgasemissionen creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Krauss, Maike creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Air and water emissions description: Despite the increase in organic cropland, knowledge on the impact of organic farming on soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions is rather limited. To improve the knowledge base, N2O and CH4 fluxes were investigated in a 571 day lasting cropping sequence in the “DOK” field trial. Two organic and two non-organic farming systems and an unfertilized control were chosen. For the whole monitoring, the two organic systems combined emitted 40% less N2O than the two non-organic ones cumulated on area-scale. Yield-scaled cumulated N2O emissions were nearly 10% lower for the organic systems combined, despite the yield gap of 27%. We found that besides N input, management induced soil quality properties drive differences in N2O emissions between farming systems as well. This supports the effort to invest in soil quality by ecological intensification not only to lower the environmental burden of agriculture but also to mitigate greenhouse gases publisher: Verlag Dr. Köster contributor: Mühlrath, Daniel contributor: Albrecht, Joana contributor: Finckh, Maria R. contributor: Hamm, Ulrich contributor: Heß, Jürgen contributor: Knierim, Ute contributor: Möller, Detlev date: 2019-03-05 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/36205/1/Beitrag_278_final_a.pdf identifier: Gattinger, Andreas; Skinner, Colin; Krauss, Maike and Mäder, Paul (2019) Auswirkungen des langfristigen ökologischen Landbaus auf bodenbürtige Treibhausgasemissionen. [The impact of long-term organic farming on soil-derived greenhouse gas emissions.] In: Mühlrath, Daniel; Albrecht, Joana; Finckh, Maria R.; Hamm, Ulrich; Heß, Jürgen; Knierim, Ute and Möller, Detlev (Eds.) Innovatives Denken für eine nachhaltige Land- und Ernährungswirtschaft. Beiträge zur 15. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Kassel, 5. bis 8. März 2019, Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin. identifier: urn:ISBN:978-3-89574-955-163 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36892/ title: Soil-derived greenhouse gas emissions as influenced by farming management creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Skinner, C. creator: Krause, H.-M. creator: Kraus, M. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Recycling, balancing and resource management subject: Air and water emissions description: Agricultural practices contribute considerably to emissions of greenhouse gases. So far, knowledge on the impact of organic compared to non-organic farming on soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions is rather limited. Meta-studies studies show, that organically managed soils emit less N2O and take up more CH4 than those under non-organic management. This in contrast of that what has been found in the laboratory with soil material from the DOK trial. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36892/1/gattinger-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p45.pdf identifier: Gattinger, Andreas; Skinner, C.; Krause, H.-M.; Kraus, M. and Mäder, P. (2019) Soil-derived greenhouse gas emissions as influenced by farming management. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 45. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/53087/ title: Biodynamische Böden erhalten gutes Zeugnis im DOK-Versuch creator: Grossrieder, Beat subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring subject: Air and water emissions description: Biodynamisch gepflegte Äcker sind belebter, haben mehr Humus und produzieren weniger Treibhausgase. date: 2024 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/53087/1/Bioaktuell_03_2024_grossrieder_DOK-Versuch.pdf identifier: Grossrieder, Beat (2024) Biodynamische Böden erhalten gutes Zeugnis im DOK-Versuch. Bioaktuell, 2024 (3), p. 11. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36893/ title: Long-term organic matter application reduces cadmium but not zinc concentrations in wheat creator: Grüter, R. creator: Costerousse, B. creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Thonar, C. creator: Frossard, Emmanuel creator: Schulin, R. creator: Tandy, S. subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Nutrient turnover description: Wheat is a staple food crop and a major source of both the essential micronutrient zinc (Zn) and the toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd) for humans. Since Zn and Cd are chemically similar, increasing Zn concentrations in wheat grains (biofortification), while preventing Cd accumulation, is an agronomic challenge. We used two Swiss agricultural long-term field trials, the “Dynamic-Organic-Conventional System Comparison Trial” (DOK) and the “Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment” (ZOFE), to investigate the impact of long-term organic, mineral and combined fertilizer inputs on total and phytoavailable concentrations of soil Zn and Cd and their accumulation in winter wheat ( L.). “Diffusive gradients in thin films” (DGT) and diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction were used as proxies for plant available soil metals. Compared to unfertilized controls, long-term organic fertilization with composted manure or green waste compost led to higher soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and pH, while DGT-available Zn and Cd concentrations were reduced. The DGT method was a strong predictor of shoot and grain Cd, but not Zn concentrations. Shoot and grain Zn concentrations correlated with DTPA-extractable and total soil Zn concentrations in the ZOFE, but not the DOK trial. Long-term compost fertilization led to lower accumulation of Cd in wheat grains, but did not affect grain Zn. Therefore, Zn/Cd ratios in the grains increased. High Zn and Cd inputs with organic fertilizers and high Cd inputs with phosphate fertilizers led to positive Zn and Cd mass balances when taking into account atmospheric deposition and fertilizer inputs. On the other hand, mineral fertilization led to the depletion of soil Zn due to higher yields and thus higher Zn exports than under organic management. The study supports the use of organic fertilizers for reducing Cd concentrations of wheat grains in the long-term, given that the quality of the fertilizers is guaranteed. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36893/1/frossard-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p48.pdf identifier: Grüter, R.; Costerousse, B.; Mayer, J.; Mäder, P.; Thonar, C.; Frossard, Emmanuel; Schulin, R. and Tandy, S. (2019) Long-term organic matter application reduces cadmium but not zinc concentrations in wheat. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 48. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/23227/ title: DOK-Versuch: Nährstoffversorgung in Winterweizen – Wo wird es eng? creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Richner, Walter creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Nutrient turnover description: Das Ziel des seit 1978 durchgeführten DOK-Systemversuchs in Therwil BL ist der Vergleich zwischen einem biologisch-dynamischen (D), einem organisch-biologischen (O), einem konventionellen (K; organisch-mineralische Düngung) und einem konventionell-mineralischen (M; ausschliesslich mineralische Düngung) Anbausystem im Hinblick auf nachhaltigen Pflanzenbau und Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Der Versuch verfügt über zwei Düngungsniveaus (Tab. 1) und erlaubt die Untersuchung der Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Nährstoffversorgung auf die Ertragsbildung und Aussagen zu Limitierungen einzelner Pflanzennährstoffe. date: 2013 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/23227/1/Gunst-etal-2013-AgrarforschungSchweiz-4-p74-81.pdf identifier: Gunst, Lucie; Richner, Walter; Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2013) DOK-Versuch: Nährstoffversorgung in Winterweizen – Wo wird es eng? Agrarforschung Schweiz, 2013, 4 (2), pp. 74-81. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36891/ title: New insights in below ground nitrogen of clover-grass mixtures creator: Hammelehle, Andreas creator: Oberson, A. creator: Lüscher, A. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Mayer, J. subject: Soil quality subject: Crop combinations and interactions description: Estimates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) of clover in mixtures usually consider only aboveground clover nitrogen (N). However, belowground inputs of clover N derived from SNF via roots and rhizodeposition and its transfer to associated grass may contribute significantly to the amount of symbiotically fixed clover N. A microplot study with a red clover ( L.)-perennial ryegrass ( L.) model mixture was conducted within zero fertilised, bio-organic and conventional field plots of the DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Konventionell) long-term experiment during two consecutive years. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36891/1/hammelehle-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p39.pdf identifier: Hammelehle, Andreas; Oberson, A.; Lüscher, A.; Mäder, P. and Mayer, J. (2019) New insights in below ground nitrogen of clover-grass mixtures. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 39. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17238/ title: Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems creator: Hildermann, Isabell subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Breeding, genetics and propagation description: Global betrachtet war die Steigerung der Erträge zur Bekämpfung von Hunger in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten das Hauptziel in der Weizenzüchtung (Triticum aestivum L). Mit der Einführung von Verzwergungsgenen wurde der Ernteindex verbessert, der das Verhältnis Kornertrag zur oberirdischen Gesamtbiomasse darstellt. Begleitet von einer ansteigenden Zufuhr von Stickstoff- (N) und Phosphor- (P) Düngern und der Anwendung von Pestiziden hat dies zu einem beträchtlichen Ertragszuwachs geführt. Durch die jahrzehntelange Züchtung auf Hochertragssorten für den intensiven Anbau wurde möglicherweise das optimale Düngungsniveau im Weizenanbau verschoben und so indirekt auf Sorten mit einem höheren Nährstoffbedarf selektiert. Arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza können zur Nährstoffversorgung von Pflanzen vor allem unter nährstofflimitierten Bedingungen beitragen. Ergebnisse aus der Literatur lassen vermuten, dass die Züchtung unter nährstoffreichen Bedingungen dazu geführt haben könnte, dass moderne Sorten die Fähigkeit zur Kolonisierung mit arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza verloren haben. Aus dieser Situation heraus ergibt sich die Frage, ob Sorten, die aus solchen Züchtungsprogrammen hervorgegangen sind, für den biologischen Anbau geeignet sind. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stand die Beurteilung der Notwendigkeit spezifischer Züchtungsprogramme für den biologischen Landbau. Dabei wurde folgende Hypothese überprüft: Sorten, die unter biologischen Bedingungen gezüchtet worden sind, sind besser an die Bedingungen im biologischen Landbau angepasst als konventionell gezüchtete Hochleistungssorten. Zwei einjährige Feldstudien mit je acht bis zehn Winterweizensorten wurden in insgesamt sieben Umwelten durchgeführt. Eine erste Studie wurde 2007 im biologischen und konventionellen Verfahren im DOK-Langzeitversuch durchgeführt, in dem verschiedene Anbausysteme seit 1978 verglichen werden. In einer zweiten Studie wurden die Sorten 2008 unter Praxisbedingungen auf biologisch bewirtschafteten Betrieben in verschiedenen pedo-klimatischen Regionen der Schweiz geprüft. Im Gegensatz zum DOK-Langzeitversuch, einem fruchtbaren Löss-Standort, waren die Praxisbetriebe auf sandigen bis sandig-lehmigen Böden und hatten ein insgesamt geringeres Ertragspotenzial. Teilziele der Arbeit waren (i) der Vergleich der Erträge, der Backqualität und der Nährstoffeffizienz von modernen Winterweizensorten aus biologischen und konventionellen Züchtungsprogrammen sowie alten Sorten, angebaut unter biologischen und konventionellen Bedingungen im DOK-Langzeitversuch auf fruchtbarem Lössboden, (ii) der Vergleich der Leistung dieser Sorten auf drei biologisch bewirtschafteten Praxisbetrieben an Standorten mit geringem Ertragspotenzial, (iii) die Analyse der phänotypischen Stabilität der Sorten und (iv) die Bestimmung der Wurzelkolonisierung mit arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza unter Feldbedingungen sowie deren Korrelationen mit der Nährstoffkonzentration von Phosphor (P), Mangan (Mn) und Zink (Zn) im Pflanzengewebe und im Korn, mit der Nährstoffaufnahme ins Korn und mit dem Kornertrag. Im DOK-Langzeitversuch waren 2007 die Kornerträge unter konventionellen Bedingungen deutlich höher als unter biologischen Bedingungen. Erwartungsgemäss erzielten die konventionell gezüchteten Sorten die höchsten Erträge innerhalb des konventionellen Anbauverfahrens während die biologisch gezüchteten Sorten keine Überlegenheit gegenüber den konventionellen Sorten in den biologischen Systemen zeigten. Im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen im DOK-Langzeitversuch, waren die Erträge der biologisch gezüchteten Sorten auf den drei biologischen Praxisbetrieben in 2008 leicht höher als die der alten und der konventionell gezüchteten Sorten. Signifikant gesichert war dieser Unterschied am Standort mit dem insgesamt tiefsten Ertragsniveau. In allen geprüften Umwelten stieg die Backqualität deutlich von den alten zu den modernen biologisch und konventionell gezüchteten Sorten an. Unter biologischer Bewirtschaftung war die Stickstoffeffizienz aller Sorten generell höher als unter konventionellen Bedingungen und stieg auch mit dem Jahr der Zulassung der Sorten an. Auf den ertragsschwächeren Praxisbetrieben war die Stickstoffeffizienz der biologisch gezüchteten Sorten höher als die der konventionell gezüchteten Sorten. Dies konnte in den biologischen Anbauverfahren am fruchtbaren DOK-Standort nicht bestätigt werden. Im DOK-Langzeitversuch mit dem direkten Vergleich der biologischen und konventionellen Anbauverfahren traten keine signifikanten Genotyp-Umwelt-Wechselwirkungen für agronomisch wichtige Parameter auf. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden in 2008 zwischen den drei Praxisbetrieben und auch in der Gesamtanalyse über alle sieben Prüfumwelten in 2007 und 2008 signifikante Genotyp-Umwelt-Wechselwirkungen festgestellt. Dieses Ergebnis unterstreicht die grosse Bedeutung einer Selektion unter den jeweiligen Zielumwelten. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Studie, dass Selektion nicht nur unter Biobedingungen stattfinden sollte, sondern an möglichst vielen und möglichst unterschiedlichen Standorten, die ein breites Spektrum der Anbausysteme innerhalb des Biolandbaus widerspiegeln. In Bezug auf Kornertrag und Nährstoffeffizienz ist eine Sorte dann für den biologischen Anbau geeignet, wenn sie dynamisch auf gegebene Umweltbedingungen reagiert. In dieser Studie bedeutet dies eine konstante Zunahme des Kornertrags von den drei marginalen Standorten zu den Bio-Anbauverfahren im DOK-Langzeitversuch. Im Gegensatz dazu wird für Parameter der Backqualität wie z.B. der Feuchtkleberindex eine statische Stabilität benötigt. Dies bedeutet, dass eine Sorte das gleiche Ergebnis in verschiedenen Umwelten erzielt. Eine der biologisch gezüchteten Sorten zeigte gleichzeitig eine hohe Stabilität für die drei Parameter Kornertrag, Stickstoffnutzungseffizienz und Feuchtkleberindex. Die Wurzelkolonisierung der Weizensorten mit arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza war unter biologischen Bedingungen höher als unter konventionellen Bedingungen. Ein signifikanter Sortenunterschied konnte aber nicht festgestellt werden. In einem biologischen System und in der ungedüngten Kontrolle zeigte sich im DOK-Langzeitversuch eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Wurzelkolonisierung und der P Konzentration im Spross bei der Bestockung. Im konventionellen System im DOK-Langzeitversuch und in den Praxisversuchen wurde keine Korrelation beobachtet. Dies könnte ein Hinweis sein, dass unter spezifischen biologischen Anbaubedingungen eine höhere Wurzelkolonisierung zu einer besseren P-Versorgung beitragen kann. Jedoch zeigte sich dieser Effekt nur in einem frühen Entwicklungsstadium und spiegelte sich nicht in einer höheren P-Aufnahme oder einem höheren Kornertrag wider. Auch konnten keine konsistenten Korrelationen zwischen der Mykorrhiza-Wurzelkolonisierung und den Konzentrationen von Mn und Zn festgestellt werden. Molekulargenetische Studien zur Diversität der arbuskulären Mykorrhizierung mit einer grösseren Anzahl von Sorten, die unter nährstoffarmen Bedingungen angebaut werden, könnten Aufschluss über die Co-Evolution von Weizen und Mykorrhiza im Verlauf der Züchtung geben. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Studie die Notwendigkeit, biologisch bewirtschaftete Flächen in Züchtungsprogramme für den Biolandbau einzuschliessen. Wichtig ist dies vor allem in fortgeschrittenen Generationen des Zuchtprogrammes, ab denen die Ertragsselektion stattfindet. Die Hypothese, dass die Fähigkeit von Weizen zur Mykorrhizierung bei modernen Hochleistungssorten verloren gegangen ist, hat sich nicht bestätigt. date: 2010 type: Thesis type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/17238/1/Hildermann_Diss_Zusammenfassung.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17238/4/Hildermann_Diss_Summary.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/17238/7/hildermann-2010-dissertation-weizenzuechtung.pdf identifier: Hildermann, Isabell (2010) Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. PhD thesis, Botanisches Institut , Sektion Pflanzenphysiologie an der Universität Basel. . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17911/ title: Nutrient use efficiency and arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial creator: Hildermann, Isabell creator: Messmer, Monika creator: Dubois, David creator: Boller, Thomas creator: Wiemken, Andres creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Breeding, genetics and propagation subject: Crop health, quality, protection description: BACKGROUND: For organic farming, cultivars are required with high nutrient use efficiency under nutrient limited conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to contribute to nutrient uptake under low input conditions. We compared nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of old and modern organically and conventionally bred cultivars in organic and conventional systems and assessed AMF-root colonisation (AMF-RC) in relation to nutrient concentrations. RESULTS: Cultivars and systems had a statistically significant effect on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and NUE parameters, whereas no genotype × environment interactions appeared. In contrast to N and P uptake, the NUE parameters were higher under organic than under conventional conditions. NUE for N increased with the year of release of cultivars. In the organic systems, the organically bred cultivars could not outperform the conventionally bred cultivars in grain yield and NUE parameters. AMF-RC was higher in the organic than in the conventional system, but did not differ among cultivars. CONCLUSION: Cultivars achieving high NUE in the organic systems were found among modern cultivars, irrespective of the breeding programme. Nutrient conditions during the breeding programme did not affect AMF-RC. No clear evidence was found that AMF symbiosis contributed more to nutrient concentrations under low input than under high input conditions. publisher: Society of Chemical Industry date: 2010 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17911/1/Hildermann-etal-2010-jsci-food-agric.pdf identifier: Hildermann, Isabell; Messmer, Monika; Dubois, David; Boller, Thomas; Wiemken, Andres and Mäder, Paul (2010) Nutrient use efficiency and arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90 (12), pp. 2027-2038. relation: DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4048 identifier: DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4048 identifier: info:doi/DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4048 type: Journal paper type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article relation: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/222645 rights: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17849/ title: Yield and baking quality of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial creator: Hildermann, Isabell creator: Thommen, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Boller, Thomas creator: Wiemken, Andres creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil biology subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: A challenge in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding for organic farming is to provide high-yielding cultivars with appropriate baking qualities under the limiting conditions of organic fertiliser input and without the use of pesticides. Cultivars are usually tested on organic and conventional farms. However, field properties may differ owing to spatial variations of soils and microclimate heterogeneity. In this study, old, organically bred and conventionally bred cultivars were tested in organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long-term system comparison trial. publisher: Society of Chemical Industry date: 2009 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17849/1/Hildermann-etal-2009-jsci-food-agric.pdf identifier: Hildermann, Isabell; Thommen, Andreas; Dubois, David; Boller, Thomas; Wiemken, Andres and Mäder, Paul (2009) Yield and baking quality of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89 (14), pp. 2477-2491. relation: DOI 10.1002/jsfa.3750 identifier: DOI 10.1002/jsfa.3750 identifier: info:doi/DOI 10.1002/jsfa.3750 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36887/ title: Soil phosphorus (P) budgets, P availability and P use efficiencies in conventional and organic cropping systems of the DOK trial creator: Jarosch, Klaus A. creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Oberson, A. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Composting and manuring subject: Nutrient turnover description: Cropping systems rely on the provision of adequate amounts of phosphorus (P) to enable stable crop yields. A balanced application of P is necessary to avoid reduced crop yields (in case of too low application rates), but also to avoid P losses to other ecosystems (in case of too high application rates). While in conventional cropping systems the use of synthetic P fertilizers is common practice, organic cropping systems mostly rely on organic P inputs such as farmyard manure or compost. We aimed to answer if different cropping systems attain balanced P application rates in the long run, and how plant P availability is affected by different cropping systems and forms of fertilizers applied. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36887/1/jarosch-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p29.pdf identifier: Jarosch, Klaus A.; Mayer, J.; Mäder, P.; Frossard, E. and Oberson, A. (2019) Soil phosphorus (P) budgets, P availability and P use efficiencies in conventional and organic cropping systems of the DOK trial. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 29. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17860/ title: Long-term effects of organic farming on fungal and bacterial residues in relation to microbial energy metabolism creator: Joergensen, Rainer Georg creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fließbach, Andreas subject: Soil biology description: Samples from the bio-dynamic, bio-organic, and conventional trial, Therwil, Switzerland, were analyzed with the aim of determining the effects of organic land use management on the energy metabolism of the soil microbial biomass and on the fraction of microbial residues. The contents of adenylates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucosamine, muramic acid, and galactosamine were significantly largest in the biodynamic organic farming (BYODIN) treatment and significantly lowest in the conventional farming treatment with inorganic fertilization (CONMIN). In contrast, the ergosterol-to-ATP ratio and fungal C-to-bacterial C ratios were significantly lowest in the BYODIN treatment and significantly largest in the CONMIN treatment. No clear treatment effects were observed for the ergosterol content and the adenylate energy charge (AEC), the ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio and the ergosterol-to-fungal C ratio. Ergosterol, an indicator for saprotrophic fungal biomass, and fungal residues were significantly correlated. The microbial biomass carbon-to-nitrogen ratio showed a negative relationship with the AEC and strong positive relationships with the ratios ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C, ergosterol-to-ATP and fungal C-to-bacterial C. In conclusion, the long-term application of farmyard manure in combination with organic farming practices led to an increased accumulation of bacterial residues. publisher: Springer date: 2010 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17860/1/Joergensen-etal-2010-biol-fertil-soils.pdf identifier: Joergensen, Rainer Georg; Mäder, Paul and Fließbach, Andreas (2010) Long-term effects of organic farming on fungal and bacterial residues in relation to microbial energy metabolism. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 46 (3), pp. 303-307. relation: DOI: 10.1007/s00374-009-0433-4 identifier: DOI: 10.1007/s00374-009-0433-4 identifier: info:doi/DOI: 10.1007/s00374-009-0433-4 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13144/ title: DOK - Versuch: Anbausystem-Effekte auf die Regenwürmer creator: Jossi, Werner creator: Zihlmann, Urs creator: Dubois, David creator: Pfiffner, Lukas subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Crop husbandry description: Im DOK-Versuch werden seit 1978 zwei biologische und zwei konventionelle Anbauverfahren sowie ein ungedüngtes Kontrollverfahren miteinander verglichen. Regenwurm-Erhebungen von 2001 bis 2005 haben gezeigt, dass sowohl bei der Biomasse wie bei der Anzahl Regenwürmer keine gesicherten Unterschiede zwischen den mit Mist und Gülle gedüngten Verfahren D2, O2 und K2 festzustellen sind. Dabei waren die Werte generell auf einem für Ackerböden hohen Niveau. Gegenüber früheren Erhebungen konnten mit dem Verzicht regenwurmtoxischer Pflanzenschutzmittel seit 1992 die Regenwürmer auch in den konventionellen Verfahren geschont und regeneriert werden. Das rein mineralisch gedüngte Verfahren M2 wies gegenüber den Hauptverfahren eine 13 % geringere Regenwurm-Biomasse auf, was mit der fehlenden organischen Düngung erklärt wird. Die tiefsten Werte wurden im ungedüngten Verfahren N festgestellt (minus 25 %). Sowohl im biologischen als auch im konventionellen Anbau wurden die Regenwurm-Populationen in den gedüngten Verfahren am stärksten durch die Bodenbearbeitung (Pflug) beeinflusst. Der Anbau von Kleegras förderte die Regenwürmer deutlich. Insgesamt wurden in sieben Erhebungen elf verschiedene Regenwurmarten festgestellt. date: 2007 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13144/1/jossi-etal-2007-dok_AF.pdf identifier: Jossi, Werner; Zihlmann, Urs; Dubois, David and Pfiffner, Lukas (2007) DOK - Versuch: Anbausystem-Effekte auf die Regenwürmer. AgrarForschung, 14 (2), pp. 66-71. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14255/ title: Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsverfahren auf P-Formen und P-Dynamik im Boden creator: Keller, Martina creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Frossard, Emmanuel creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Bünemann, Else K. subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil subject: Composting and manuring description: The impact of cropping systems on soil phosphorus (P) forms and P dynamics was studied. The systems were a biodynamic (DYN), a bioorganic (BIO), a conventional (CON), a stockless system (MIN) and an unfertilized control (NON). These cropping systems are part of the DOK field trial in Therwil near Basel. The systems differed in fertilization and plant protection. The P budgets over 30 years were negative except for CON and increased in the order: NON < DYN < ORG < MIN < CON. A sequential P extraction scheme was used to characterize the P forms in soil samples from 2007 and 1977 (before the start of the trial). Labile inorganic P (Pi) forms differed significantly between cropping systems. Organic P forms (Po) and stable Pi forms were not affected by the cropping systems apart from Po in concentrated HCl extract. The comparison between P forms in the soils of 2007 and 1977 revealed depletion in labile Pi forms in all systems. The changes were related to the P budget. Po changes were small and thus most of Po appears to be strongly stabilized in the soil. date: 2009 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14255/1/Keller_14255.pdf identifier: Keller, Martina; Oberson, Astrid; Frossard, Emmanuel; Mäder, Paul; Mayer, Jochen and Bünemann, Else K. (2009) Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsverfahren auf P-Formen und P-Dynamik im Boden. Poster at: 10. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zürich, 11.-13. Februar 2009. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/51713/ title: Organic cropping systems maintain yields but have lower yield levels and yield stability than conventional systems – Results from the DOK trial in Switzerland creator: Knapp, Samuel creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Ghiasi, Shiva creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality description: Sufficient and stable crop yields are the basis for feeding a growing world population. Limited cropland, climate change, degradation of soil quality and loss of biodiversity coupled with excessive use of non-renewable resources require new solutions for future cropping systems beyond existing management practices. Here we analyzed mean yields, temporal yield trends and the stability of organic and conventional cropping systems from the currently longest-lasting cropping system comparison, the DOK long-term systems comparison trial (DOK) comparing biodynamic, bioorganic and conventional cropping systems, over a period of 40 years. We used yield data of winter wheat, potatoes, grass-clover, maize and soybean in a seven-year rotation, where bioorganic and biodynamic farming systems were compared with conventional mixed and sole mineral fertilized systems. System treatments have been established at a reduced half and a regular fertilization level, which corresponds to standard Swiss farming practices. Yields were significantly lower in organic systems in non-legumes between 13% and 34%, depending on the investigated crop, whereas in legumes, no yield reduction was observed in soybean and only 10% was observed in grass-clover. Half the amount of fertilizer reduced yields by around 10% in all systems and crops. Applied mineral N determined yields mainly in winter wheat and potatoes. Temporal yield trends did not differ between organic and conventional systems, nor between half and regular fertilization over all crops. However, in winter wheat, both conventional and biodynamic management with regular fertilization showed a stronger temporal increase in yield, while yield of grass-clover under biodynamic management with half-fertilization decreased. Increased yield differences between systems in single years were due to poor performance of organic systems rather than better performance of conventional systems. Absolute stability (measured by the variance) did not differ, but conventional systems were more stable than organic ones in relative stability, measured by the coefficient of variation, expressing the stability in relation to the yield level. We found no difference in both absolute and relative stabilities between half and regular fertilization. Long-term organic management results in lower yields than conventional management, but not in a decrease of yields over time. The similarity in both stability measures between half and regular fertilization suggests that the variation in relative stability between organic and conventional management might be more related to plant protection than to fertilization intensity. date: 2023 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/51713/1/knapp-etal-2023-FieldCropsResearch-Vol302-No109072-p1-12.pdf identifier: Knapp, Samuel; Gunst, Lucie; Mäder, Paul; Ghiasi, Shiva and Mayer, Jochen (2023) Organic cropping systems maintain yields but have lower yield levels and yield stability than conventional systems – Results from the DOK trial in Switzerland. Field Crops Research, 302 (109072), pp. 1-12. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109072 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109072 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109072 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/53195/ title: Umweltwirkung und Produktivität von biologischen und konventionellen Systemen - Ergebnisse aus 42 Jahre DOK Versuch creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Jarosch, Klaus A. creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring subject: Soil tillage subject: Air and water emissions subject: Crop health, quality, protection description: Die Landwirtschaft ist eine der Haupttriebkräfte des globalen Wandels, und es werden dringend Produktionssysteme benötigt, die die Umwelt schonen. Der ökologische Landbau wird als Alternative zu konventionellen Anbausystemen angesehen, da er sich auf die Gesundheit der Böden und die langfristige Nachhaltigkeit konzentriert. Messungen über einen Zeitraum von 42 Jahren im DOK-Versuch, dem ältesten landwirtschaftlichen Systemvergleichsexperiment der Welt zeigen, dass Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff im Boden durch organischen Dünger stabilisiert und bei ausschließlicher Verwendung von Mineraldünger verringert werden. date: 2023 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/53195/1/Krause-2023-HBFLA_DOK_praesentation.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Jarosch, Klaus A.; Oberson, Astrid; Mayer, Jochen; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2023) Umweltwirkung und Produktivität von biologischen und konventionellen Systemen - Ergebnisse aus 42 Jahre DOK Versuch. Paper at: Biotagung 2023, HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Österreich, 16.11.2023. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/53217/ title: Benefits and Challenges of organic soil management creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Lori, Martina creator: Jarosch, Klaus creator: Hartmann, Martin creator: Meyer, Marius creator: Steffens, Markus creator: Müller, Ralf creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality subject: Crop husbandry subject: Air and water emissions description: Agriculture feeds a growing world population, but is also one of the main causes of the global environmental crisis. The sustainable use of soil as a resource is the key challenge for the agricultural sector. Using the example of the 45-year-old DOK trial near Basel, the opportunities for organic farming to provide important ecosystem services in the long term will be demonstrated. The lecture will focus on the effects of conventional and organic land use systems on soil quality indicators such as soil carbon, soil biology and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the limitations of organic land use systems will be discussed and further food for thought on sustainable land use will be provided. date: 2023 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/53217/1/Krause-2023-GeowissKolloquium_DOK_Abacus10015.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Lori, Martina; Jarosch, Klaus; Hartmann, Martin; Meyer, Marius; Steffens, Markus; Müller, Ralf; Oberson, Astrid; Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2023) Benefits and Challenges of organic soil management. Paper at: Geowissenschaftliches Kolloquium, Tübingen, Germany, 18.12.2023. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/53194/ title: Crop production and environmental performance in organic and conventional farming systems. Results from a 42 years old field experiment creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Lori, Martina creator: Jarosch, Klaus A. creator: Hartmann, Martin creator: Müller, Ralf creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Crop husbandry description: Agricultural systems put severe pressure on the environment, and management practices balancing the need for agricultural production and environmental health are urgently needed. Key environmental challenges for agricultural systems include the reduction of nutrient losses, the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and the preservation of soil biodiversity. Organic farming systems are proposed as environmentally friendly alternative to conventional systems due to their focus on long-term soil quality, but often show lower yields. Long-term field trials are the backbone to assess the impact of farming systems on agronomic and environmental parameters. In this study we present the results from a 42-year-old field trial (DOK trial), located in Therwil, CH on key agronomic and environmental parameters. The trial compares two organic (BIODYN, BIOORG) and two conventional (CONFYM, CONMIN) farming systems with an unfertilized control (NOFERT) and follows a system comparison approach. Farming systems mainly differ in plant protection and fertilization strategy but follow the same tillage strategy and 7-year crop rotation. CONFYM receives the highest external inputs in terms of nutrients and chemical plant protection followed by CONMIN, BIOORG, and BIODYN. Across the five main crops, (grass-clover, wheat, potato, maize, and soybean) organic farming systems maintained yields at ~85% of conventional systems with distinct differences between legume and non-legume crops. Farming systems receiving organic inputs at a rate of 1.4 livestock units per hectare and year stabilized (BIOORG, CONFYM) or even enhanced (BIODYN) soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks. Yet, soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents evolved slowly and differences became statistically significant only after 22 years. All fertilized farming systems showed a positive nitrogen balance when nitrogen fixation via legumes was included. Still purely mineral fertilized (CONMIN) and unfertilized (NOFERT) systems lost soil organic carbon and nitrogen on the long term. Organic farming systems significantly reduced soil borne climate impacts, which was rather driven by nitrous oxide emissions than by changes in soil organic carbon contents. Higher richness of soil fauna, and weed population was observed in organic farming systems, next to enhanced biological soil quality indicators. The functional potential of the soil microbiome showed a gradual change from organic (BIODYN, BIOORG) to conventional (CONFYM, CONMIN) systems highlighting the impact of farming systems on soil functions With the present study, we could show that with moderate yields gaps organic farming systems can reduce pressure on the environment by enhancing soil functionality for critical ecosystem services. date: 2024 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/53194/1/Krause_2023_Bonares_DOK.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Mayer, Jochen; Lori, Martina; Jarosch, Klaus A.; Hartmann, Martin; Müller, Ralf; Oberson, Astrid; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2024) Crop production and environmental performance in organic and conventional farming systems. Results from a 42 years old field experiment. Paper at: Bonares Conference, Berlin, Germany, 16.5.2023. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/50630/ title: Umweltwirkung und Produktivität von biologischen und konventionellen Systemen - Ergebnisse aus 42 Jahre DOK Versuch creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Jarosch, Klaus creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Ergebnisse aus 42 Jahren Systemvergleichsversuch im DOK (Therwil,CH) zeigen das biologische im Vergleich zu konventionellen Systemen kritische Umweltbelastungen (Biodiversität, Nährstoffe, Treibhausgasemissionen) reduzieren und dabei stabilen aber um 15% verringerten Ertrag erzielen. publisher: Verlag Dr. Köster date: 2023-07-24 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/50630/1/Beitrag_254_final_b.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Mayer, Jochen; Oberson, Astrid; Jarosch, Klaus; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2023) Umweltwirkung und Produktivität von biologischen und konventionellen Systemen - Ergebnisse aus 42 Jahre DOK Versuch. In: One Step Ahead - einen Schritt voraus! Beiträge zur 16. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Frick (CH), 7. bis 10. März 2023, Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin. identifier: urn:ISBN:978-3-96831-055-147 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/44790/ title: Biological soil quality and soil organic carbon change in biodynamic, organic, and conventional farming systems after 42 years creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Stehle, Bernhard creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mayer, Marius creator: Steffens, Markus creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil biology description: Soils are the basis of life on land and the ways in which we manage them for crop production, impact their role, functions and quality. Conventional farming uses industrial inputs to a level that is economically justified, whilst organic farming systems avoid mineral fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. This study investigates the long-term effect of organic and conventional farming systems on soil quality. The DOK trial (bioDynamic, bioOrganic, Konventionell (German for conventional)) running since 1978 in Therwil (CH), compares bioorganic (BIOORG), biodynamic (BIODYN), and conventional (CONFYM) farming systems at two farmyard manure intensities corresponding to 0.7 and 1.4 livestock units per hectare with a purely mineral fertilized system (CONMIN) and an unfertilized control (NOFERT). The treatments in the DOK trial vary in plant protection and receive system-specific organic matter inputs differing in rate and quality. With this work, we revisit the soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics across 42 years and redefine the previous perception of mainly declining SOC contents after 21 years of organic and conventional management (Fliessbach et al. 2007). After 42 years, we found SOC contents to be increased in BIODYN 1.4 and to a lesser extent also in BIOORG 1.4. CONFYM 1.4 showed stable SOC contents, while systems fertilized with manure of 0.7 livestock units and CONMIN lost SOC. SOC loss was highest in NOFERT. Enhanced biological soil quality under organic and particularly biodynamic management highlights the close link between soil biology and SOC changes. The impact of farming systems on SOC was detectable after 2 decades of continuous management. We conclude that recycling manure at a level of 1.4 livestock units per hectare permits maintenance of SOC levels and that composting manure, as performed in BIODYN 1.4, helps to further increase SOC levels and improve biological soil quality. date: 2022 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/44790/1/Krause_2022_ASDE.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Stehle, Bernhard; Mayer, Jochen; Mayer, Marius; Steffens, Markus; Mäder, Paul and Fliessbach, Andreas (2022) Biological soil quality and soil organic carbon change in biodynamic, organic, and conventional farming systems after 42 years. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 42 (117), pp. 1-14. relation: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00843-y relation: doi:10.1007/s13593-022-00843-y identifier: doi:10.1007/s13593-022-00843-y identifier: urn:ISSN:1774-0746 identifier: info:doi/doi:10.1007/s13593-022-00843-y relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/39122/ title: Chapter 2 - Implementation and management of the DOK long-term system comparison trial creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Crop husbandry description: Forty years of research in the DOK trial resulted in more than 120 peer-reviewed publications investigating effects of farming systems on a wide range of scientific disciplines within agronomic and environmental research. It is the oldest still existing system comparison trial comparing organic and conventional agricultural practice worldwide. The field trial has been subject to applied and fundamental research but the presentation of findings from the DOK trial is beyond the scope of this chapter. Instead, we give detailed insights into the history of implementation of the DOK trial and show how the evolution of agricultural practices influenced the management practices applied in the experiment. From a scientific point of view, changing experimental treatments in the course of an experiment is a challenging task. Yet, following a system approach and the development of organic and conventional farming necessitate a periodical reevaluation of practices implemented within the treatments to mirror changes in large-scale farming. To reflect on these developments and to present in-depth insight on the history of management of the DOK trial, we review and discuss changes implemented in management practice during the course of the last 40 years. publisher: Academic Press contributor: Bhullar, Gurbir S. contributor: Riar, Amritbir date: 2020 type: Book chapter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/39122/1/krause-etal-2020-LongTermFarmingSystemsResearch-Chapter2-p37-51.pdf identifier: Krause, Hans-Martin; Fliessbach, Andreas; Mayer, Jochen and Mäder, Paul (2020) Chapter 2 - Implementation and management of the DOK long-term system comparison trial. In: Bhullar, Gurbir S. and Riar, Amritbir (Eds.) Long-Term Farming Systems Research. Academic Press, London, UK, chapter 2, pp. 37-51. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818186-7.00003-5 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818186-7.00003-5 identifier: urn:ISBN:978-0-12-818186-7 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818186-7.00003-5 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37855/ title: Enhanced soil quality with reduced tillage and solid manures in organic farming - a synthesis of 15 years creator: Krauss, Maike creator: Berner, Alfred creator: Perrochet, Frederic creator: Frei, Robert creator: Niggli, Urs creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Composting and manuring subject: Soil tillage subject: Air and water emissions description: Demands upon the sustainability of farming are increasing in step with climate change and diversity loss. Organic farming offers a viable approach. To further improve organic management, three strategies with potential to enhance soil quality are being tested in a long-term trial since 2002 on a clay loam in temperate Switzerland: reduced tillage vs. ploughing, solid vs. liquid manures and biodynamic preparations. A synthesis of 15 years reveals an increase in topsoil organic carbon (SOC, +25%), microbial biomass (+32%) and activity (+34%) and a shift in microbial communities with conversion from ploughing to reduced tillage. Soils under reduced tillage are more stratified in SOC and nutrients. Additional application of composted manure has increased SOC by 6% compared to pure slurry application, with little impact on soil microbes. Biodynamic preparations have had a minor impact on soil quality. Fertilisation and biodynamic preparations did not affect yields. Both higher and lower yields were harvested in the reduced tillage system in relation to ploughing. The main yield determinants were N supply and higher weed infestation under reduced tillage. Continuously reduced tillage in organic farming has been proven to enhance soil quality at this site, while also presenting more challenges in management. date: 2020 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by identifier: /id/eprint/37855/1/krauss-etal-2020-SciRep-10-4430.pdf identifier: Krauss, Maike; Berner, Alfred; Perrochet, Frederic; Frei, Robert; Niggli, Urs and Mäder, Paul (2020) Enhanced soil quality with reduced tillage and solid manures in organic farming - a synthesis of 15 years. Scientific Reports, 10, p. 4430. relation: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61320-8 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61320-8 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61320-8 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43141/ title: Drought Effects on Nitrogen Provisioning in Different Agricultural Systems: Insights Gained and Lessons Learned from a Field Experiment creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Lori, Martina creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: van Kleunen, Mark creator: Meyer, Svenja creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring description: Most nitrogen (N) in organic fertilizers must be mineralized to become available to plants, a process in which microorganisms play crucial roles. Droughts may impact microorganisms associated with the N cycle, negatively affecting N mineralization and plant N supply. The effects of drought on N-related processes may further be shaped by the farming system. We buried 15N-enriched plant material and reduced precipitation in conventionally and organically (biodynamically) managed wheat fields. On two sampling dates, we evaluated the soil water content, plant parameters and the plants’ 15N isotope signature. We intended to study the microbial communities associated with the N cycle to link potential treatment effects on plant N provisioning with characteristics of the underlying microbial community. However, floods impaired the experiment after the first sampling date, and the molecular work on the microbial communities was not performed. Focusing on the pre-flooding sampling date, our data suggested that processes associated with N transformation are sensitive to drought, but the role of the farming system needs further investigation. Since the underlying research question, the set-up and the lessons learned from this study may guide future experiments, we presented improvements to the set-up and provided ideas for additional analyses, hoping to promote research on this topic. date: 2021 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/43141/1/kundel-etal-2021-nitrogen-Vol2-Issue1-p1-17.pdf identifier: Kundel, Dominika; Lori, Martina; Fliessbach, Andreas; van Kleunen, Mark; Meyer, Svenja and Mäder, Paul (2021) Drought Effects on Nitrogen Provisioning in Different Agricultural Systems: Insights Gained and Lessons Learned from a Field Experiment. Nitrogen, 2 (1), pp. 1-17. relation: https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2010001 identifier: https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2010001 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2010001 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/38848/ title: Effects of simulated drought on biological soil quality, microbial diversity and yields under long-term conventional and organic agriculture creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Bodenhausen, Natacha creator: Bracht Jorgensen, Helene creator: Truu, Jaak creator: Birkhofer, Klaus creator: Hedlund, Katarina creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil quality description: Drought and agricultural management influence soil microorganisms with unknown consequences for the functioning of agroecosystems. We simulated drought periods in organic (biodynamic) and conventional wheat fields and monitored effects on soil water content, microorganisms and crops. Above the wilting point, water content and microbial respiration were higher under biodynamic than conventional farming. Highest bacterial and fungal abundances were found in biodynamically managed soils, and distinct microbial communities characterised the farming systems. Most biological soil quality parameters and crop yields were only marginally affected by the experimental drought, except for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which increased in abundance under the experimental drought in both farming systems. AMF were further strongly promoted by biodynamic farming resulting in almost three times higher AMF abundance under experimental drought in the biodynamic compared with the conventional farming system. Our data suggest an improved water storage capacity under biodynamic farming and confirms positive effects of biodynamic farming on biological soil quality. The interactive effects of the farming system and drought may further be investigated under more substantial droughts. Given the importance of AMF for the plant's water supply, more in-depth studies on AMF may help to clarify their role for yields under conditions predicted by future climate scenarios. date: 2020 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/38848/1/kundel-etal-2020-FEMS-Microbiology-Ecology-Vol96-Issue12-p1-16.pdf identifier: Kundel, Dominika; Bodenhausen, Natacha; Bracht Jorgensen, Helene; Truu, Jaak; Birkhofer, Klaus; Hedlund, Katarina; Mäder, Paul and Fliessbach, Andreas (2020) Effects of simulated drought on biological soil quality, microbial diversity and yields under long-term conventional and organic agriculture. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 96 (12), pp. 1-16. relation: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa205 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa205 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa205 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36904/ title: Profiling soil microbial communities influenced by reduced summer precipitation and farming system history creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Truu, J. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Bracht Jørgensend, H. creator: Bodenhausen, N. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research description: Soil bacteria and fungi are the basis of soil food webs and contribute to a wide range of essential soil functions in arable lands. Intense land use and climate change induced reductions in summer precipitation can have varying influences on abundance, composition, and activity of microbial communities with largely unknown consequences for soil functions and plant growth including crop yields. The impact of altered precipitation patterns on soil biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions is on top of the list of eight major research gaps identified by an expert group for the European Commission still, this relationship is rarely studied under field conditions. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36904/1/kundel-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p91.pdf identifier: Kundel, Dominika; Truu, J.; Fliessbach, A.; Bracht Jørgensend, H.; Bodenhausen, N. and Mäder, P. (2019) Profiling soil microbial communities influenced by reduced summer precipitation and farming system history. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 91. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13819/ title: Charakterisierung von Getreide aus ökologischem und konventionellem Anbau - Anwendung von Protein-Profiling-Techniques und Inhaltsstoffanalysen creator: Langenkämper, G. creator: Zörb, C. creator: Betsche, T. subject: Food security, food quality and human health subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Ökologisch und konventionell angebauter Weizen aus dem kontrollierten DOK-Feldversuch (Schweiz) wurde umfassend hinsichtlich biochemischer Unterschiede charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Profiling-Techniken Proteomics und Metabolomics, sowie Analytik von Einzelverbindungen eingesetzt. Metaboliten-Profile und Analytik von Einzelverbindungen ergaben geringfügige Unterschiede im DOK-Weizen aus unterschiedlichen Anbauvarianten. Statistisch signifikante Abweichungen konnten meist nur für eines von zwei untersuchten Anbaujahren gefunden werden. Abweichungen lagen innerhalb der bekannten Schwankungsbreiten bei Weizen. Beim Protein-Profiling, durchgeführt mit zweidimensionaler Gel-Elektrophorese, Bildauswertung und Proteinidentifizierung wurden die relativen Gehalte von ca. 1000 Proteinen in Weizen bestimmt. Die Gehalte von 16 Proteinen waren in ökologischem und konventionellem Weizen aus zwei Anbaujahren signifikant verschieden. Diese 16 Proteine bilden eine Signatur, anhand derer die Anbauvarianten des DOK-Weizens unterschieden werden können. In einem nächsten Schritt soll untersucht werden, ob diese Signatur gleichfalls bei ökologischem und konventionellem Weizen gilt, der von verschiedenen Standorten und von verschiedenen Sorten stammt. Vor dem Hintergrund des komplexen Gesamtstoffwechsels von Pflanzen ergeben die relativ wenigen mit verschiedenen Gehalten auftretenden Proteine keinen Hinweis auf Änderungen von Stoffwechselaktivitäten, die für die menschliche Ernährung kritisch wären. Die signifikante Reduzierung des Gesamtproteingehalts ist unter Ernährungsgesichtspunkten eher ungünstig, bei der in Deutschland üblichen Zusammensetzung der Diät aber unbedenklich. Zusammenfassend wird mit Blick auf die Ergebnisse des Protein-Profiling, des Metaboliten-Profiling und der Analytik von Einzelverbindungen gefolgert, dass ökologischer und konventioneller DOK-Weizen hinsichtlich der untersuchten Parameter ernährungsphysiologisch gleich wertvoll ist. date: 2007 type: Project description type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: {Project} Charakterisierung von Getreide aus ökologischem und konventionellem Anbau - Anwendung von Protein-Profiling-Techniques und Inhaltsstoffanalysen. [Characterisation of cereal grain from organic and conventional farming – application of protein profiling techniques and analysis of individual compounds.] Runs 2005 - 2007. Project Leader(s): Langenkämper, Dr. Georg, Max Rubner-Institut, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, D-Detmold . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13463/ title: Nutritional quality of organic and conventional wheat creator: Langenkämper, G. creator: Zörb, C. creator: Seifert, M. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Fretzdorff, B. creator: Betsche, T. subject: Food security, food quality and human health subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: The popularity of organic food and the farming area managed according to organic agriculture practices have been increasing during the last years. It is not clear, whether foods from organic and conventional agriculture are equal with respect to nutritional quality. We chose wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Titlis) as one of the most important crop plants to determine a range of substances relevant for human nutrition in crops from organic and conventional agriculture systems. Wheat grains of 2003 originating from a long term field experiment, the Swiss DOK trial, consisting of bio-dynamic, bio-organic and conventional farming systems were used. Thousand seed weight, protein content, phosphate levels, antioxidative capacity, levels of phenols, fibre, fructan, oxalate and phytic acid were determined in whole wheat meal from the various organic and conventional growing systems of the DOK trial. Levels of these substances fell into a range that is known to occur in other wheat crops, indicating that wheat from the DOK trial was not special. Clear-cut differences were observed for none-fertilised wheat, which was significantly lowest in thousand seed weight, protein and significantly highest in total oxalate. For the majority of the nutritionally important substances analysed, there were no significant differences between bio-dynamic, bio-organic, and conventional growing systems. Only protein content and levels of fibres were statistically different. Taken together, the magnitude of observed variations was very small. The results of our investigations do not provide evidence that wheat of one or the other agriculture system would be better or worse. publisher: Halm, Göttingen date: 2006 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13463/1/langenkaemper-etal-2006-Jnl._of_Appl.Bot.Food_Quality_80_150-154.pdf identifier: Langenkämper, G.; Zörb, C.; Seifert, M.; Mäder, P.; Fretzdorff, B. and Betsche, T. (2006) Nutritional quality of organic and conventional wheat. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality (80), pp. 150-154. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13501/ title: Charakterisierung von Getreide aus ökologischem und konventionellem Anbau - Anwendung von Protein-Profiling-Techniques und Inhaltsstoffanalysen creator: Langenkämper, G. creator: Zörb, C. creator: Betsche, T. subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds subject: Food security, food quality and human health description: Ökologisch und konventionell angebauter Weizen aus dem kontrollierten DOK-Feldversuch (Schweiz) wurde umfassend hinsichtlich biochemischer Unterschiede charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Profiling-Techniken Proteomics und Metabolomics, sowie Analytik von Einzelverbindungen eingesetzt. Metaboliten-Profile und Analytik von Einzelverbindungen ergaben geringfügige Unterschiede im DOK-Weizen aus unterschiedlichen Anbauvarianten. Statistisch signifikante Abweichungen konnten meist nur für eines von zwei untersuchten Anbaujahren gefunden werden. Abweichungen lagen innerhalb der bekannten Schwankungsbreiten bei Weizen. Beim Protein-Profiling, durchgeführt mit zweidimensionaler Gel-Elektrophorese, Bildauswertung und Proteinidentifizierung wurden die relativen Gehalte von ca. 1000 Proteinen in Weizen bestimmt. Die Gehalte von 16 Proteinen waren in ökologischem und konventionellem Weizen aus zwei Anbaujahren signifikant verschieden. Diese 16 Proteine bilden eine Signatur, anhand derer die Anbauvarianten des DOK-Weizens unterschieden werden können. In einem nächsten Schritt soll untersucht werden, ob diese Signatur gleichfalls bei ökologischem und konventionellem Weizen gilt, der von verschiedenen Standorten und von verschiedenen Sorten stammt. Vor dem Hintergrund des komplexen Gesamtstoffwechsels von Pflanzen ergeben die relativ wenigen mit verschiedenen Gehalten auftretenden Proteine keinen Hinweis auf Änderungen von Stoffwechselaktivitäten, die für die menschliche Ernährung kritisch wären. Die signifikante Reduzierung des Gesamtproteingehalts ist unter Ernährungsgesichtspunkten eher ungünstig, bei der in Deutschland üblichen Zusammensetzung der Diät aber unbedenklich. Zusammenfassend wird mit Blick auf die Ergebnisse des Protein-Profiling, des Metaboliten-Profiling und der Analytik von Einzelverbindungen gefolgert, dass ökologischer und konventioneller DOK-Weizen hinsichtlich der untersuchten Parameter ernährungsphysiologisch gleich wertvoll ist. date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13501/1/13501-02OE069-mri-bund-langenkaemper-2007-getreidecharakterisierung.pdf identifier: Langenkämper, G.; Zörb, C. and Betsche, T. (2007) Charakterisierung von Getreide aus ökologischem und konventionellem Anbau - Anwendung von Protein-Profiling-Techniques und Inhaltsstoffanalysen. [Characterisation of cereal grain from organic and conventional farming – application of protein profiling techniques and analysis of individual compounds.] Max Rubner-Institut, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel, D-Detmold , Institut für Sicherheit und Qualität bei Getreide. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/51704/ title: Soil microbial communities are sensitive to differences in fertilization intensity in organic and conventional farming systems creator: Lori, Martina creator: Hartmann, Martin creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mueller, Ralf C. creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Krause, Hans-Martin subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring description: Intensive agriculture has increased global food production, but also impaired ecosystem services and soil biodiversity. Organic fertilization, essential to organic and integrated farming, can provide numerous benefits for soil quality but also compromise the environment by polluting soils and producing greenhouse gases through animal husbandry. The need for reduced stocking density is inevitably accompanied by lower FYM inputs, but little research is available on the impact of these effects on the soil microbiome. We collected soil samples from winter wheat plots of a 42-year-old long-term trial comparing different farming systems receiving farmyard manure at two intensities and measured soil quality parameters and microbial community diversity through DNA metabarcoding. High-input fertilization, corresponding to 1.4 livestock units (LU) improved the soil’s nutritional status and increased soil microbial biomass and respiration when compared to low-input at 0.7 LU. Bacterial and fungal α-diversity was largely unaffected by fertilization intensity, whereas their community structure changed consistently, accompanied by an increase in the bacterial copiotroph-to-oligotroph ratio in high-input systems and by more copiotrophic indicator OTUs associated with high than low-input. This study shows that reduced nutrient availability under low-input selects oligotrophic microbes efficiently obtaining nutrients from various carbon sources; a potentially beneficial trait considering future agroecosystems. date: 2023 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/51704/1/lori-etal-2023-FEMSMicrobiologyEcology-Vol99-No9-p1-13.pdf identifier: Lori, Martina; Hartmann, Martin; Kundel, Dominika; Mayer, Jochen; Mueller, Ralf C.; Mäder, Paul and Krause, Hans-Martin (2023) Soil microbial communities are sensitive to differences in fertilization intensity in organic and conventional farming systems. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 99 (6), pp. 1-13. relation: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad046 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad046 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad046 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36895/ title: Nitrogen transformations and its underlying microbial communities in differently managed soils under future projected rainfall variability creator: Lori, Martina creator: Symanczik, S. creator: Piton, G. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Gattinger, A. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Soil microbial communities play a fundamental role in maintaining a broad range of soil functions and ecosystem services. Especially nutrient provisioning to cultivated crops are of prime interest in agricultural contexts in order to maintain the production of food, fibre and fuel for the ever increasing human population. Since Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in agroecosystem and it’s cycling and availability is highly dependent on microbial driven processes, we investigated the impact of farming systems on related ecosystem processes and herein involved soil microbial communities. Considering global climate change, also the potential to withstand rainfall variability was assessed. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36895/1/lori-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p58.pdf identifier: Lori, Martina; Symanczik, S.; Piton, G.; Mäder, P. and Gattinger, A. (2019) Nitrogen transformations and its underlying microbial communities in differently managed soils under future projected rainfall variability. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 58. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/45118/ title: Les sols sont pris dans un étau creator: Lütold, Jeremias subject: Soil biology description: Le stress hydrique éprouve toujours plus les sols. Des résultats de l’essai DOC à Therwil BL montrent cependant que les sols bio sont plus vivants et plus résistants. date: 2022 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: fr identifier: /id/eprint/45118/1/Bioactualites_08_2022_L%C3%BCtold_Climat.pdf identifier: Lütold, Jeremias (2022) Les sols sont pris dans un étau. Bioactualités, 2022 (8), pp. 12-13. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13316/ title: Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment creator: Mäder, P. creator: Hahn, D. creator: Dubois, D. creator: Gunst, L. creator: Alföldi, T. creator: Bergmann, H. creator: Oehme, M. creator: Amadô, R. creator: Schneider, H. creator: Graf, U. creator: Velimirov, A. creator: Fließbach, A. creator: Niggli, U. subject: "Organics" in general subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Consumers have become more aware of healthy and safe food produced with low environmental impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical inputs in organic farming will result in poor food quality. Here the results of a study on the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21 year agrosystem comparison between organic and conventional farming in central Europe are reported. Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation. The 71% lower addition of plant-available nitrogen and the reduced input of other means of production to the organic field plots led to 14% lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value (protein content, amino acid composition and mineral and trace element contents) and baking quality were not affected by the farming systems. Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic production systems, the quantities ofmycotoxins detected in wheat grains were low in all systems and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an integrative method, rats significantly preferred organically over conventionally produced wheat. The findings indicate that high wheat quality in organic farming is achievable by lower inputs, thereby safeguarding natural resources. (C) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry date: 2007 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/13316/1/Maeder_etal_2007_J_Sci_Food_Agr.pdf identifier: Mäder, P.; Hahn, D.; Dubois, D.; Gunst, L.; Alföldi, T.; Bergmann, H.; Oehme, M.; Amadô, R.; Schneider, H.; Graf, U.; Velimirov, A.; Fließbach, A. and Niggli, U. (2007) Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (87), pp. 1826-1835. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52870/ title: 45 Jahre DOK-Versuch: Der Beitrag verschiedener Anbausysteme für die Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Bünemann, Else K. creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Jarosch, Klaus A. creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring subject: Nutrient turnover description: Vortrag über 45 Jahre DOK-Versuch: die biodynamische Bewirtschaftung macht das Bodenleben vielfältiger und dadurch entsteht Boden- sprich Humusaufbau. date: 2023 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/52870/1/Piwi_40_Jahre_DOK_Dez_2023.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Bünemann, Else K.; Krause, Hans-Martin; Oberson, Astrid; Jarosch, Klaus A.; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mayer, Jochen (2023) 45 Jahre DOK-Versuch: Der Beitrag verschiedener Anbausysteme für die Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Paper at: 7. Praktikertag: Wurzel – Boden – Piwi, Üsslingen-Buch, Schweiz, 05.12.2023. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/3629/ title: Produktequalität von Weizen und Nachhaltigkeit der Produktion bei ökologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung (DOK-Versuch) creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Dubois, David subject: Crop health, quality, protection subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Consumers have become more aware of healthy and safe food produced with low environmental impact. We studied the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., winter form) grown in a 21-year agro-system comparison between organic and conventional farming in Central Europe, known as the DOK experiment. The 71% lower addition by plant available nitrogen to the organic field plots led to 14% lower wheat yields. However, the nutritional value, i.e. protein content and baking quality, were hardly affected by the farming systems. Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins detected in wheat grains did not differ. Food preference tests, as an integrative method, indicated a tendency for rats to prefer organically produced wheat over conventionally produced wheat. date: 2005 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/3629/1/wt-maeder-dubois-2005-qualitaet.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul and Dubois, David (2005) Produktequalität von Weizen und Nachhaltigkeit der Produktion bei ökologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung (DOK-Versuch). [Wheat quality and sustainability in organic and conventional farming systems (DOK trial).] Paper at: 8. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau – Ende der Nische, Kassel, 01.03.2005 - 04.03.2005. [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4756/ title: Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Fried, Padrout creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: An understanding of agroecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs. date: 2002 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/4756/1/maeder-etal-2002-soilfertility.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padrout and Niggli, Urs (2002) Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming. Science, 31 May 2002 (296), pp. 1694-1697. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5514/ title: Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Fried, Padruot creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: An understanding of agroecosystems is a key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs. date: 2002-05 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/5514/1/Maeder-2002-Science-DOC-Trial.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/5514/2/maeder-et-al-Science_suppl_mat.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padruot and Niggli, Urs (2002) Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming. Science, 296, pp. 1694-1697. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26786/ title: Effect of three farming systems (bio-dynamic, bio-organic, conventional) on yield and quality of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. var. esculenta L.) in a seven year crop rotation creator: Mäder, P. creator: Pfiffner, L. creator: Niggli, U. creator: Balzer, U. creator: Balzer, F. creator: Plochberger, A. creator: Velimirov, A. creator: Besson, J.-M. subject: Production systems subject: Farming Systems subject: Soil description: In a long-term field trial in Therwil, Switzerland, the bio-dynamic, bio-organic and conventional farming systems were compared (DOC trial). The present paper focuses on long-term yield development and on product quality of beetroot. Due to the favourable climate and soil, beetroot yields were generally high. The yield of beetroot in both biological systems was about 75 % that of the conventional system, but the input of nitrogen and potassium was about 60 % lower. date: 1993 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26786/1/M%C3%A4der_et_al_1993_AH.pdf identifier: Mäder, P.; Pfiffner, L.; Niggli, U.; Balzer, U.; Balzer, F.; Plochberger, A.; Velimirov, A. and Besson, J.-M. (1993) Effect of three farming systems (bio-dynamic, bio-organic, conventional) on yield and quality of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. var. esculenta L.) in a seven year crop rotation. Acta Horticulturae, 339, pp. 11-31. identifier: urn:ISSN:0567-7572 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26779/ title: Der Wert des DOK‐Versuches unter den Aspekten moderner agrarwissenschaftlicher Forschung creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Alföldi, Thomas creator: Niggli, Urs creator: Besson, Jean‐Marc creator: Dubois, David subject: Soil description: Der grosse Spardruck zwingt die Agrarforschungsinstitutionen weltweit, haushälterisch mit ihren Mitteln umzugehen. Die Forschungsschwerpunkte werden deshalb vor allem auf Themengebiete und Versuchsanstellungen gesetzt, in denen Resultate kurzfristig erwartet werden können und welche keine teuren Feldversuche benötigen. Ein Hauptziel moderner agrarwissenschaftlicher Forschung ist jedoch die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Produktionssysteme, die sich nur bedingt in kurzfristig angelegten Versuchen abklären lässt. Die Sicherung einer ausreichenden Nahrungsmittelerzeugung von hoher Qualität, ein haushälterischer Umgang mit nicht erneuerbaren Ressourcen (Düngemittel, Energie) sowie die Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit und einer hohen Biodiversität sind wichtige Zielgrössen nachhaltiger Produktionssysteme. Am Beispiel des DOK-Versuches, in welchem seit 1978 die drei Anbausysteme biologisch-dynamisch, organisch-biologisch und konventionell/integriert miteinander verglichen werden, wird aufgezeigt, wie diese Systeme langfristig obige Zielsetzungen erfüllen. Der Parzellenversuch wurde auf einer tiefgründigen Löss-Parabraunerde in Therwil (Region Basel, Schweiz) auf einer Fläche von 1.5 ha angelegt. Die siebengliedrige Fruchtfolge war für alle Verfahren gleich. Düngung und Pflanzenschutz wurden entsprechend den Richtlinien der drei Anbausysteme ausgeführt. Im Durchschnitt von zwei Fruchtfolgeperioden und über alle Kulturen (1978-1991) lagen die Erträge der beiden ökologischen Systeme (D und O) rund 20 % tiefer als im konventionellen System (K). In dieser Zeitperiode erhielten aber die ökologischen Verfahren 60 % weniger löslichen Stickstoff bzw. 25 % weniger Gesamtstickstoff, rund 40 % weniger Phosphor und 50 % weniger Kalium. Der Verzicht auf mineralische Stickstoffdünger führte in den Ökoverfahren überdies zu einem 20 bis 30 % tieferen Energieverbrauch pro Ertragseinheit. Die bodenbiologische Aktivität und Diversität war in den ökologischen Anbausystemen signifikant erhöht. Die langjährig differenzierte Bewirtschaftung führte zu bedeutsamen Unterschieden bei der Artenvielfalt von Indikatororganismen und in grundlegenden Prozessen im Boden (P-Dynamik, metabolische Effizienz der Bodenmikroorganismen). Sowohl bei den Boden- als auch bei den Qualitätsuntersuchungen zeigte sich der DOK-Versuch als äusserst wertvoll zur Weiterentwicklung von Methoden. date: 1997 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26779/1/Maeder_et_al_1997_AASS.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Alföldi, Thomas; Niggli, Urs ; Besson, Jean‐Marc and Dubois, David (1997) Der Wert des DOK‐Versuches unter den Aspekten moderner agrarwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 42 (3-4), pp. 279-301. relation: 10.1080/03650349709385733 identifier: 10.1080/03650349709385733 doi: 10.1080/03650349709385733 identifier: info:doi/10.1080/03650349709385733 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19279/ title: Klimaneutraler Acker- und Gemüsebau - Auswirkungen von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Gründüngungen auf Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Klima und Ökonomie – bisherige Erkenntnisse und aktuelle Versuche creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Berner, Alfred creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Messmer, Monika creator: Koller, Martin creator: Weibel, Franco creator: Stolze, Matthias creator: Schader, Christian creator: Sanders, Jürn creator: Dierauer, Hansueli creator: Clerc, Maurice subject: Soil quality subject: Soil tillage subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Die Landwirtschaft trägt weltweit mit 12–32 Prozent zum Klimawandel bei. Hauptquellen sind der Methanausstoss der Wiederkäuer, der CO2-Verbrauch für die Herstellung von Düngern und Pestiziden, die Abholzung von Wäldern für den Ackerbau und Weideflächen sowie die Bodenerosion. Auch der Einsatz des Pflugs verbraucht viel Energie, verstärkt den Abbau von Humus und belastet somit das Klima. Gemäss bisherigen Untersuchungen benötigt die biologische Landwirtschaft schon heute mit den gängigen Methoden weniger Energie als die konventionelle Bewirtschaftung. Im DOK-Versuch zum Beispiel verbrauchen die Bioverfahren 20 Prozent weniger Energie pro Ertragseinheit. Dies macht den Biolandbau zwar klimafreundlicher, aber noch nicht klimaneutral. Durch die Anwendung reduzierter Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren und den vermehrten Anbau von Stickstoff fixierenden Gründüngungspflanzen liessen sich der Energiebedarf und der CO2-Ausstoss nochmals deutlich senken und die Erträge steigern. date: 2009 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/19279/1/6a_Flyer_Projektbeschrieb_Kilmaneutraler_Ackerbau_2009.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Berner, Alfred; Fließbach, Andreas; Messmer, Monika; Koller, Martin; Weibel, Franco; Stolze, Matthias; Schader, Christian; Sanders, Jürn; Dierauer, Hansueli and Clerc, Maurice (2009) Klimaneutraler Acker- und Gemüsebau - Auswirkungen von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Gründüngungen auf Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Klima und Ökonomie – bisherige Erkenntnisse und aktuelle Versuche. [Climate neutral arable and vegetable farming.] FiBL-Flyer. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), CH Frick . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26787/ title: The Ins and Outs of Organic Farming. FiBL response to the letter of Goklany in Science Vol 298 creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Fried, Padrout creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Farming Systems subject: Soil description: Goklany stated that 20 % lower crop yields in organic farming would require 25 % more land use to produce the same amount of crop biomass, offsetting some of the advantages of organic agriculture with respect to biological diversity, inputs, and soil erosion, and that the experimental yields are not typical. Furthermore, he indicates that organic farming might not be sufficient to feed the world. date: 2002-12-06 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26787/1/Goklany_et_al_2002_S.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Fließbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padrout and Niggli, Urs (2002) The Ins and Outs of Organic Farming. FiBL response to the letter of Goklany in Science Vol 298. Science, 298 (5600), pp. 1889-1890. relation: 10.1126/science.298.5600.1889b identifier: 10.1126/science.298.5600.1889b identifier: urn:ISSN:1095-9203 identifier: info:doi/10.1126/science.298.5600.1889b relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/28439/ title: Aufbereiteter Mist ist des Biobauern List creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Berner, Alfred subject: Composting and manuring subject: Soil description: Die Aufbereitung von Festmist durch Rotte oder Kompostierung führt zwar zu erheblich höheren Verlusten an Stickstoff und organischer Substanz. Trotzdem schneidet aufbereiteter Mist in Versuchen besser ab als Stapelmist. Er versorgt die Pflanzen besser mit Stickstoff und bringt den Humushaushalt langfristig ins Lot. date: 2005 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/28439/1/Artikel_M%C3%A4der_14_15.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas and Berner, Alfred (2005) Aufbereiteter Mist ist des Biobauern List. bioaktuell, 2005, 2/05, pp. 14-15. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/302/ title: Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Dubois, David creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Fried, Padruot creator: Niggli, Urs subject: Farming Systems subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: Um die Effektivität landwirtschaftlicher Anbausysteme zu beurteilen, bedarf es eines Verständnisses der Agrarökosysteme. Eine 21-jährige Studie ergab 20 Prozent geringere Erträge bei ökologischen Anbausystemen gegenüber konventionellen, obgleich der Einsatz von Düngemitteln und Energie um 34 bis 53 Prozent und der von Pestiziden um 97 Prozent geringer war. Wahrscheinlich führen die erhöhte Bodenfruchtbarkeit und die größere biologische Vielfalt in den ökologischen Versuchsparzellen dazu, dass diese Systeme weniger auf Zufuhr von außen angewiesen sind. publisher: Stiftung Oekologie & Landbau date: 2002-07 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/302/1/maeder-et-al-2002-oel-dok-science.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padruot and Niggli, Urs (2002) Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau. [Soil fertilty and biodiversity in organic farming.] Oekologie & Landbau, 124, pp. 12-16. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36878/ title: The DOK long-term experiment - lessons learned from 40 years of interdisciplinary research creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Krause, H.-M. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Jarosch, K. creator: Oberson, A. creator: Gattinger, A. creator: Birkhofer, K. creator: Knapp, S. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Niggli, U. creator: Mayer, J. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Soil description: The world’s growing population calls for sustainable food production within the limits of planetary boundaries. With respect to nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, the loss of biodiversity, land use change and the emission of greenhouse gases, four of these boundaries have been crossed already. Although fragmented knowledge of effects of different cropping systems on these focal planetary boundaries exists, there is a lack of comprehensive data from comparative cropping system experiments over the long run. Four decades back, farmers and researchers co-designed a system comparison experiment, located in Therwil (Basel-Land) Switzerland, comprising a seven-year ley crop rotation. Two conventional (with and without manure), and two organic systems (biodynamic and bioorganic) are compared. This experiment has served as a platform for national and international interdisciplinary research teams in the field of agronomy, soil quality, biodiversity, plant nutrition, food quality, sustainability assessment and modelling. Results of the 40years old DOK experiment show that organic systems, receiving distinctly less external inputs (chemical N, P, K and pesticides), maintained a higher biodiversity and produced lower greenhouse gas emissions. Yield averages over 40 years were 20% lower in organic systems across all crops. A nitrogen balance, including biological nitrogen fixation and stock changes of soil nitrogen, revealed a surplus for all manured systems, whereas the conventional system with sole mineral fertiliser was well balanced. Soil nitrogen stocks only increased slightly in the biodynamic system receiving composted manure. The biodynamic soil showed also increased soil organic carbon stocks, while the conventional soil receiving only mineral fertilizer acted as source for atmospheric CO2. A climate impact analyses encountering nitrous oxide, methane and soil organic matter changes resulted in lower CO2eq emissions in organic compared to the conventional systems, both area and yield scaled. Biodiversity and especially biomass of invertebrate fauna and plant seeds was enhanced in the organically managed systems. Our results demonstrate that organic cropping systems can contribute to a more sustainable production with respect to key planetary boundaries. To further improve system performance, yield gaps between organic and conventional systems need to be reduced by adapted cultivars, more effective organic plant protection and by closing urban and rural nutrient cycles. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36878/1/maeder-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p21.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Krause, H.-M.; Fliessbach, A.; Jarosch, K.; Oberson, A.; Gattinger, A.; Birkhofer, K.; Knapp, S.; Frossard, E.; Niggli, U. and Mayer, J. (2019) The DOK long-term experiment - lessons learned from 40 years of interdisciplinary research. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 21. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36575/ title: Ein Solitär wird 40 Jahre alt creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil biology subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Der weltweit einmalige Langzeitversuch „DOK“, der die drei Ackerbausysteme biologisch-dynamisch, organisch-biologisch und konventionell vergleicht, feiert Geburtstag. Paul Mäder, Hans-Martin-Krause und Andreas Fliessbach fassen die spannendsten Ergebnisse zu Boden, Artenvielfalt, Klimawirkung, Ertrag und Effizienz aus 40 Jahren DOK zusammen. date: 2019 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/36575/1/maeder-etal-2019-OEL04-p32-34pdf.pdf identifier: Mäder, Paul; Krause, Hans-Martin and Fliessbach, Andreas (2019) Ein Solitär wird 40 Jahre alt. Ökologie & Landbau, 2019 (04), pp. 32-34. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25186/ title: Was Langzeitversuche für die Biolandbau-Forschung bedeuten creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Langzeitversuche können Systemzusammenhänge des ökologischen Landbaus erklären und ergänzen faktorielle Untersuchungen. Welchen Charakter sie besitzen und wie sie zum Kulturdenkmal werden, beschreiben die Leiter des DOK-Langzeitversuchs Paul Mäder und Jochen Mayer. Der Beitrag wurde im April 2014 in der Zeitschrift Ökologie&Landbau publiziert. Diesem Eprint-Eintrag sind Beitrag als auch ergänzende Informationen beigefügt. date: 2014-03 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/25186/9/OEL170_45_47_Maeder_Mayer.pdf format: application/msword language: de identifier: /id/eprint/25186/15/maeder-mayer-2014-langzeitversuche-ergaenzungen.docx identifier: Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2014) Was Langzeitversuche für die Biolandbau-Forschung bedeuten. Ökologie & Landbau, 2/2014 (170), pp. 45-47. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17862/ title: Effects of organic management on water-extractable organic matter and C mineralization in European arable soils creator: Marinari, S. creator: Liburdi, K. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Kalbitz, K. subject: Soil biology description: In this study we tested the hypothesis that water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) content and its properties can be used to distinguish conventionally (CONV) from organically (ORG) managed arable soils as responsible for C mineralization. We sampled soils at three different European sites located in Mediterranean (Italy) and continental (Switzerland) regions under conventional and organic management. The Mediterranean sites are here called CVI and LSI and the continental one DOK. The main difference between the two management systems (ORG and CONV) at all sites was the amount of organic fertilizer yearly added into the soil: in the ORG systems 2.2–2.5 Mg C year−1 were added as organic fertilizer, while in the CONV systems only mineral fertilizers were used. Moreover, the crop rotation was different between the two management systems at first two sites (7 years-crop vs. 4 years-crop rotation), while at DOK site a 7 years-crop rotation was adopted in both managements. In these soils we analyzed C mineralization rate expressed as percentage of mineralized C in a 90-day incubation with respect to soil total organic C (qM), the content of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC), its initial composition by fluorescence spectroscopy (humification index – HIX) and its biodegradability (ΔWEOC). The Mediterranean basic soil accumulated more organic C showing a more complex WEOC than continental acid soil. Moreover, among management practices the crop rotation seemed to be one of the most important factor affecting WEOC properties and C mineralization rate (qM). In particular the highest qM and WEOC content were observed in both systems with 7 years-crop rotation including pasture, such as alfalfa or grass clover, according to the order ORG(DOK) = CONV(DOK) > ORG(LSI) > ORG(CVI). With respect to the effect of the management systems on C mineralization rate and WEOC properties, significant differences of WEOC content were observed between ORG and CONV soils at all sites (5.7 vs. 7.7; 14.5 vs. 17.9; 6.8 vs. 13.5 at CVI, DOK and LSI, respectively), whereas qM and HIX were significantly different only at the Mediterranean sites (qM: 4.4 vs. 5.8 and 6.6 vs. 8.2; HIX: 9.4 vs. 13.7 and 3.4 vs. 13.6 at CVI and LSI, respectively). Therefore, we can conclude that WEOC content is not a generally applicable parameter to distinguish conventionally from organically managed soils as responsible for C mineralization. Specific cropping systems, soil properties and climate conditions should be considered as important factors affecting mineralization process and WEOC properties. publisher: Elsevier date: 2010 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17862/1/Marianari-etal-2010-elsevier.pdf identifier: Marinari, S.; Liburdi, K.; Fliessbach, A. and Kalbitz, K. (2010) Effects of organic management on water-extractable organic matter and C mineralization in European arable soils. Soil & Tillage Research, 106 (2), pp. 211-217. relation: doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.12.010 identifier: doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.12.010 identifier: urn:ISSN:0167-1987 identifier: info:doi/doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.12.010 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/44683/ title: Modeling N2O emissions of complex cropland management in Western Europe using DayCent: Performance and scope for improvement creator: Martins dos Reis, Marcio creator: Necpalova, Magdalena creator: Ammann, Christof creator: Buchmann, Nina creator: Calanca, Pierluigi creator: Flechard, Christophe R. creator: Hartman, Melannie D. creator: Krauss, Maike creator: Le Roy, Philippe creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Maier, Regine creator: Morvan, Thierry creator: Nicolardot, Bernard creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Six, Johan creator: Keel, Sonja G. subject: Air and water emissions description: Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition (so called Annex 1 countries) are encouraged to move towards more sophisticated approaches for national greenhouse gas reporting. To develop a model-based approach for estimating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils, model calibration is one of the first important steps. Extensive multisite field observations are necessary for this purpose, as agricultural management in Western Europe is complex (e.g., diverse crop rotations, different types of fertilizer and soil tillage). In the present study, we used ca. 24,000 daily N2O flux observations from six cropland sites, two in France and four in Switzerland, to conduct an automatic data-driven calibration of the biogeochemical model DayCent. This model is planned to be used for greenhouse gas reporting in the entire European Union as well as in Switzerland. After a site-specific calibration, a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-evaluation was conducted to assess the model’s ability to predict N2O emissions for sites it was not calibrated for. Mean observed N2O fluxes for 54 interactions of crop cycles, field studies and treatments were used to evaluate the model. The LOO cross-evaluation resulted in a R2 of 0.63 for the prediction of mean N2O fluxes per crop cycle, compared to an R2 of 0.51 obtained with default parameterization. Our results showed that the improvement in N2O predictions was associated with the adjustment of only seven parameters controlling the N cycle in soil (e.g., the maximum daily nitrification amount and the inflection point for the effect of water-filled pore space on denitrification) out of several hundred parameters. These parameters showed a wide range of values between sites, revealing an important challenge for calibration-based improvement of N2O simulations. Despite the remaining uncertainty, our model-based estimates of N2O emission per crop cycle (2.64 kg N ha-1) were clearly closer to measurements (2.67 kg N ha-1) than commonly used emission factor approaches (1.60–1.71 kg N ha-1). Based on extensive field observations, our results suggest that, after data-driven calibration of only few N cycle parameters, DayCent simulations are useful for reporting N2O emissions of complex cropland management. These model based-estimates were more accurate, because they consider key drivers that are disregarded by simpler approaches. Moving towards more complex methods of N2O reporting, is therefore expected to improve the accuracy and additionally allows to assess mitigation options. date: 2022-11 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/44683/1/2022_Martinsetal_EJA.pdf identifier: Martins dos Reis, Marcio; Necpalova, Magdalena; Ammann, Christof; Buchmann, Nina; Calanca, Pierluigi; Flechard, Christophe R.; Hartman, Melannie D.; Krauss, Maike; Le Roy, Philippe; Mäder, Paul; Maier, Regine; Morvan, Thierry; Nicolardot, Bernard; Skinner, Colin; Six, Johan and Keel, Sonja G. (2022) Modeling N2O emissions of complex cropland management in Western Europe using DayCent: Performance and scope for improvement. European Journal of Agronomy, 141, p. 126613. relation: 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126613 identifier: 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126613 doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2022.126613 identifier: info:doi/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126613 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/42158/ title: The Multifunctional Challenge Of Future Agriculture – Answers From 40 Years Dok Research creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Knapp, Samuel creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Jarosch, Klaus creator: Hammelehle, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: "Organics" in general description: "Achieving sufficient and stable crop yields with limited cropland and without excessive use of non-renewable resources under a changing climate are the multifunctional challenges of future agriculture. We compared the performance and sustainability of organic and conventional cropping systems in the DOK long-term systems comparison after 40 years of management. For the first time we present a comprehensive evaluation of the whole DOK design including the systems with reduced stocking rates. Yield, nutrient dynamic and soil quality evaluations show clearly the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability in organic as well as in conventional systems. Low input conventional systems reveal the best input-output performance but lowered soil quality; regular organic systems were most sustainable but achieved only moderate non-legume yields." date: 2021 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/42158/1/OWC2020-SCI-1328.pdf identifier: Mayer, Jochen; Knapp, Samuel; Oberson, Astrid; Jarosch, Klaus; Hammelehle, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2021) The Multifunctional Challenge Of Future Agriculture – Answers From 40 Years Dok Research. Paper at: Organic World Congress 2021, Science Forum: 6th ISOFAR Conference co-organised with INRA, FiBL, Agroecology Europe, TP Organics and ITAB, Rennes, France, 8 - 10 September, 2021. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43139/ title: Carbon distribution between density and particle size classes of differently managed soils in a 40-year agronomic long-term trial creator: Mayer, Marius creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Steffens, Markus subject: Soil quality subject: Systems research and participatory research description: Soils contain more carbon (C) in the form of organic matter (soil organic matter = SOM) than the entire atmosphere and global vegetation combined. They are a central component of the global C cycle and its largest dynamic reservoir. Smart agricultural practices are discussed, on the one hand, as a way to mitigate climate change because they can increase the amount of SOM and thus actively remove C from the atmosphere. On the other hand, all intensively used soils lose C in the long term. The scientific key questions in this context revolve around the extent and dynamics of C storage, as well as the associated stabilization mechanisms involved and effects of agricultural use on the C budget.The DOK experiment is a long-term agronomic field trial near Basel (Switzerland) that compares biodynamic, organic and conventional management systems since 40 years. Within the "DynaCarb" project, we investigate how the management systems affect SOM fractions during the 40-year experimental period. We compare the unfertilized control to a purely mineral, a purely organic, and a combined fertilized, mineral-organic variant (four field replicates each) during six crop rotation cycles. By using a combined density and particle size fractionation, the SOM is separated into particulate and mineral-associated fractions and their development is quantitatively investigated in archived samples from 1982, 1989, 1996, 2003, 2010, and 2017."DynaCarb" investigates the medium- and long-term effects of different agricultural systems on SOM. These results are of great importance for the evaluation of the C sequestration potential of agricultural soils and for the identification of suitable management and fertilization strategies. publisher: EGU General Assembly 2021 date: 2021 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/43139/1/mayer-etal-2021-EGU21-9801-print.pdf identifier: Mayer, Marius; Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Steffens, Markus (2021) Carbon distribution between density and particle size classes of differently managed soils in a 40-year agronomic long-term trial. In: EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-9801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9801, 2021, EGU General Assembly 2021. relation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9801 identifier: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9801 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9801 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36885/ title: The performance of yields in organic and conventional cropping systems creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Gunst, L. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Knapp, S. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Crop husbandry subject: Soil description: Sufficient and stable crop yields are the basis for feeding a growing world population. Limited cropland, climate change, loss of soil quality and biodiversity coupled with excessive use of non-renewable resources require new solutions for future cropping systems beyond existing management practices. Here we compare the yield performance of organic and conventional cropping systems. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36885/1/mayer-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p22.pdf identifier: Mayer, Jochen; Gunst, L.; Mäder, P. and Knapp, S. (2019) The performance of yields in organic and conventional cropping systems. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 22. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21564/ title: Performance und Ertragsbildung von Winterweizen im DOK-Versuch creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Gunst, Lucie subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Wheat yield performance and bread baking quality was investigated in the DOK long term experiment in Switzerland. Yield and crude protein differed between biological and conventional systems but not between bio-organic and bio-dynamic systems. The same observations were made for yield components and baking quality parameters. Potatoes as preceding crops compared to maize performed much better than increased manure application in biological systems. date: 2013-09-09 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/21564/1/21564_Mayer.pdf identifier: Mayer, Jochen; Mäder, Paul and Gunst, Lucie (2013) Performance und Ertragsbildung von Winterweizen im DOK-Versuch. Paper at: 12. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, 5. bis 8. März 2013. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/42457/ title: Soil microarthropods respond differently to simulated drought in organic and conventional farming systems creator: Meyer, Svenja creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Birkhofer, Klaus creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Scheu, Stefan subject: Soil quality subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: In Central Europe, summer droughts are increasing in frequency which threatens production and biodiversity in agroecosystems. The potential of different farming systems to mitigate detrimental drought effects on soil animals is largely unknown. We investigated the effects of simulated drought on the abundance and community composition of soil microarthropods (Collembola and Oribatida and Meso-, Pro-, and Astigmata) in winter wheat fields under long-term conventional and organic farming in the DOK trial, Switzerland. We simulated drought by excluding 65% of the ambient precipitation during the wheat-growing season from March to June 2017. The abundance of Collembola and Oribatida declined more consistently in conventionally managed fields compared to organically managed fields under simulated drought. The abundance of Collembola as well as Meso-, Pro- and Astigmata, but not the abundance of Oribatida, increased in deeper soil layers due to simulated drought, suggesting vertical migration as a drought avoidance strategy. The species composition of Oribatida communities, but not of Collembola communities, differed significantly between drought treatments and between farming systems. Soil carbon content was a major factor structuring Oribatida communities. Our results suggest that organic farming buffers negative effects of drought on soil microarthropods, presumably due to higher soil carbon content and associated higher soil moisture and improved soil structure. This potential of organic farming systems to mitigate consequences of future droughts on soil biodiversity is promising and needs further exploration across larger climatic and spatial scales and should be extended to other groups of soil biota. date: 2021 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/42457/1/meyer-etal-2021-EcologyEvolution-Vol11-p10369-10380.pdf identifier: Meyer, Svenja; Kundel, Dominika; Birkhofer, Klaus; Fliessbach, Andreas and Scheu, Stefan (2021) Soil microarthropods respond differently to simulated drought in organic and conventional farming systems. Ecology and Evolution, 11, pp. 10369-10380. relation: DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7839 identifier: DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7839 identifier: info:doi/DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7839 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2921/ title: DOK-Versuch creator: Morgner, Marion creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil quality description: DOK – Was ist das? Der Bio-Landbau findet jetzt auch in der Wissenschaft Gehör. Ein Langzeitversuch, der den konventionellen mit dem biologischen Anbau vergleicht, beweist: Bio-Landbau ist schonender, effizienter und nachhaltig. DOK – Spezialisten im Gespräch Mit der Veröffentlichung im Wissenschaftsmagazin Science hat die Forschung im DOK-Versuch nach 24jähriger Laufzeit einen vorläufigen Höhepunkt erreicht. Die beiden Versuchsleiter und zwei Landwirte ziehen eine Zwischenbilanz. Bio-Erträge können sich sehen lassen Der DOK-Versuch beweist die hohe Effizienz der biologischen Pflanzenproduktion: Bei 50 Prozent weniger Aufwand an Düngern und Energie und 97 Prozent weniger Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln lagen die Erträge im Vergleich zum konventionellen Anbau im Durchschnitt nur um 20 Prozent niedriger. Bio verbessert den Boden Der DOK-Versuch zeigt es: Die biologische Bewirtschaftung wirkt sich positiv auf Bodenstruktur, biologische Aktivität und Pflanzenwachstum aus und laugt den Boden nicht aus. Bio bringt Vielfalt auf den Acker Auf biologisch bewirtschafteten Flächen entwickeln sich wesentlich mehr Pflanzenarten als in konventionell bewirtschafteten Kulturen. Schon eine geringe Restverunkrautung erhöht die Attraktivität für Laufkäfer und andere Nützlinge. date: 2003 type: Web product type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2921/1/morgner-et-al-2004-dok-was-ist-das.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2921/2/morgner-et-al-2004-dok-spezialisten.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2921/3/morgner-et-al-2004-dok-bioertraege.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2921/4/morgner-et-al-2004-dok-bio-verbessert-boden.pdf format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2921/5/morgner-et-al-2004-dok-vielfalt-auf-acker.pdf identifier: Morgner, Marion; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2003) DOK-Versuch. [The DOK-Trial.] . Online at http://www.oekolandbau.de/index.cfm?000C39F26BAE1D6FB99D01A5C0A8E066 . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14124/ title: Symbiotic N2 fixation by soybean in organic and conventional cropping systems creator: Nanzer, Simone creator: Frossard, Emmanuel creator: Bosshard, Christine creator: Dubois, Davie creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Oberson, Astrid subject: Farm nutrient management description: In organic cropping systems nitrogen (N) often limits agricultural production. N2 fixing crops present an important option to improve N supply and to maintain soil fertility. We investigated N2 fixation of soybean in conventional and organic cropping systems. The study was carried out on a long term field experiment, characterized by unequal fertilization rates and soil microbial activity for the different systems. We assessed the proportion of N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) and the total amount of N symbiotically fixed (Nfix) using the 15N natural abundance method. Ndfa for soybean was low, ranging from 24 to 54%. The lowest Ndfa was reported for the exclusively mineral fertilized, and the highest for the bio-organic cropping system. However, there were no differences between the farming systems in total amount of N symbiotically fixed. Irrespective of the cropping system, N withdrawal by harvest was higher than N input by N2 fixation, meaning that soil N stock was not preserved. date: 2009 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14124/1/Nanzer_14124.pdf identifier: Nanzer, Simone; Frossard, Emmanuel; Bosshard, Christine; Dubois, Davie; Mäder, Paul and Oberson, Astrid (2009) Symbiotic N2 fixation by soybean in organic and conventional cropping systems. Poster at: 10. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zürich, 11.-13. Februar 2009. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2933/ title: DOC-trail: 20 years of organic and conventional farming affect soil microbial properties creator: Oberholzer, H.R. creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil quality subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil biology description: In a long-term field trial (DOC; = bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Conventional) at Therwil, Switzerland, agricultural production systems have been compared since 1978. The production systems differ mainly in the amount and form of fertiliser and plant protection strategy. Crop rotation and soil tillage were the same. In the most prominent systems soil microbial properties were investigated for the first time after two crop rotations in 1990. In 1998, after 3 crop rotations, soil microbial properties were investigated in all field plots. Conclusions Agricultural systems exert distinct effects on chemical and microbiological soil properties, prominently the bio-dynamic system with the application of composted manure. Part of the influence on microbiological parameters appears to be indirect through chemical properties. The differentiation of the systems remained stable for the last eight years of the trial. contributor: Alföldi, Thomas contributor: Lockeretz, W. contributor: Niggli, Urs date: 2000 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2933/1/oberholzer-et-al-2000-doc.pdf identifier: Oberholzer, H.R.; Mäder, Paul and Fliessbach, Andreas (2000) DOC-trail: 20 years of organic and conventional farming affect soil microbial properties. In: Alföldi, Thomas; Lockeretz, W. and Niggli, Urs (Eds.) Proceedings 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, p. 14. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14512/ title: Einfluss von biologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung auf biologische Bodenqualitätsparameter: Entwicklungen im DOK Langzeitversuch nach pH-Regulierung creator: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil biology subject: Soil quality description: In the long-term DOK field trial at Therwil, Switzerland, agricultural farming systems are compared since 1978: CONFYM (mineral and organic fertilisers, synthetic pesticides), BIOORG (organic fertilisers, mechanical weeding and biological disease and pest control) and BIODYN (with composted manure and bio-dynamic preparations), all of them at two fertiliser intensities of 0.7 and 1.4 livestock units per ha, respectively. They are compared with CONMIN (conventionally managed, exclusively minerally fertilised) and NOFERT (unfertilised control). CONFYM and CONMIN were limed with 2.7 t CaCO3 ha-1 in 1999, CONMIN with additional 2 t CaCO3 ha-1 in 2005, since pH values had dropped below officially recommended values. In spring of 1998 and 2006 soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth were analysed for soil microbial biomass (substrate induced respiration SIR and chloroform fumigation extraction CFE), soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity. NOFERT and CONMIN exhibited the lowest microbial soil properties Manure application influenced most soil microbial parameters positively. Differences between treatments in soil microbial parameters were smaller in 2006 than in 1998 due to pH regulation. Only CFE and dehydrogenase activity were higher in BIODYN than in BIOORG and CONFYM in 2006. For physiological methods SIR and soil respiration, no differences between these three systems were measured. Because of liming, manure use, a wide ley rotation and equal plant residue management no more differences between BIOORG and CONFYM, representing the predominant farming systems in Switzerland were observed for all soil microbial properties. date: 2009 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14512/1/Oberholzer_14512.pdf identifier: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf; Fließbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2009) Einfluss von biologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung auf biologische Bodenqualitätsparameter: Entwicklungen im DOK Langzeitversuch nach pH-Regulierung. Paper at: 10. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zürich, 11.-13. Februar 2009. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26502/ title: Einfluss von biologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung auf biologische Bodenqualitätsparameter im DOK Langzeitversuch creator: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf creator: Fließbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Soil quality subject: Composting and manuring subject: Weed management description: Im DOK-Feldversuch in Therwil, Schweiz werden seit 1978 folgende landwirtschaftlichen Anbausysteme verglichen: Konventionell (CONFYM, mineralische und organische Düngung, synthetische Pflanzenschutzmittel), biologisch organisch (BIOORG, organische Düngung, mechanische Unkrautbekämpfung und biologische Krankheits- und Schädlingsbekämpfung) sowie biologisch-dynamisch (BIODYN, organische Düngung mit kompostiertem Mist, Pflanzenschutz wie BIOORG,aber ohne Cu, biologisch-dynamische Präparate). publisher: VDLUFA-Verlag contributor: Wiesler, F. contributor: Schenkel, H. contributor: Ebertseder, T. date: 2009-09 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/26502/1/Oberholzer_Fliessbach_etal_2009_VDLUFA.pdf identifier: Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf; Fließbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Mayer, Jochen (2009) Einfluss von biologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung auf biologische Bodenqualitätsparameter im DOK Langzeitversuch. In: Wiesler, F.; Schenkel, H. and Ebertseder, T. (Eds.) Produktivität und Umweltschonung in der Landwirtschaft – ein Widerspruch?, VDLUFA-Verlag, D-Speyer, p. 96. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52082/ title: Higher than expected: Nitrogen flows, budgets, and use efficiencies over 35 years of organic and conventional cropping creator: Oberson, A. creator: Jarosch, K. A. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Hammelehle, A. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Mayer, J. subject: Composting and manuring subject: Nutrient turnover description: Organic and conventional cropping systems differ in type and amount of nitrogen (N) inputs. In organic cropping only organic fertilizers are permitted, while both organic and mineral fertilizers are used in conventional cropping. Fertilizer type and amount can affect N use efficiency of a cropping system, but contributions via symbiotic N fixation and changes in soil N stocks are rarely quantified based on field data when computing nutrient budgets. We calculated an N budget that accounts for these contributions based on annual data records for a period of 35 years at the Swiss DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Konventionell) field experiment. Here, different organic and conventional cropping systems have been maintained at two fertilization levels: typical for the respective system, and half these doses (low). Controls comprise a conventional treatment receiving solely mineral fertilizers and an unfertilized treatment. At the typical level, average fertilizer N inputs were 93 (bio-dynamic), 96 (bio-organic), and 171 (conventional system) kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen output via harvested products regularly exceeded N input with fertilizers in all treatments. In each of the 7-year crop rotation periods, legumes (grass-clover ley, intercrops, soybean) were grown in three years. Their symbiotic N fixation was quantified based on 15N studies and legume N yield data. It ranged from 75 to 122 kg N ha−1 per year of the DOK experiment, was slightly reduced under low fertilization and was the main N input for most treatments. Soil surface budgets (sum of N inputs from fertilization, symbiotic fixation, seeds, and deposition minus N outputs via crop harvests) yielded balances from −31 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (in non-fertilized control) to +46 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (conventional system with typical fertilization level). Nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE; N output with harvests as % of sum of N inputs) reached values >100 % in treatments with negative balances while NUE ranged from 85 % to 99 % in treatments with positive balances. Changes in topsoil (0–0.2 m) N stocks over time ranged from −26 to +9 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and declined in both unfertilized and mineral fertilized controls, and in systems receiving animal manure at low fertilization levels. Thus, positive soil surface N balances and animal manure are needed to maintain or increase topsoil N stocks. While NUE was generally high in all cropping systems there remains a trade-off between either soil N mining at higher NUE or potential N loss to the environment at lower NUE. date: 2024-03 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/52082/1/oberson-etal-2024-AgricultureEcosystemsEnvironment-Vol362-108802-p1-15.pdf identifier: Oberson, A.; Jarosch, K. A.; Frossard, E.; Hammelehle, A.; Fliessbach, A.; Mäder, P. and Mayer, J. (2024) Higher than expected: Nitrogen flows, budgets, and use efficiencies over 35 years of organic and conventional cropping. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 362 (108802), pp. 1-15. relation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108802 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108802 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108802 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52179/ title: Higher than expected: Nitrogen use efficiencies over 35 years of organic and conventional cropping creator: Oberson, A. creator: Jarosch, K.A. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Hammelehle, A. creator: Fliessbach, A. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Mayer, J. subject: Soil quality subject: Crop husbandry subject: Air and water emissions description: Organic and conventional cropping systems differ in type and amount of nitrogen (N) inputs, which may affect efficiency and sustainability of N use. Organic N fertilizers such as animal manure differ from mineral N fertilizers in the supply of available N over time. Nitrogen budgets based on field data records of long-term experiments enable the determination of Use be crops over decades. date: 2023 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/52179/1/oberson-etal-2023-Nitrogen_budget_presentation_RAMIRAN_2023.pdf identifier: Oberson, A.; Jarosch, K.A.; Frossard, E.; Hammelehle, A.; Fliessbach, A.; Mäder, P. and Mayer, J. (2023) Higher than expected: Nitrogen use efficiencies over 35 years of organic and conventional cropping. In: RAMIRAN 2023 - 18th International Conference, 12-14 Septmber 2023, Cambridge, UK. Book of Abstracts, p. 21. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14215/ title: Symbiotische Stickstofffixierung in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Wiesen creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Frossard, Emmanuel creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Flura, Thomas creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Lüscher, Andreas subject: Pasture and forage crops description: Because of lower nitrogen (N) input it is assumed that organically cultivated legumes fix more N2 than legumes grown under conventional cropping. Using the natural 15N abundance method, we assessed symbiotic N2 fixation by white and red clover. The clover was growing in a grass-clover meadow installed as part of the crop rotation of a long term (30 years) field experiment. Dry matter yields were similar for organic and conventional meadows on plots fertilized at levels typical for the respective system, but organic meadows tended to higher clover yields. The proportion of N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in both clover species was on average 84%. It was not significantly affected by the cropping system. Because of more legumes, amounts of fixed N2 (Nfix) were higher in organic than conventional meadows. Under low fertilization intensity, low available potassium and phosphorus contents limited Nfix through lower legume dry matter production while Ndfa remained high. date: 2009 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/14215/1/Oberson_14215.pdf identifier: Oberson, Astrid; Frossard, Emmanuel; Mayer, Jochen; Flura, Thomas; Mäder, Paul and Lüscher, Andreas (2009) Symbiotische Stickstofffixierung in biologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Wiesen. Paper at: 10. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zürich, 11.-13. Februar 2009. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/23228/ title: Nitrogen fixation and transfer in grassclover leys under organic and conventional cropping systems creator: Oberson, A. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Bühlmann, C. creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Lüscher, A. subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Crop husbandry description: Background and aim Symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation is the most important external N source in organic systems. Our objective was to compare symbiotic N2 fixation of clover grown in organically and conventionally cropped grass-clover leys, while taking into account nutrient supply gradients. Methods We studied leys of a 30-year-old field experiment over 2 years in order to compare organic and conventional systems at two fertilization levels. Using 15N natural abundance methods, we determined the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (PNdfa), the amount of Ndfa (ANdfa), and the transfer of clover N to grasses for both red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Results In all treatments and both years, PNdfa was high (83 to 91 %), indicating that the N2 fixation process is not constrained, even not in the strongly nutrient deficient non-fertilized control treatment. Annual ANdfa in harvested clover biomass ranged from 6 to 16 gN m−2. At typical fertilizer input levels, lower sward yield in organic than those in conventional treatments had no effect on ANdfa because of organic treatments had greater clover proportions. In two-year-old leys, on average, 51 % of N taken up by grasses was transferred from clover. Conclusion Both, organically and conventionally cropped grass-clover leys profited from symbiotic N2 fixation, with high PNdfa, and important transfer of clover N to grasses, provided sufficient potassiumand phosphorus-availability to sustain clover biomass production. date: 2013-03 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/23228/1/Oberson-etal-2013-PlantansSoil-onlinefirst.pdf identifier: Oberson, A.; Frossard, E.; Bühlmann, C.; Mayer, J.; Mäder, P. and Lüscher, A. (2013) Nitrogen fixation and transfer in grassclover leys under organic and conventional cropping systems. Plant and Soil, (online), - . relation: DOI 10.1007/s11104-013-1666-4 identifier: DOI 10.1007/s11104-013-1666-4 identifier: urn:ISSN:0032-079X identifier: info:doi/DOI 10.1007/s11104-013-1666-4 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36888/ title: Nitrogen budgets and soil nitrogen stocks of organic and conventional cropping systems: how reconcile efficiency and sustainability of nitrogen use? creator: Oberson, Astrid creator: Jarosch, K. A. creator: Bosshard, C. creator: Dubois, D. creator: Frossard, E. creator: Hammelehle, A. creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Organic and conventional cropping systems differ in the nature and amounts of nitrogen (N) inputs, which may affect efficiency and sustainability of N use. In the DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Konventionell) field experiment, organic and conventional cropping systems have been compared since 1978 at two fertilization levels (with level 2 being typical for the respective system and level 1 receiving half of this dose). date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36888/1/oberson-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p30.pdf identifier: Oberson, Astrid; Jarosch, K. A.; Bosshard, C.; Dubois, D.; Frossard, E.; Hammelehle, A.; Mayer, J. and Mäder, P. (2019) Nitrogen budgets and soil nitrogen stocks of organic and conventional cropping systems: how reconcile efficiency and sustainability of nitrogen use? In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 30. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2811/ title: Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi creator: Oehl, F. creator: Sieverding, E. creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Dubois, D. creator: Ineichen, K. creator: Boller, T. creator: Wiemken, A. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Previous work has shown considerably enhanced soil fertility in agroecosystems managed by organic farming compared to conventional farming. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in nutrient acquisition and soil fertility. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of AMF in the context of a long-term study in which replicated field plots, at a single site in Central Europe (DOK-Trial. Therwil, Switzerland), had been cultivated for 22 years according to two "organic" and two "conventional" farming systems. In the 23rd year, the field plots, carrying an 18-month-old grass-clover stand, were examined in two ways with respect to AMF diversity. Firstly, AMF spores were isolated and morphologically identified from soil samples. The study revealed that the AMF spore abundance and species diversity was significantly higher in the organic than in the conventional systems. Furthermore, the AMF community differed in the conventional and organic systems: Glomus species were similarly abundant in all systems but spores of Acaulospora and Scutellospora species were more abundant in the organic systems. Secondly, the soils were used to establish AMF-trap cultures using a consortium of Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne as host plants. The AMF spore community developing in the trap cultures differed: after 12 months, two species of the Acaulosporaceae (A. paulinae and A. longula) were consistently found to account for a large part of the spore community in the trap cultures from the organic systems but were found rarely in the ones from the conventional systems. The findings show that some AMF species present in natural ecosystems are maintained under organic farming but severely depressed under conventional farming, indicating a potentially severe loss of ecosystem function under conventional farming. date: 2004 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: rtf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2811/1/no-document-rft.rtf identifier: Oehl, F.; Sieverding, E.; Mäder, Paul; Dubois, D.; Ineichen, K.; Boller, T. and Wiemken, A. (2004) Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia (138), pp. 574-583. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26761/ title: Phosphorus budget and phosphorus availability in soils under organic and conventional farming creator: Oehl, F. creator: Oberson, A. creator: Tagmann, H.U. creator: Besson, J.M. creator: Dubois, D. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Roth, H.-R. creator: Frossard, E. subject: Soil description: The aim of this work was to assess to which extent organic farming practices would affect the accumulation of total and available phosphorus (P) in a cropped soil in comparison to conventional practices. In order to achieve this, soil samples were taken from a long-term field trial comparing a non-fertilised control (NON), two conventionally cultivated treatments (MIN, CON), and two organically cultivated treatments (ORG, DYN). Soil samples were taken from each treatment at two depths (0-20 and 30-50 cm) before starting the field trial (1977) and at the end of every three crop rotations (1984, 1991 and 1998). They were then analysed for total P (Pt ), total inorganic P (Pi ), total organic P (Po) and isotopically exchangeable Pi . After 21 years, the average P input-output budget reached -20.9 kg P ha−1 a−1 for NON, -7.8 for DYN, -5.7 for ORG, -5.0 for MIN and +3.8 for CON. Total P, Pi as well as the amount of Pi isotopically exchangeable within 1 minute (E1) were positively correlated to the P budget. Comparison between P budget and Pt in the top- and subsoils of the fertilised treatments suggested a net transfer of P from the 0–20 to the 30–50 cm layers between 13 and 26 kg P ha−1 a−1during the first rotation and between 3 and 12 kg P ha−1 a−1during the second rotation. During the third rotation a net upward movement of P from the subsurface to the topsoil ranging between 3.7 and 10.5 kg P ha−1 a−1was estimated. In the topsoil, E1decreased from an initial value of 12 mg P kg−1 to 11 in CON, 8 in MIN, 6 in ORG, 5 in DYN and 2 in NON after 21 years. In the subsoil, E1 increased from an initial value of 2 mg P kg−1 to 4 in MIN, ORG, DYN and NON and to 6 in CON. These results show that, with the exception of NON, all treatments had still an adequate level of available P after 21 years of trial and that, in this low to moderately P sorbing soil, an equilibrated input-output budget allows to maintain P availability at a constant level. In the organic systems, yields have so far partly been attained at the expense of soil reserves or residual P from earlier fertiliser applications. date: 2002 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26761/1/Oehl_et_al_2002_NCA.pdf identifier: Oehl, F.; Oberson, A.; Tagmann, H.U.; Besson, J.M.; Dubois, D.; Mäder, P.; Roth, H.-R. and Frossard, E. (2002) Phosphorus budget and phosphorus availability in soils under organic and conventional farming. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62, pp. 25-35. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26750/ title: Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe creator: Oehl, Fritz creator: Sieverding, Ewald creator: Ineichen, Kurt creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Boller, Thomas creator: Wiemken, Andres subject: Soil biology description: The impact of land use intensity on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated at eight sites in the “three-country corner” of France, Germany, and Switzerland. Three sites were low-input, species-rich grasslands. Two sites represented low- to moderate-input farming with a 7-year crop rotation, and three sites represented high-input continuous maize monocropping. Representative soil samples were taken, and the AMF spores present were morphologically identified and counted. The same soil samples also served as inocula for “AMF trap cultures” with Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense, and Lolium perenne. These trap cultures were established in pots in a greenhouse, and AMF root colonization and spore formation were monitored over 8 months. For the field samples, the numbers of AMF spores and species were highest in the grasslands, lower in the low- and moderate-input arable lands, and lowest in the lands with intensive continuous maize monocropping. Some AMF species occurred at all sites (“generalists”); most of them were prevalent in the intensively managed arable lands. Many other species, particularly those forming sporocarps, appeared to be specialists for grasslands. Only a few species were specialized on the arable lands with crop rotation, and only one species was restricted to the high-input maize sites. In the trap culture experiment, the rate of root colonization by AMF was highest with inocula from the permanent grasslands and lowest with those from the high-input monocropping sites. In contrast, AMF spore formation was slowest with the former inocula and fastest with the latter inocula. In conclusion, the increased land use intensity was correlated with a decrease in AMF species richness and with a preferential selection of species that colonized roots slowly but formed spores rapidly. date: 2003-05 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26750/1/Oehl_et_al_2003_AEM.pdf identifier: Oehl, Fritz; Sieverding, Ewald; Ineichen, Kurt; Mäder, Paul; Boller, Thomas and Wiemken, Andres (2003) Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69 (5), pp. 2816-2824. relation: 10.1128/AEM.69.5.2816–2824.2003 identifier: 10.1128/AEM.69.5.2816–2824.2003 identifier: info:doi/10.1128/AEM.69.5.2816–2824.2003 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/37078/ title: Faunistische Erfolgskontrolle von unterschiedlichen Anbausystemen und naturnahen Flächen im Feldbau - Bedeutung des ökologischen Landbaus creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Luka, Henryk subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: We conducted investigations about the effects of different farming systems and seminatural habitats on beneficial organisms. On one hand, it was performed in a long-term comparison trial of different farming systems (DOC-trial) and on the other hand also on the farm Ievel. Beneficial artbropods and earthworm populations were mostly investigated in arable fields and also in the adjacent field margins and seminatural habitats. In most cases, carabid populations of organic fields were richer in species and abundance and also the abundances and biomasses of earthworms were greater than in the integrated farmed plots. The spider fauna did not differ so significantly in dependance of tbe farming intensity. Endangered and rare carabid and spider species were generally more abundant in the organic fields. Summerand winter data have sbown that seminatural habitats and field margins play a key role as refugia and overwintering sites for many beneficial artbropods. In conclusion tbe data showed that organic farming in combination with seminatural habitats and field margins are crucial factors for a sustainable conservation and enbancement of the indigenous beneficial fauna on the agriculturalland. date: 1999 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/37078/1/Pfiffner_Luka_1999_MittBiolBundesanst_Berlin-Dahlem_Heft368_p57-67.pdf identifier: Pfiffner, Lukas and Luka, Henryk (1999) Faunistische Erfolgskontrolle von unterschiedlichen Anbausystemen und naturnahen Flächen im Feldbau - Bedeutung des ökologischen Landbaus. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem, 1999, 368, pp. 57-67. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26778/ title: Effects of Biodynamic, Organic and Conventional Production Systems on Earthworm Populations creator: Pfiffner, Lukas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Soil biology description: In a long-term trial, the earthworm populations of two biological farming systems, two conventional systems and one control treatment were compared in a seven year crop rotation on a Luvisol from loess. The earthworms were investigated by handsorting at four dates during 1990-92. Nicodrilus longus (Ude), N. noctumus (Evans), N. caliginosus (Savigny) and Allolobophora rosea (Savigny) were the dominant earthworm species in all treatments. The earthworm biomass and density, the presence of anecic species, and the number of juveniles were significantly higher in the biological than in the conventional or unfertilized plots. In addition, more earthworm species were found in the biological plots. In this trial, plant protection management seems to be the main factor responsible for the differences in earthworm populations. date: 1997 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26778/1/Pfiffner_and_Maeder_1997_EROA.pdf identifier: Pfiffner, Lukas and Mäder, Paul (1997) Effects of Biodynamic, Organic and Conventional Production Systems on Earthworm Populations. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 15 (1-4), pp. 3-10. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2571/ title: Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches. creator: Rasche, Frank creator: Widmer, Franco creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Fließbach, Andreas subject: Composting and manuring subject: Soil quality subject: Production systems subject: Crop combinations and interactions subject: Soil biology description: Die angewendeten Methoden erwiesen sich als geeignet, um die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften und deren physiologische Eigenschaften in den Böden der Anbausysteme des DOK-Versuches zu untersuchen. Sämtliche Parameter konnten Veränderungen der physiologischen Eigenschaften und taxonomischen Zusammensetzung beschreiben, die hauptsächlich auf die unterschiedlichen Anbausysteme und Kulturen zurückzuführen sind. Es stellte sich zudem heraus, dass die Veränderungen besonders durch die Art der Düngung (organisch vs. mineralisch) hervorgerufen wurden. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass eine verknüpfende Betrachtung der Ergebnisse der hier angeführten Analysemethoden sinnvoll ist, um zukünftig verbesserte Aussagen über Bodenqualität und -fruchtbarkeit in Agrarökosystemen treffen zu können. publisher: Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau contributor: Freyer, Bernhard date: 2003 type: Book chapter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2571/1/rasche-2003-mirkobielle-diversitaet-dok-versuche.pdf identifier: Rasche, Frank; Widmer, Franco; Mäder, Paul; Gattinger, Andreas and Fließbach, Andreas (2003) Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches. [Comparison of methods to study microbial diversity in the soils of the DOK trial.] In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft. Wien, 24.-26. Februar 2003.. Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau, pp. 447-448. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2793/ title: Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches creator: Rasche, Frank creator: Widmer, Franco creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Composting and manuring subject: Nutrient turnover subject: Soil quality subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil biology description: Problemstellung/Ziele: Die Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften und deren Funktionen im Boden kann mit Hilfe moderner Techniken beschrieben werden. Diese beruhen u.a. auf der Untersuchung der genetischen Eigenschaften mittels DNA-Analysen, molekularen Markern der Zellmembran oder physiologischer Eigenschaften der Organismen. Die Frage, ob die daraus ableitbare strukturelle und funktionelle Vielfalt von mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften ein Kriterium für Bodenqualität sein kann, ist Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Diskussion. Der Nachweis eines Zusammenhangs von mikrobieller Diversität und wichtigen ökologischen Funktionen des Bodens, die auf mikrobiellen Prozessen basieren, steht noch aus. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war, drei Ansätze zur Beschreibung der mikrobiellen Diversität im Boden zu vergleichen und Beziehungen zu Parametern der Bodenqualität herzuleiten um diese zur Beurteilung von Veränderungen durch landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftung verwenden zu können. Hypothesen: (I) Die langfristige biologische Bewirtschaftung von Böden verändert die strukturelle und funktionelle Vielfalt ihrer mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft im Vergleich zu konventionellen. (II) Die Diversität der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Bodenqualität. publisher: Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau contributor: Freyer, Bernhard date: 2003 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/2793/1/Rasche_Poster_WOEL2003.pdf identifier: Rasche, Frank; Widmer, Franco; Mäder, Paul; Gattinger, Andreas and Fliessbach, Andreas (2003) Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft. Wien, 24.-26. Februar 2003, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau, p. 447. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/39118/ title: Long‐term farming systems and last crop sown shape the species and functional composition of the arable weed seed bank creator: Rotchés-Ribalta, Roser creator: Sans, Francesc Xavier creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Weed management description: Questions: The assembly of arable weed communities is the result of local filtering by agricultural management and crop competition. Therefore, soil seed banks can reflect the effects of long‐term cumulative field management and crop sequences on weed communities. Moreover, soil seed banks provide strong estimates of future weed problems but also of potential arable plant diversity and associated ecological functions. For this, we evaluated the effects of different long‐term farming systems under the same crop rotation sequence on the abundance, diversity and community assembly of weed seed bank, as well as on the functional diversity and composition. Location: DOK (biodynamic [D], bioorganic [O], conventional [K]) long‐term trial, Therwil, Switzerland. Methods: The effects of long‐term contrasted farming systems (i.e., biodynamic, organic, conventional, mineral and unfertilised systems) and last crop sown (i.e., wheat and maize) were evaluated on different indicators of species and functional diversity and composition of the weed soil seed bank. Results: The results showed significant influences of 40 years of contrasted farming systems on the diversity and composition of the seed bank, with higher diversities being found in unfertilised and organic farming systems, but also higher abundances than those found under conventional systems. Organic farming also allowed higher functional richness, dispersion and redundancy. Different farming systems triggered shifts in species and functional assemblies. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of organic management for the maintenance of a diverse arable plant community and its functions. However, such results emphasise the need for appropriate yearly management to reduce the abundance of settled weediness and prevent affecting crop production. The farm management filtered community composition based on functional traits. Although the soil seed bank buffers the long‐term farming and crop sequence, the last crop sown and, thus, the yearly management were important determinants of seed bank composition. date: 2020 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/39118/1/Rotchs-Ribaltaetal-etal-2020-AVS-Vol23-Issue3-p428-440.pdf identifier: Rotchés-Ribalta, Roser; Sans, Francesc Xavier; Mayer, Jochen and Mäder, Paul (2020) Long‐term farming systems and last crop sown shape the species and functional composition of the arable weed seed bank. Applied Vegetation Science, 23 (3), pp. 428-440. relation: https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12496 identifier: https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12496 identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12496 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36896/ title: Effects of farming system on weed seed bank and on invasibility in arable fields: evidences from the long-term DOK trial creator: Sans Serra, Xavier F creator: Rotchés-Ribalta, R. creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Breeding, genetics and propagation subject: Weed management description: Agricultural intensification over last decades has resulted in a great increase of crop yields, but it also had a detrimental impact on biodiversity. The dramatic decline of arable weed diversity is a matter of great concern because weeds have an important ecological function as a key component of the food web of agroecosystems. Weeds are suitable indicators of management effects on wildlife diversity in arable crops because they have high sensitivity to cultivation measures and have a strong relation to other organism groups. Nevertheless, the effect of farming management on weed abundance and diversity will be more reliable on weed seed bank rather than on aboveground weed community because it is the result of processes that have occurred in the past and consequently, it could better reflect the effect of the agricultural practices over the years. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36896/1/sans-serra-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p59.pdf identifier: Sans Serra, Xavier F; Rotchés-Ribalta, R.; Mayer, J. and Mäder, P. (2019) Effects of farming system on weed seed bank and on invasibility in arable fields: evidences from the long-term DOK trial. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 59. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/30649/ title: Auf lange Dauer gute Erträge in Bio creator: Sauter, Moritz creator: Perrochet, Frederic creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Brack, Ernst creator: Gunst, Lucie creator: Mayer, Jochen subject: Cereals, pulses and oilseeds description: Die Erträge im Biolandbau sind auch für die wichtigen Kulturen Mais und Soja gut, das zeigt der DOK-Langzeitversuch. date: 2016 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/30649/1/bioaktuell_816_DOK.pdf identifier: Sauter, Moritz; Perrochet, Frederic; Mäder, Paul; Brack, Ernst; Gunst, Lucie and Mayer, Jochen (2016) Auf lange Dauer gute Erträge in Bio. Bioaktuell, 2016, 8/2016, pp. 14-15. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/44830/ title: Reduced plant water use can explain higher soil moisture in organic compared to conventional farming systems creator: Schärer, Marie-Louise creator: Dietrich, Lars creator: Kundel, Dominika creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Kahmen, Ansgar subject: Soil description: Conventional high-input farming systems in Europe are often regarded as unsustainable with severe environmental impacts on biodiversity, soils, water and climate. Low-input farming approaches, such as organic farming, have been proposed to reduce environmental impacts while further improving soil properties such as soil organic matter content and aggregate stability. Whether these changes also influence ecohydrological properties and improve the water relations of organically grown crops remains unclear. In this study we assessed the long-term effects of conventional and organic farming systems on the water relations of soils and crops in the “DOK” (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic & ‘Konventionell’ = conventional) trial. In particular, we tested if organic and conventional farming lead to marked differences in soil moisture, soil water evaporation, as well as root water uptake depth and stomatal conductance of winter wheat and soybean during the growing seasons 2017 and 2018. Stable isotope analyses and ecophysiological measurements revealed that organic compared to conventional farming did not affect soil water evaporation or root water uptake depths. Instead, we found higher soil moisture in the rooting zone and reduced stomatal conductance (gs) in organically grown wheat. Treatment effects on soil moisture and gs of soybean were smaller but showed similar tendencies as observed in wheat. Also, leaf area, and grain and straw yield of wheat decreased under organic farming while yields of soybean were not affected by the treatments. Based on our data we suggest that reduced plant water use observed under organically managed farming lead to the observed higher soil moisture in organically compared to conventionally managed farming systems in the DOK trial. These results suggest advantages of organic farming regarding agronomic water use as well as for the resistance of farming systems to current or future drought scenarios. date: 2022 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en rights: cc_by_4 identifier: /id/eprint/44830/1/1-s2.0-S0167880922000640-main.pdf identifier: Schärer, Marie-Louise; Dietrich, Lars; Kundel, Dominika; Mäder, Paul and Kahmen, Ansgar (2022) Reduced plant water use can explain higher soil moisture in organic compared to conventional farming systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 332 (107915), pp. 1-13. relation: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.107915 identifier: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.107915 doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.107915 identifier: urn:ISSN:0167-8809 identifier: info:doi/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107915 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25176/ title: What is the contribution of organic agriculture to sustainable development? Long-term farming systems comparisons in the tropics creator: Schneider, Monika creator: Andres, Christian subject: Crop husbandry subject: Soil description: Long-term farming systems comparisons in the tropics. date: 2013 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/25176/1/andres-schneider-2013-SysCom_SFIAR-meeting.pdf identifier: Schneider, Monika and Andres, Christian (2013) What is the contribution of organic agriculture to sustainable development? Long-term farming systems comparisons in the tropics. Paper at: SFIAR Meeting, FiBL Frick, Switzerland, March 26, 2013. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17937/ title: Soil carbon sequestration in Switzerland - the DOK trial creator: Scholberg, Johannes creator: Müller, Adrian subject: Air and water emissions subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Organic systems, by closing nutrient cycles and making more efficient use of local (on-farm) resources, can contribute to mitigating climate change1. This is due to the fact that certain farming practices result in storage of carbon (C) in the soil (sequestration), thereby effectively reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The DOK trial, a research project on the mitigation potential of Organic Agriculture has demonstrated this. publisher: IFOAM EU-GROUP and IFOAM contributor: Agro Eco - Louis Bolk Institute, contributor: Rodale Institute, contributor: Research Institute of Organic Agriulture, (FiBL) date: 2009 type: Book chapter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17937/1/scholberg-muller-2009-ifoam.pdf identifier: Scholberg, Johannes and Müller, Adrian (2009) Soil carbon sequestration in Switzerland - the DOK trial. In: Agro Eco - Louis Bolk Institute, ; Rodale Institute, and Research Institute of Organic Agriulture, (FiBL) (Eds.) The CONTRIBUTION of ORGANIC AGRICULTURE to CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION. IFOAM EU-GROUP and IFOAM, Brussels, Belgium and Bonn, Germany, pp. 11-12. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26776/ title: Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland creator: Siegrist, S. creator: Schaub, D. creator: Pfiffner, L. creator: Mäder, P. subject: Soil biology description: In a long-term field trial in northwestern Switzerland, the effects of organic and conventional land-use management on earthworm populations and on soil erodibility were investigated. A silt loam soil which had developed in deep deposits of alluvial loess characterised the study site. Three methods were applied to analyse soil erodibility, at three different periods between autumn 1992 and 1993: aggregate stability (measured in the laboratory by a high energy rainfall simulation and by percolation) and soil particle detachment (measured in the field by splash erosion). Earthworm biomass and density, as well as the population diversity, were significantly greater on the organic plots than on the conventional plots. Likewise, the aggregate stability of the organic plots, when determined by means of percolation, was significantly better. Therefore, erosion susceptibility is greater on plots farmed conventionally. On the other hand, splash erosion monitoring and simulated rainfall experiments only partially highlight differences in erodibility between the two main land-management methods. Future comparisons between the farming systems should also include farmer managed fields with greater differentiation in crop rotations and cultural practices like tillage, fertilisation and pesticide use. date: 1998 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/26776/1/Siegrist_et_al_1998_AEE.pdf identifier: Siegrist, S.; Schaub, D.; Pfiffner, L. and Mäder, P. (1998) Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 69, pp. 253-264. identifier: urn:ISSN:0167-8809 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25754/ title: Soil GHG fluxes under organic & non-organic agriculture compared: First results from measurements taken in the DOK-Experiment creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Buol, Amanda creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Fliessbach, Andreas creator: Mäder, Paul subject: Air and water emissions subject: Soil description: Soil management induces nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions that account for around 40% of agriculture's direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Nitrous oxide is formed in the soil through a multitude of aerobic and anaerobic microbial processes with broadly varying shares and rates depending on atmospheric and site-specific conditions. Generally, N2O fluxes show a high spatial and temporal variability. A robust finding is that lower nitrogen application rates are associated with lower nitrous oxide emissions. Organic farming systems provide multiple environmental benefits; they foster inter alia agriculture’s mitigation potential concerning climate change. Skinner et al. (2014) evaluated with Meta-Analysis the available global dataset from field measurements comparing organic with non-organic (with synthetic fertilisers and herbicides) agricultural management. They found with high significance that area-scaled nitrous oxide emissions from organically managed soils are 497 ± 160 kg ha-1 a-1 CO2-eq. lower than under non-organic management. Meta-Regression indicated that the main driver of N2O emissions under non-organic farming was N-input, whereas for organic farming concentrations of total soil N and soil organic C (SOC) were responsible. This can be explained by the high bioavailability of synthetic fertiliser and the retarded mineralisation of the N inputs in organic systems; a decoupling in time of N input and consumption. Since August 2012 soil GHG fluxes, N2O, CH4 and CO2, are being sampled in the DOK experiment at Therwil CH. This farming system comparison trial of organic and non-organic treatments was established in 1978. The good documentation of crop management and inputs will be of advantage, e.g. for the endeavour to close knowledge gaps concerning N fluxes and pools in soils under organic management. We present first results from measurements in a winter wheat crop (second vegetation phase) and in a grass-clover corn crop-sequence, as timelines of the gas fluxes underlined with corresponding variables, as well as cumulated values with tested significance of differences. publisher: BGS Geschäftsstelle date: 2014-02-12 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/25754/1/Poster-BGS-Changings-improved-fin.pdf identifier: Skinner, Colin; Buol, Amanda; Gattinger, Andreas; Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (2014) Soil GHG fluxes under organic & non-organic agriculture compared: First results from measurements taken in the DOK-Experiment. In: BGS Jahrestagung – Böden und ihre Rolle im Ökosystem besser verstehen: Eine systemische Betrachtung, BGS Geschäftsstelle, CH-Changins. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36350/ title: The impact of long-term organic farming on soil-derived greenhouse gas emissions creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Gattinger, Andreas creator: Krauss, Maike creator: Krause, Hans-Martin creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. creator: Mäder, Paul subject: "Organics" in general subject: Specific methods subject: Air and water emissions description: Agricultural practices contribute considerably to emissions of greenhouse gases. so far, knowledge on the impact of organic compared to non-organic farming on soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2o) and methane (CH4) emissions is limited. We investigated N2o and CH4 fluxes with manual chambers during 571 days in a grass-clover– silage maize – green manure cropping sequence in the long-term field trial “DOK” in Switzerland. We compared two organic farming systems – biodynamic (BIODYN) and bioorganic (BIOORG) – with two non-organic systems – solely mineral fertilisation (CONMIN) and mixed farming including farmyard manure (CONFYM) – all reflecting Swiss farming practices–together with an unfertilised control (NOFERT). We observed a 40.2% reduction of N2o emissions per hectare for organic compared to non-organic systems. In contrast to current knowledge, yield-scaled cumulated N2o emissions under silage maize were similar between organic and non-organic systems. Cumulated on area scale we recorded under silage maize a modest CH4 uptake for BIODYN and CONMIN and high CH4emissions for CONFYM. We found that, in addition to N input, quality properties such as pH, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass significantly affected N2o emissions. this study showed that organic farming systems can be a viable measure contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation in the agricultural sector. date: 2019 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36350/1/skinner-etal-2019-ScientificReports-article-s41598-018-38207-w.pdf identifier: Skinner, Colin; Gattinger, Andreas; Krauss, Maike; Krause, Hans-Martin; Mayer, Jochen; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. and Mäder, Paul (2019) The impact of long-term organic farming on soil-derived greenhouse gas emissions. Scientific Reports, 9 (1702), pp. 1-10. relation: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38207-w identifier: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38207-w identifier: info:doi/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38207-w relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36905/ title: Determination of greenhouse gas sources and sinks in Swiss arable soils under organic and non-organic management creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Krauss, M. creator: Krause, H.M. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Gattinger, A. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Air and water emissions subject: Soil description: Agricultural practices contribute considerably to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Knowledge on the impact of organic (ORG) compared to non-organic (NON-ORG) farming on soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions is still limited. We conducted a literature search on measured soil GHG fluxes under ORG and NON-ORG from farming system comparisons and performed a meta-analysis. Based on 12 studies covering annual measurements, it appeared that area-scaled N2O emissions are with 14% significantly lower under ORG. However, yield-scaled N2O emissions are only 9% higher for ORG. Emissions from NON-ORG soils seemed to be influenced mainly by total N inputs, whereas for ORG other soil characteristics seemed to be more important because N2O from organic N fertilisers emits decoupled from the inputs. Furthermore, we observed a 12% higher CH4 uptake for arable soils under ORG. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36905/1/skinner-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p98.pdf identifier: Skinner, Colin; Krauss, M.; Krause, H.M.; Mäder, P. and Gattinger, A. (2019) Determination of greenhouse gas sources and sinks in Swiss arable soils under organic and non-organic management. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 98. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/26920/ title: Emission und Aufnahme von Lachgas und Methan durch Ackerböden in der Fruchtfolgesequenz Kunstwiese – Silomais unter konventioneller und biologischer Bewirtschaftung creator: Skinner, Colin creator: Krauss, Maike creator: Conen, Franz creator: Hansen, Sissel creator: Mayer, Jochen creator: Neftel, Albrecht creator: Mäder, Paul creator: Gattinger, Andreas subject: Soil description: Organic farming systems provide multiple environmental benefits. Concerning climate change they have a substantial mitigation potential. Skinner et al. (2014) evaluated with Meta-Analysis the global dataset on comparative field measurements of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes under organic and non-organic agricultural management that have been published by the end of 2012. They showed that for arable land-use under organic management compared to non-organic 1) the cumulated area-scaled N2O emissions are about 15 % lower, 2) yield-scaled N2O emissions are slightly higher and 3) CH4 uptake is higher. However, this database is thin and further field measurements covering whole crop rotations are needed to close knowledge gaps. Therefore soil GHG fluxes are measured since August 2012 in the DOK long-term experiment. Thereby the findings of the Meta-Analysis serve as hypotheses. The measurement results from a grass-clover - maize crop sequence confirm the hypotheses one and three. However hypothesis two was significantly rejected by the biodynamic system compared to the conventional system with farmyard manure. publisher: Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin date: 2015 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/26920/2/26920_skinner.pdf identifier: Skinner, Colin; Krauss, Maike; Conen, Franz; Hansen, Sissel; Mayer, Jochen; Neftel, Albrecht; Mäder, Paul and Gattinger, Andreas (2015) Emission und Aufnahme von Lachgas und Methan durch Ackerböden in der Fruchtfolgesequenz Kunstwiese – Silomais unter konventioneller und biologischer Bewirtschaftung. [Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in agricultural soils under organic and non-organic cultivation: GHG-emissions from a grass-clover corn crop-sequence.] Paper at: 13. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde, 17. - 20. März 2015. relation: 26920 identifier: 26920 identifier: urn:ISBN:978-3-89574-885-1 identifier: info:doi/26920 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36902/ title: Carbon sequestration and stabilization in a 40-year agronomic long-term experiment creator: Steffens, Markus creator: Mayer, J. creator: Mäder, P. creator: Fliessbach, A. subject: Systems research and participatory research subject: Nutrient turnover description: Soils contain more carbon (C) in the form of organic matter (soil organic matter = SOM) than the entire atmosphere and global vegetation put together. They are thus a central component of the global C cycle and its largest dynamic reservoir. On the one hand, intelligent agricultural practices are discussed as a way of mitigating climate change because they can increase the amount of SOM and thus actively remove C from the atmosphere. On the other hand, all intensively used soils lose C in the long term. Central questions in this context revolve around the extent and dynamics of storage, the stabilisation mechanisms involved and the impact of agricultural use on the C budget. date: 2019 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/36902/1/steffens-etal-2019-DOKMonteVerita_AbstractBook_p83.pdf identifier: Steffens, Markus; Mayer, J.; Mäder, P. and Fliessbach, A. (2019) Carbon sequestration and stabilization in a 40-year agronomic long-term experiment. In: Agroscope, FiBL, ETH (Eds.) Program and abstract book. Comparing organic and conventional agricultural cropping systems - What can be learned from the DOK and other long-term trials? Congressi Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, October 6-10, 2019, p. 83. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17865/ title: Soil type, management history, and soil amendments influence the development of soil-borne (Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum) and air-borne (Phytophthora infestans, Hyaloperonospora parasitica) diseases creator: Tamm, Lucius creator: Thürig, Barbara creator: Bruns, Christian creator: Fuchs, Jacques G. creator: Köpke, Ulrich creator: Laustela, Matias creator: Leifert, Carlo creator: Mahlberg, Nicole creator: Nietlispach, Bruno creator: Schmidt, Christoph creator: Weber, Felix creator: Fließbach, Andreas subject: Soil biology subject: Crop health, quality, protection description: The impact of soil type, long-term soil management, and short-term fertility input strategies on the suppressiveness of soils against soil-borne (Ocimum basilicum – Rhizoctonia solani, Lepidium sativum – Pythium ultimum) as well as air-borne (Lycopersicon esculentum – Phytophthora infestans, Arabidopsis thaliana – Hyaloperonospora parasitica) diseases was studied. Soils from field trials established in five European sites with contrasting pedo-climatic conditions were examined. Sites included (i) a long-term management field trial comparing organic and conventional farming systems (DOK-trial, Therwil, Switzerland) (ii) a short-term fertility input field trial comparing mineral and organic matter fertilisation regimes (Bonn (BON), Germany) (iii) two short-term fertility input field trials (Stockbridge (STC) and Tadcaster (TAD), UK) comparing the impact of farmyard manure, composted farmyard manure, and chicken manure pellet amendements and (iv) soil from a site used as a reference (Reckenholz (REC), Switzerland). Soil type affected disease suppressiveness of the four pathosystems signficantly, indicating that soils can not only affect the development of soil-borne, but also the resistance of plants to air-borne diseases at relevant levels. Suppressiveness to soil- and air-borne diseases was shown to be affected by soil type, but also by long-term management as well as short-term fertility inputs. publisher: Springer + Business Media date: 2010 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17865/1/Tamm-etal-2010-eur-j-plant-pathol.pdf identifier: Tamm, Lucius; Thürig, Barbara; Bruns, Christian; Fuchs, Jacques G.; Köpke, Ulrich; Laustela, Matias; Leifert, Carlo; Mahlberg, Nicole; Nietlispach, Bruno; Schmidt, Christoph; Weber, Felix and Fließbach, Andreas (2010) Soil type, management history, and soil amendments influence the development of soil-borne (Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum) and air-borne (Phytophthora infestans, Hyaloperonospora parasitica) diseases. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 127 (4), pp. 465-481. relation: DOI 10.1007/s10658-010-9612-2 identifier: DOI 10.1007/s10658-010-9612-2 identifier: urn:ISSN:0929-1873 identifier: info:doi/DOI 10.1007/s10658-010-9612-2 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6507/ title: Community structures and substrate utilization of bacteria in soils from organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long-term field experiment creator: Widmer, Franco creator: Rasche, Frank creator: Hartmann, Martin creator: Fliessbach, Andreas subject: Soil description: Preservation or improvement of soil quality and productivity is of major importance for sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms strongly influence these soil characteristics as they are involved in nutrient cycling, transformation processes and soil aggregate formation, as well as in plant pathology or plant growth promotion. A profound understanding of structure, dynamics and functions of soil microbial populations represents one key to the understanding and description of soil quality. Therefore, we analyzed longterm effects of three farmyard manure (FYM)-based farming systems, i.e. bio-dynamic (BIODYN), bio-organic (BIOORG) and conventional (CONFYM), on microbiological soil characteristics and compared them to long-term effects of minerally fertilized (CONMIN) and unfertilized (NOFERT) control systems. Furthermore, we compared these long-term effects of farming systems to short-term effects of the crops winter wheat and grass-clover ley. The DOK field experiment in Therwil, Switzerland, which was established in 1978, represents in a unique long-term comparison, allowing to approach these questions. Effects on microbiological soil characteristics were assessed with a polyphasic approach by analyzing soil microbial biomass, soil DNA content, colony forming unit (CFU) counts, community level substrate utilization (CLSU) patterns with BiologTM EcoPlates, and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP profiles of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The soil biomass parameters, i.e. microbial biomass, DNA content and CFU, were all strongly influenced by the farming systems, whereas only CFUs were significantly affected by the two crops analyzed. Differences among the FYM-based farming systems BIODYN, BIOORG and CONFYM were only significant for microbial biomass and DNA content. CLSU and T-RFLP profiling, on the other hand, allowed for consistent differentiation of soil bacterial community structure in relation to the influence of farming systems and crops. The analyses revealed that the main and highly significant effect on microbiological soil characteristics was related to FYM applications. Less strong but significant effects were caused by the two crops, i.e. winter wheat and grass-clover. Effects of the farming systems BIODYN, BIOORG and CONFYM on soil bacterial community structure were relatively weak and not significant. These results suggest that for successful soil quality management fertilization regime and crop rotation are of major importance and that polyphasic approaches are needed to describe and assess microbiological soil characteristics. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. publisher: Elsevier date: 2005 type: Book chapter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: de identifier: /id/eprint/6507/1/Widmer-Etal-2005-DOK.pdf identifier: Widmer, Franco; Rasche, Frank; Hartmann, Martin and Fliessbach, Andreas (2005) Community structures and substrate utilization of bacteria in soils from organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long-term field experiment. [.] In: Applied Soil Ecology. Elsevier, pp. 1-14.