%0 Generic
%F orgprints:5104
%K Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, soil, crop rotation, fertilization, plant protection 
%T DOK-Langzeit-Versuch
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5104/
%X In 1974, the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture (BLW) charged the former Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Hygiene of Environment (FAC, Bern-Liebefeld) to set up a field trial in collaboration with the FiBL in order to compare the performance of organic farming systems.When FAC-Liebefeld was shut down, the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture (FAL-Reckenholz) took over the responsibility for the DOK trial in close cooperation with FiBL.     The DOK-long term trial - unique in its conception - compares the consequences of bio-organic, bio-dynamic and conventional farming systems in a randomised plot trial that has no other equivalent. Experimental samples are used by many other laboratories to develop new methods in the areas of soil and food quality.  The strategies of fertilization and plant protection are the main differences between the systems, whereas crop rotation and soil tillage were almost identical.  The area where the DOK-trial is located, is documented to have long been in use as arable land (1957–1973 ley rotation, 1973–1975 field legumes and cereals, 1976 oats). In May 1977 the whole area was sown with grass-clover, and in the spring of 1978 the field experiment began with potatoes, spring wheat and spring barley.      

%0 Generic
%F orgprints:6259
%K System comparison, bio-dynamic farming, organic farming, conventional farming, soil fertility, soil quality, carbon cycling, mycorrhizal symbiosis, system performance, long-term, P cycling, N dynamics, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%T DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6259/
%X Seit 1978 betreibt das FiBL gemeinsam mit der Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART den DOK-Versuch in Therwil bei Basel. Der Langzeitversuch vergleicht die biologischdynamische mit der organisch-biologischen und der konventionellen Anbaumethode.  Die langjährigen Resultate aus dem DOK-Versuch zeigen, dass biologische Anbausysteme bei deutlich geringeren Aufwendungen trotz tieferer Erträge eine ressourcenschonende Agrarproduktion ermöglichen. Gleichzeitig fördert der biologische Landbau das Bodenleben und erhöht die Artenvielfalt der Begleitflora und die Fauna. Im Mai 2002 erschien in der Zeitschrift Science ein Artikel über den DOK-Versuch, dadurch fand der Versuch zusätzlich weltweit Beachtung.  DOK-Versuch wird weitergeführt  Trotz grossem Spardruck haben die Direktoren der Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART und des Forschungsinstituts für biologischen Landbau FiBL entschieden, den Langzeitversuch weiterzuführen.    FiBL-Dossier  Bereits 2000 erschien das FiBL-Dossier „Bio fördert Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Artenvielfalt – Erkenntnisse aus 21 Jahren DOK-Versuch“. Derzeit ist die zweite Auflage in Arbeit, die voraussichtlich Anfang 2007 erscheint.

%0 Generic
%F orgprints:14554
%K System comparison, bio-dynamic farming, organic farming, conventional farming, soil fertility, soil quality, carbon cycling, mycorrhizal symbiosis, system performance, long-term, P cycling, N dynamics, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%T DOK-Versuch (Langzeituntersuchung zu biologisch-dynamischen, organisch-biologischen und konventionellen Landbausystemen)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14554/
%X An understanding of agro-ecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report the 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of bio-dynamic, bio-organic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20 % lower in the organic systems, although input of fertiliser and energy was reduced by 34 – 53 %  and pesticide input by 97 %. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs.  Definition of the problem:  	Soils are well buffered systems and an adaptation of the soil - plant relationship from high-input to low external input farming practices may last decades. For instance, soil nutrient stocks are frequently huge in European soils and a normalisation after conversion to organic low-input systems needs time. Also the adaptation of the soil micro-flora to altered chemical soil conditions presumably occurs only after a prolonged period of time upon conversion from high-input to low-input farming. Therefore, long-term trials are essential to assess the agronomic performance of low-input production systems and a focus should be put on studying the underlying soil processes.  Project aims:  -	to analyse the long-term agronomic performance of a Swiss wheat cultivar under organic and integrated farming systems (continued)   -	to investigate the interrelations of soil properties and plant growth in different farming systems  Experiments:  -	to perform a system comparison experiment with organic and integrated farming (continued, running since 1978)  -	to assess soil chemical, physical and biological properties  -	to determine nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics related processes in the soil-plant –microorganisms - system  -	to study the soil - plant interface  Methodology:  Soil microbial biomass analyses, enzyme activities, characterisation of microbial populations (Biolog, PLFA, DNA), assessment of mycorrihizal root colonisation and diversity by molecular tools, isotope tracer and dilution techniques.

%0 Generic
%F orgprints:6047
%K microbial diversity, DOK trial, C4-crop, C3-vegetation, 13C/12C-isotopic, DOK, Bodenfruchtbarkeit
%T Kohlenstoffflüsse und mikrobielle Diversität
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6047/
%X Organic farming is one of the most promising alternatives to intensive agriculture. Crop plant-soil interactions are complex and influenced by agricultural practice. Many efforts have been done to elucidate the effects of different farming systems on crop growth, nutrient availability, soil quality and biodiversity. Many studies however are short-termed and rely on laboratory rather than comparative field experiments. The DOK field trial at Therwil (Basel-Land, Switzerland) is one of the few long-term field trials that compare organic and integrated farming systems since 1978 (Mäder et al. 2002, http://www.fibl.org/). Soils of this field trial have been extensively studied with respect to soil nutrient delivery, soil biology and microbial biodiversity. Organically managed soils efficiently produced crops at lower level of input and exerted positive effects on soil quality and biodiversity. Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of carbon and plant nutrients, and are taken as bioindicators of soil quality. Results of the DOK trial indicate a more efficient resource utilisation in organic treated soils, possibly due to increased soil microbial activity. We postulate that a highly diverse and active microbial community may accelerate decomposition of plant organic matter and increase turnover of carbon uptake in organic managed soils of the DOK trial.  In the proposed study we intend to measure carbon fluxes from the crop plant to the soil microbial pool under field conditions. We would like to determine, which members of the microbial community are most actively involved in decomposition and plant derived carbon uptake in different farming systems. The discrimination of plant derived carbon from native soil organic carbon is now possible, since maize, a C4-crop, is grown for the first time in the long-term DOK field trial that previously has been dominated by a C3-vegetation. We will use stable isotope techniques to identify C4-crop induced changes in soil carbon pools and fluxes by calculating the difference in the 13C/12C-isotopic ratio of the crop plant and the soil. Microorganisms that are actively involved in decomposition and uptake of plant derived carbon will be traced by 13C. We will also use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling to specify microbial groups and changes in the microbial community. PLFA are specific components of cell membranes only found in intact cells and are indicative of major microbial groups. Additionally, the 12C/13C signature of individual PLFAs will determine microorganisms involved in active uptake of maize derived 13C.  Since 13C phospholipid fatty acids have hardly been investigated by the use of a natural abundance 13C approach, the application of this technique can be regarded as pioneer work in the field of microbial ecology. Assumably, active microbial populations can be distinguished from those that are not utilizing the plant-derived carbon sources. The outcome of this project will provide new insights in functional properties of the microbial community in soils of sustainable farming systems  We would like to determine, which members of the microbial community are most actively involved in decomposition and plant derived carbon uptake in different farming systems. We will use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling in combination with stable carbon isotope techniques. PLFA profiling will allow the characterization of microbial phylogenetic groups whereas 12C/13C signature of individual PLFAs will assign specific microorganisms involved in active uptake of plant derived carbon. The difference in the 13C/12C-isotopic ratio of the crop plant and the soil, allows for identifying C4-crop induced changes in soil carbon pools and fluxes. Carbon derived from the maize can be distinguished from Carbon derived from soil organic matter mineralization. Root exudates are partly incorporated into soil microorganisms and partly mineralized to CO2. The flux rate and pool size changes will allow for an estimate of root biomass and turnover and indicate carbon utilisation efficiency of soil microbes.   The contribution of root exudates and plant residues to soil organic matter fractions that are actively involved in soil processes will be measured, and thus, it is expected to substantiate previous findings under controlled lab conditions of higher decomposition rates and an enhanced incorporation of available organic carbon to microbial biomass. The acquired data will be integrated to soil carbon modelling approaches with respect to low input and organic farming systems.  

%0 Generic
%A Alföldi, Thomas
%A Schmid, Otto
%A Gaillard, Gérard
%A Dubois, David
%D 1999
%F orgprints:17842
%K Bio-Produktion, Ökobilanzierung, Fruchtfolge, Schweiz, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, DOK-Versuch, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse  
%N 9
%P 337-340
%T IP- und Bio-Produktion: Ökobilanzierung über eine Fruchtfolge
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17842/
%V 6
%X In den vergangenen Jahren wurde die Methode der Ökobilanzierung weiterentwickelt und an die Bedürfnisse der Landwirtschaft angepasst. Mit vergleichenden Ökobilanzen wurden bereits bisher die Umweltauswirkungen der biologischen und integrierten Anbauweise erfasst. Diese Arbeiten beschränken sich jedoch auf die Ebene der Einzelkultur. Im vorliegenden Beitrag stellen wir vergleichende Ökobilanzen über eine ganze Fruchtfolgeperiode vor, die wir im Rahmen eines langjährigen Vergleichsversuches (DOK-Versuch) durchführten. Unter diesen Bedingungen schnitt das organisch- biologische Verfahren ökologisch besser ab als das konventionelle/integrierte.

%0 Generic
%A Arncken, Christine
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Mayer, Jochen
%A Weibel, Franco P.
%D 2012
%F orgprints:21155
%K organic farming, sensory differences, triangle test, wheat quality, Bodenwissenschaften, Winterweizen, Systemvergleich, Getreidequalität, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch
%P 2819-2825
%T Sensory, yield and quality differences between organically and conventionally grown winter wheat
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21155/
%V 92
%X BACKGROUND: Consumers expect organic produce to have higher environmental, health and sensory related qualities than conventional produce. In order to test sensory differences between bio-dynamically, bio-organically and conventionally grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Runal), we performed double-blinded triangle tests with two panels on dry wholemeal flour from the harvest years 2006, 2007 and 2009 and from two field replicates of the ‘DOK’ long-term farming system comparison field trial near Basel, Switzerland. Yield and quality parameters were also assessed.  RESULTS: Significant farming system effects were found for yield (up to 42% reduction in the organic system), thousand kernel weight, hectolitre weight and crude protein content across the three years. In the triangle tests one out of 12 pair-wise farming system comparisons (PFSCs) on wholemeal flour made from the different wheat samples showed significant sensory differentiation (between bio-dynamically and conventionally grown wheat). When all data from the three harvest years and two panels were aggregated, a statistically significant effect (P = 0.045) of PFSCs on the number of correct answers became evident.  CONCLUSIONS: Although testing of dry wholemeal flour was very challenging for panellists, we were able to show that sensory differences between farming systems can occur.  Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

%0 Generic
%A Dubois, David
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Strasser, Fredi
%D 2003
%F orgprints:2726
%I FiBL Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, BIO SUISSE (Vereinigung Schweizer Biolandbau-Organisationen)
%K Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%N 9/03
%P 6-7
%T Auswirkungen reduzierter Hofdüngergaben im Bioackerbau
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2726/
%X Im Biolandbau ist das Idealbild eines gemischt wirtschaftenden Betriebes mit Vieh und Pflanzenbau weit verbreitet. Aus wirtschaftlichen Zwängen wird der Trend zu viehschwachen oder gar viehlosen Biobetrieben immer wichtiger. Untersuchungen der FAL und des FiBL im DOK-Versuch zeigen, dass sich, wenn die Bewirtschaftung nicht angepasst wird, die Reduktion der Hofdüngergaben ungünstig auf Ertrag, Unkrautbesatz und Bodenfruchtbarkeit auswirkt.

%0 Generic
%A Esperschütz, Jürgen
%A Gattinger, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Schloter, Michael
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%D 2007
%F orgprints:13315
%K Anbautechnik einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, organic farming, DOK long-term field trial, microbial community, PLFA, PLEL, DOK-Versuch
%N 1
%P 26-37
%T Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming systems under identical crop rotations
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13315/
%V 61
%X In this study the influence of different farming systems on microbial community structure was analyzed using soil samples from the DOK long-term field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional (CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined microbial communities in winter wheat plots at two different points in the crop rotation (after potatoes and after maize). Employing extended polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated a significant influence of organic agriculture on microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application consistently revealed the strongest, and the preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from slowly growing bacteria (k-strategists) showed the strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. Although the highest fungal biomass was found in the two organic systems of the DOK field trial, their contribution to the differentiation of community structures according to the management regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities responded most strongly to either conventional or organic farming management.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fischer, Meike
%A Raupp, Joachim
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Dubois, David
%A Römheld, Volker
%D 2005
%F orgprints:4341
%K Manganese, copper, zinc, farmyard manure, mineral fertiliser, conventional farming, organic farming, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%T Micronutrient status in two long-term trials with fertilisation treatments and different cropping systems
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4341/
%X Although organic fertilisers always contain micronutrients, we have to pay attention to the question of whether continuous fertilisation will lead to lower contents in plants or lower availability in the long run. We investigated topsoil samples from long-term trials with farmyard manure and mineral fertili-sation and with different organic and conventional farming systems. Input of micronutrients via or-ganic fertilisers was obviously more significant in the case of poor sandy soil than in that of loamy soil with high total contents and higher mineralising potential.

%0 Generic
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%A Nietlispach, Bruno
%A Messmer, Monika
%A Rodríguez- Romero, Ana-Sue
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2013
%F orgprints:23134
%K Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Bt-maize, Soil fertility, GMO, Microbial biomass, Soil respiration, DOK-Versuch, Dehydrogenase activity, Mycorrhiza
%P  - 
%T Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional  management history to the cultivation of Bacillus  thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/23134/
%V online
%X An experiment was carried out in a climate chamber to analyse if Bt-maize may cause particular changes in soils with different levels of microbial biomass and activity due to long-term management history. Among the soils selected, the ones managed organically for 30 years exhibited twice the microbial biomass and 2.6 times the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the soil from a field with long-term conventional maize monoculture. Soils were cultivated twice in a row with Bt-maize, its near-isogenic line and a conventional breeding line. We tested the hypotheses that (a) soil microbial biomass and activity are affected by the cultivation of Bt-maize and that (b) the influence of Bt-maize depends on the level of soil microbial biomass and activity. Shoot and root yield and shoot C-content of Bt-maize were higher than the ones of the near-isogenic line. DHA under Bt-maize was 6 % higher, and the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) was 9 % lower than under its near-isogenic line, giving some support to hypothesis (a). No significant interactions of the soils and the varieties used were found in this study, thus hypothesis (b) was not confirmed, and soils with different microbial biomass and activity appear to react in a similar way to the cultivation of Bt-maize.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%A Schmidt, Christoph
%A Bruns, Christian
%A Palmer, Mike
%A Nietlispach, Bruno
%A Leifert, Carlo
%A Tamm, Lucius
%D 2007
%F orgprints:9531
%K Soil biology, soil microbial biomass, alkaline phosphatase activity, manure, soil type, Anbautechnik einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, QLIF, FiBL 35001
%T Soil biological quality in short- and long-term field trials with conventional and organic fertility input types
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/9531/
%X Soils of the DOK trial and three other field trials with manure input were analysed for effects on soil biology. While long-term effects indicate a new steady state at the DOK trial site, differences at the other field trials suggest that fresh manure at the Bonn trial and chicken manure at the UK sites are at least temporarily advantageous, probably due to their relatively fast mineralization. 

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fliessbach, A.
%A Mäder, P.
%D 2005
%E Leifert, C.
%F orgprints:9094
%K Anbautechnik einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, ökologischer Landbau, DOK,  soil quality, organic farming
%T Biological soil quality as a factor of efficient resource utilization in organic farming systems
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/9094/
%X In 1978 the DOK long-term field experiment was installed at Therwil close to Basel comparing the farming systems „bio-Dynamic“, „bio-Organic“ and „(K)conventional“. In the first years of the trial, crop yield and feasibility of organic farming were investigated. Soils were analysed with respect to long-term effects on fertility and were evaluated in the view of farming effects on the environment. Today the interrelation of diversity and efficiency and the quality of organic products is the research focus. Long-term trials like the DOK-trial offer unique opportunities for this kind of research.  The DOK-trial compares the three systems mentioned above on the basis of the same intensity of organic fertilization (i.e. the same number of animals per area), the same crop rotation and the same soil tillage. Fertilization and plant protection are different and done according to the farming system. A minerally fertilized conventional treatment is mimicking stockless farming and unfertilized plots serve as controls.   Crop yields of the organic systems averaged over 21 experimental years at 80% of the conventional ones. The fertilizer input, however, was 34 – 51% lower, indicating an efficient production. The organic farming systems used 20 – 56% less energy to produce a crop unit and per land area this difference was 36 – 53%.   Maintenance of soil fertility is important for a sustainable land use. In DOK field plots the organically treated soils were biologically more active than conventional, whereas chemical and physical soil parameters differed less significantly. Soil organic matter after 21 years shows substantially higher values in farming systems with manure fertilization and especially in biodynamic field plots fertilized with composted farmyard manure. Organic farming systems are suggested to utilize non-renewable resources more efficiently due to a higher inherent soil fertility.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Dubois, David
%A Esperschütz, Jürgen
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Oberholzer, Hansruedi
%A Schloter, Michael
%A Gattinger, Andreas
%D 2005
%F orgprints:4342
%K farming systems, soil quality, organic matter, soil microbial communities, phospholipid fatty acids, DOK, Bodenfruchtbarkeit
%T Soil microbial community structure and organic matter transformation processes in organic and integrated farming systems
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4342/
%X The DOK long-term field trial in Switzerland started in 1978 (Mäder et al., 2002). Biodynamic (BIODYN), bioorganic (BIOORG) and integrated (CONFYM) farming systems with manure fertilization, an integrated system based on mineral fertilizer only (CONMIN) and an unfertilized control (NOFERT) were investigated for changes in soil organic matter and on the structure of the soil microbial communities. Soil organic matter (SOM) in the Ap-horizon (0-20 cm) was analysed from the beginning of the DOK field trial in 1978. Roughly 20% of the initial SOM was lost when no manure was applied for 21 years as in the CONMIN and the NOFERT system, whereas SOM increased slightly by 4% in the BIODYN system that makes use of composted farmyard manure, corresponding to 1.4 livestock units per hectare (LSU). The BIOORG and the CONFYM system lost about 7%.   Soil microbial biomass analysed from 2000 and 2003 samplings revealed higher values in organically fertilised plots. Bacterial and eukaryotic biomasses followed the order: CONMIN < CONFYM ≤ BIOORG ≤ BIODYN. Phospholipid etherlipids, indicative for micro-organisms of the domain Archaea occurred in abundance compared to other organically fertilised soils and followed the order: CONMIN < BIODYN = BIOORG = CONFYM. Clear differences in PLFA based microbial community structure among the four farming systems were observed. Organic fertilization compared to no manure had the strongest effect, followed by organic farming compared to integrated, and finally the kind of organic farming management (BIODYN with composted manure vs. BIOORG with rotted manure). The incorporation of maize-derived carbon – with higher 13C content – to some of the PLFA was detected and highlights the functional role of the corresponding microbial groups in carbon transformation processes. Contrasting 13C values in the PLFA-biomarkers for Archaea in organic and conventional soils support the assumption that carbon transformation processes are affected by the farming systems.   Our results suggest that changes in SOM are indicated by changes in soil microbial biomass. The functional role of microbial groups will be further investigated. The enhanced chemical and biological soil quality found in the field plots fertilized with manure and manure compost maintains key soil functions, on which low input farming systems rely.  

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Hany, Roland
%A Rentsch, Daniel
%A Frei, Robert
%A Eyhorn, Frank
%D 2000
%E Alföldi, Thomas
%E Lockeretz, W.
%E Niggli, Urs
%F orgprints:2911
%I vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, long-term trial, soil organic matter, humus fractions, NMR, soil aggregate stability
%T DOC trail: soil organic matter quality and soil aggregate stability in organic and conventional soils
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2911/
%X Conclusion  Soil organic matter quality is affected by the agricultural systems of the DOC trial. System effects on the chemical composition, however, were smaller than those on the living organisms in soil and their functions. A close correlation was found between soil structure and microbial biomass indicating that microbes are playing an important role in soil structural stability.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2000
%F orgprints:2474
%I Elsevier
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%N 6
%P 757-768
%T Microbial biomass and size-density factions differ between soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2474/
%V 32
%X Agricultural production systems have to combine management practices in order to sustain soil quality and also pro®tability. We investigated microbial biomass and size-density fractions of soils from a long-term field trial set up in 1978 at Therwil, Switzerland. It compares the economic and ecological performance of organic and conventional agricultural systems. Main differences of the systems were the amount and form of fertiliser as well as the plant protection strategy, whilst crop rotation and soil tillage were the same. Microbial biomass C and N as well as their ratios to the total and light fraction C and N pools in soils of the organic systems were higher than in conventional systems. This is interpreted as an enhanced decomposition of the easily available light fraction pool of soil organic matter (SOM) with increasing amounts of microbial biomass. The role of microbial biomass as a regulator and light fraction organic matter as an indicator of decomposition is discussed. The presented results indicate that labile pools of SOM are distinctly affected by long-term management practices.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2000
%E Alföldi, Thomas
%E Lockeretz, W.
%E Niggli, Urs
%F orgprints:2912
%I vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, long-term trial, microbial diversity, soil functions
%T DOC trial: diversity and metabolic effiency of microbial communities in organic and conventional soils
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2912/
%X Soil microbiota are favoured by organic farming systems. Moreover they were found to need less energy fore their maintenance. The diversity of microbial functions was also increased. Our results support the hypothesis that diverse populations make better use of the available resources.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Mayer, Jochen
%A Krause, Hans-Martin
%D 2023
%F orgprints:52879
%K Ertrag, Systemvergleich, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK Versuch, Abacus, FiBL10015
%T DOK Langzeitversuch in Therwil 1978-2019  Vergleich biologischer und konventioneller Anbausysteme
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52879/
%X Der DOK-Versuch hat seit 1978 die Unterschiede zwischen ökologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Anbausystemen untersucht. Die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus über 40 Jahren Forschung werden auf prägnante und umfassende Weise präsentiert.  Der DOK-Versuch vergleicht biodynamische, biologisch-organische und konventionelle landwirtschaftliche Systeme. Der Versuch simuliert dabei Betriebe, die Acker- und Viehwirtschaft zusammen betreiben. In jedem dieser Systeme werden zwei Düngerintensitäten untersucht. Das ausschließlich mineralisch gedüngte konventionelle System stellt ein viehloses Anbausystem dar.   Die Ergebnisse der Forschung beziehen sich auf fünf Kulturen in einer siebenjährigen Fruchtfolge, die sich zeitlich versetzt in drei Unterparzellen abwechseln: Winterweizen, Kartoffeln, Klee-Gras, Soja und Silomais. Ergebnisse zu Ertrag, Bodenqualität, Nährstoffversorgung, Biodiversität und Klima werden vorgestellt.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Niggli, Urs
%D 2000
%F orgprints:545
%I Elsevier
%K Organic farming, Long-term field trial; Mineralization, Assimilation, Microbial biomass, Energy use effciency, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch
%P 1131-1139
%T Mineralization and microbial assimilation of 14C-labeled straw in soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/545/
%V 32
%X An incubation experiment on straw decomposition was carried out with soils from a long-term field trial at Therwil, Switzerland. Two conventional agricultural systems, one with (CONFYM) and one without manure, an organic system managed according to bio-dynamic farming practice (BIODYN) and an unfertilized control were compared. CONFYM received stacked manure and an additional mineral fertilizer. BIODYN received composted farmyard manure and no mineral fertilizers. Both systems received the same amount of manure based on 1.4 livestock units haˇ1. The aim of the investigation was to explain the large differences in soil microbial biomass and activity between the systems, especially between the manured soils. Di€erences in microbial C-utilization effciency were suggested to be the main reason. We followed the decomposition of 14C-labeled plant material over a period of 177 days under controled incubation conditions. Prior to incubation, microbial biomass was 75% higher and qCO2 up to 43% lower in the BIODYN soil than in the conventional soils. At the end of the incubation period, 58% of the applied plant material was mineralized to CO2 in the BIODYN soil compared to 50% in the other soils. This difference became signifcant 2 weeks after application of plant material and is suggested to be due to decomposition of more recalcitrant compounds. After addition of plant material, the increase of microbial biomass in the unmanured systems was higher than in the manured systems, but with a higher loss rate thereafter. The amount of 14C incorporated into Cmic as related to 14CO2 evolved was markedly higher in the BIODYN soil. The results support the hypothesis that agricultural measures applied to the BIODYN system invoke a higher efciency of the soil microbial community with respect to substrate use for growth. 

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Paul, Mäder
%D 2007
%F orgprints:10627
%I Elsevier B.V.
%K Soil organic matter, Soil microbial biomass, Soil enzymes, Soil basal respiration, organic farming, long-term experiment, DOK-Versuch, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse  
%P 273-284
%T Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10627/
%V 118
%X Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (Corg, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application Corg-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO2) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, Corg and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than Corg.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Oberholzer, Hans-Rudolf
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Paul, Mäder
%D 2006
%F orgprints:8768
%I Elsevier B.V.
%K Soil organic matter, Soil microbial biomass, Soil enzymes, Soil basal respiration, organic farming, long-term experiment, DOK, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, 
%T Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8768/
%X Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (Corg, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application Corg-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO2) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, Corg and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than Corg.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Schmid, Heinz
%A Niggli, Urs
%D 2008
%F orgprints:13031
%I Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau
%K Anbautechnik einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, Kommunikation, Zeitschriften, Ökologie & Landbau, Emmission, Klimaerwärmung, ökologischer Landbau
%N 1/2008
%P 17-19
%T Die Vorteile des Öko-Landbaus für das Klima
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13031/
%X Die Landwirtschaft ist durch die Produktion von Kohlendioxid, Lachgas und Methan mitverantwortlich für die Klimaerwärmung. Humusreiche Bio-Böden können das Klima jedoch entlasten.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 1997
%E Insam, Heribert
%E Rangger, Andrea
%F orgprints:305
%I Springer-Verlag Berlin
%K Organic farming, microbial biomass, Cmic-to-Corg ratio, qCO2, substrate utilization patterns, functional diversity, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%P 109-120
%T Carbon Source Utilization by Microbial Communities in Soils under Organic and Conventional Farming Practice
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/305/
%X In a long-term field trial in which organic and conventional agricultural systems were compared since 1978 we analyzed soil microbial biomass, microbial activity and substrate utilization patterns by the Biolog GN microplates. Microbial biomass and the Cmic -to-Corg ratio was distinctly higher in organic plots whilst the metabolic quotient qCO2 as an indicator of the energy requirement of soil microorganisms was lower. Substrate utilization profiles were affected by the different lon-term treatments, but also indicated differences of short-term effects like crop and soil management steps.

%0 Book
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Pfiffner, Lukas
%A Dubois, David
%A Gunst, Lucie
%B FiBL-Dossier
%C CH-Frick
%D 2000
%F orgprints:2913
%I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL)
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Biodiversität, DOK
%T Bio fördert Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Artenvielfalt - Erkenntnisse aus 21 Jahren DOK-Versuch
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2913/
%X In leicht verständlicher Sprache fasst das Dossier die eindrücklichen Ergebnisse aus dem DOK-Langzeitversuch zusammen, in dem die biologisch-dynamische mit der organisch-biologischen und der konventionellen Anbaumethode verglichen werden. Ausgewertet und kommentiert werden die Erträge, Nährstoffzufuhr und -entzug, Bodenstruktur, Bodenleben und Artenvielfalt.

%0 Generic
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Nietlispach, Bruno
%A Messmer, Monika
%A Rodríguez-Romero, Ana-Sue
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2013
%F orgprints:25983
%K Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Soil fertility, DOK-Versuch, GMO, Soil respiration, Microbial biomass, Bt-maize
%N 7
%P 829-837
%T Microbial response of soils with organic and conventional management history to the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize under climate chamber conditions
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/25983/
%V 49
%X An experiment was carried out in a climate chamber to analyse if Bt-maize may cause particular changes in soils with different levels of microbial biomass and activity due to long-term management history. Among the soils selected, the ones managed organically for 30 years exhibited twice the microbial biomass and 2.6 times the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the soil from a field with long-term conventional maize monoculture. Soils were cultivated twice in a row with Bt-maize, its near-isogenic line and a conventional breeding line. We tested the hypotheses that (a) soil microbial biomass and activity are affected by the cultivation of Bt-maize and that (b) the influence of Btmaize depends on the level of soil microbial biomass and activity. Shoot and root yield and shoot C-content of Btmaize were higher than the ones of the near-isogenic line. DHA under Bt-maize was 6 % higher, and the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) was 9 % lower than under its nearisogenic line, giving some support to hypothesis (a). No significant interactions of the soils and the varieties used were found in this study, thus hypothesis (b) was not confirmed, and soils with different microbial biomass and activity appear to react in a similar way to the cultivation of Bt-maize.

%0 Generic
%A Gabel, Vanessa Maria
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Mayer, Jochen
%D 2024
%F orgprints:52953
%K Systemvergleich, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Bodenbearbeitung, Langzeitversuch, Feldversuch, DOK-Versuch, Abacus, FiBL50136, FiBL10015, Podcast
%T Der DOK-Versuch – Anbausysteme im Vergleich | FiBL Focus
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52953/
%X 1978 wurde von Landwirten und Forschenden gemeinsam der berühmte DOK-Versuch in Therwil bei Basel eingerichtet. Dort werden seitdem die Anbausysteme "biologisch-dynamisch" (D), "biologisch-organisch" (O) und "konventionell" (K) miteinander verglichen. Der DOK-Versuch ist damit weltweit der am längsten andauernde Systemvergleichsversuch in der Landwirtschaft.  In der aktuellen Podcast-Folge spricht Vanessa Gabel mit den beiden Gästen, Paul Mäder vom FiBL Schweiz und Jochen Mayer von Agroscope, über ihre langjährigen Erfahrungen im DOK-Versuch, der von beiden Institutionen gemeinsam geleitet wird. Die beiden Forscher erklären den Versuchsaufbau und fassen die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse zusammen. Sie berichten darüber, was den Versuch so besonders macht und welche Highlights aber auch welche Schwierigkeiten sie erlebt haben. Sie erzählen, warum der Versuch auch heute noch neue und zum Teil auch unerwartete Ergebnisse hervorbringt und was sie in der Zukunft noch gerne im DOK untersuchen würden.

%0 Generic
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Richner, Walter
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Mayer, Jochen
%D 2013
%F orgprints:23227
%K Systemvergleich, DOK, Langzeitversuch, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Nährstoffversorgung, Nachhaltigkeit, Bodenwissenschaften, Pflanzenbau, Winterweizen
%N 2
%P 74-81
%T DOK-Versuch: Nährstoffversorgung in Winterweizen – Wo wird es eng?
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/23227/
%V 4
%X Das Ziel des seit 1978 durchgeführten DOK-Systemversuchs in Therwil BL ist der Vergleich zwischen einem biologisch-dynamischen (D), einem organisch-biologischen (O), einem konventionellen (K; organisch-mineralische Düngung) und einem konventionell-mineralischen (M; ausschliesslich mineralische Düngung) Anbausystem im Hinblick auf nachhaltigen Pflanzenbau und Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Der Versuch verfügt über zwei Düngungsniveaus (Tab. 1) und erlaubt die Untersuchung der Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Nährstoffversorgung auf die Ertragsbildung und Aussagen zu Limitierungen einzelner Pflanzennährstoffe.

%0 Generic
%A Hildermann, Isabell
%A Thommen, Andreas
%A Dubois, David
%A Boller, Thomas
%A Wiemken, Andres
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2009
%F orgprints:17849
%I Society of Chemical Industry
%K organic farming, plant breeding, winter wheat, yield, baking quality, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch, Weizensorten
%N 14
%P 2477-2491
%T Yield and baking quality of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17849/
%V 89
%X A challenge in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding for organic farming is to provide high-yielding cultivars with appropriate baking qualities under the limiting conditions of organic fertiliser input and without the use of pesticides. Cultivars are usually tested on organic and conventional farms. However, field properties may differ owing to spatial variations of soils and microclimate heterogeneity. In this study, old, organically bred and conventionally bred cultivars were tested in organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long-term system comparison trial.

%0 Generic
%A Joergensen, Rainer Georg
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%D 2010
%F orgprints:17860
%I Springer
%K DOK trial, Amino sugars, Ergosterol, Adenylates, ATP, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK 
%N 3
%P 303-307
%T Long-term effects of organic farming on fungal and bacterial residues in relation to microbial energy metabolism
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17860/
%V 46
%X Samples from the bio-dynamic, bio-organic, and conventional trial, Therwil, Switzerland, were analyzed with the aim of determining the effects of organic land use management on the energy metabolism of the soil microbial biomass and on the fraction of microbial residues. The contents of adenylates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucosamine, muramic acid, and galactosamine were significantly largest in the biodynamic organic farming (BYODIN) treatment and significantly lowest in the conventional farming treatment with inorganic fertilization (CONMIN). In contrast, the ergosterol-to-ATP ratio and fungal C-to-bacterial C ratios were significantly lowest in the BYODIN treatment and significantly largest in the CONMIN treatment. No clear treatment effects were observed for the ergosterol content and the adenylate energy charge (AEC), the ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio and the ergosterol-to-fungal C ratio. Ergosterol, an indicator for saprotrophic fungal biomass, and fungal residues were significantly correlated. The microbial biomass carbon-to-nitrogen ratio showed a negative relationship with the AEC and strong positive relationships with the ratios ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C, ergosterol-to-ATP and fungal C-to-bacterial C. In conclusion, the long-term application of farmyard manure in combination with organic farming practices led to an increased accumulation of bacterial residues. 

%0 Generic
%A Mäder, P.
%A Hahn, D.
%A Dubois, D.
%A Gunst, L.
%A Alföldi, T.
%A Bergmann, H.
%A Oehme, M.
%A Amadô, R.
%A Schneider, H.
%A Graf, U.
%A Velimirov, A.
%A Fließbach, A.
%A Niggli, U.
%D 2007
%F orgprints:13316
%K Anbautechnik einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch, wheat quality, organic farming, conventional farming, wheat constituents, mycotoxins, food preference tests, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse
%N 87
%P 1826-1835
%T Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13316/
%X Consumers have become more aware of healthy and safe food produced with low environmental impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical inputs in organic farming will result in poor food quality. Here the results of a study on the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21 year agrosystem comparison between organic and conventional farming in central Europe are reported. Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation. The 71% lower addition of plant-available nitrogen and the reduced input of other means of production to the organic field plots led to 14% lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value (protein content, amino acid composition and mineral and trace element contents) and baking quality were not affected by the farming systems. Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic production systems, the quantities ofmycotoxins detected in wheat grains were low in all systems and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an integrative method, rats significantly preferred organically over conventionally produced wheat. The findings indicate that high wheat quality in organic farming is achievable by lower inputs, thereby safeguarding natural resources.  (C) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

%0 Conference Paper
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Bünemann, Else K.
%A Krause, Hans-Martin
%A Oberson, Astrid
%A Jarosch, Klaus A.
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mayer, Jochen
%D 2023
%F orgprints:52870
%K DOK Versuch, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Abacus,  FiBL10015
%T 45 Jahre DOK-Versuch: Der Beitrag verschiedener Anbausysteme für die Erhaltung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52870/
%X Vortrag über 45 Jahre DOK-Versuch: die biodynamische Bewirtschaftung macht das Bodenleben vielfältiger und dadurch entsteht Boden- sprich Humusaufbau.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Dubois, David
%D 2005
%F orgprints:3629
%K Weizen, Lebensmittelqualität, Verarbeitung, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, low-input  wheat quality, food processing, soil fertility, low-input, DOK
%T Produktequalität von Weizen und Nachhaltigkeit der Produktion bei ökologischer und konventioneller Bewirtschaftung (DOK-Versuch)  
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/3629/
%X Consumers have become more aware of healthy and safe food produced with low environmental impact. We studied the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., winter form) grown in a 21-year agro-system comparison between organic and conventional farming in Central Europe, known as the DOK experiment.    The 71% lower addition by plant available nitrogen to the organic field plots led to 14% lower wheat yields. However, the nutritional value, i.e. protein content and baking quality, were hardly affected by the farming systems. Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins detected in wheat grains did not differ. Food preference tests, as an integrative method, indicated a tendency for rats to prefer organically produced wheat over conventionally produced wheat.  

%0 Generic
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Dubois, David
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Fried, Padruot
%A Niggli, Urs
%D 2002
%F orgprints:5514
%K DOC-trial, soil, efficiency, long-term trial, farming system, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%P 1694-1697
%T Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/5514/
%V 296
%X An understanding of agroecosystems is a key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs.

%0 Generic
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Berner, Alfred
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%A Messmer, Monika
%A Koller, Martin
%A Weibel, Franco
%A Stolze, Matthias
%A Schader, Christian
%A Sanders, Jürn
%A Dierauer, Hansueli
%A Clerc, Maurice
%D 2009
%F orgprints:19279
%K Bodenwissenschaften, Effizienz von Anbausystemen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kline, Langzeitversuch, DOK, ökologischer Landbau, Bodenbearbeitung, klimaneutral, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse
%T Klimaneutraler Acker- und Gemüsebau - Auswirkungen von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Gründüngungen auf Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Klima und Ökonomie – bisherige Erkenntnisse und aktuelle Versuche
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19279/
%X Die Landwirtschaft trägt weltweit mit 12–32 Prozent zum Klimawandel bei. Hauptquellen sind der Methanausstoss der Wiederkäuer, der CO2-Verbrauch für die Herstellung von Düngern und Pestiziden, die Abholzung von Wäldern für den Ackerbau und Weideflächen sowie die Bodenerosion. Auch der Einsatz des Pflugs verbraucht viel Energie, verstärkt den Abbau von Humus und belastet somit das Klima.  Gemäss bisherigen Untersuchungen benötigt die biologische Landwirtschaft schon heute mit den gängigen Methoden weniger Energie als die konventionelle Bewirtschaftung.  Im DOK-Versuch zum Beispiel verbrauchen die Bioverfahren 20 Prozent weniger Energie pro Ertragseinheit. Dies macht den Biolandbau zwar klimafreundlicher, aber noch nicht klimaneutral. Durch die Anwendung reduzierter Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren und den vermehrten Anbau von Stickstoff fixierenden Gründüngungspflanzen liessen sich der Energiebedarf und der CO2-Ausstoss nochmals deutlich senken und die Erträge steigern.

%0 Generic
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Dubois, David
%A Gunst, Lucie
%A Fried, Padruot
%A Niggli, Urs
%D 2002
%F orgprints:302
%I Stiftung Oekologie & Landbau
%K biologischer Landbau, Langzeitversuch, Effizienz, Biodiversität, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%P 12-16
%T Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/302/
%V 124
%X Um die Effektivität landwirtschaftlicher Anbausysteme zu beurteilen, bedarf es eines Verständnisses der Agrarökosysteme. Eine 21-jährige Studie ergab 20 Prozent geringere Erträge bei ökologischen Anbausystemen gegenüber konventionellen, obgleich der Einsatz von Düngemitteln und Energie um 34 bis 53 Prozent und der von Pestiziden um 97 Prozent geringer war. Wahrscheinlich führen die erhöhte Bodenfruchtbarkeit und die größere biologische Vielfalt in den ökologischen Versuchsparzellen dazu, dass diese Systeme weniger auf Zufuhr von außen angewiesen sind.

%0 Generic
%A Marinari, S.
%A Liburdi, K.
%A Fliessbach, A.
%A Kalbitz, K.
%D 2010
%F orgprints:17862
%I Elsevier
%K Organic management, Soil respiration, WEOC, Biodegradability, Climate, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%N 2
%P 211-217
%T Effects of organic management on water-extractable organic matter and C mineralization in European arable soils
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17862/
%V 106
%X In this study we tested the hypothesis that water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) content and its properties can be used to distinguish conventionally (CONV) from organically (ORG) managed arable soils as responsible for C mineralization. We sampled soils at three different European sites located in Mediterranean (Italy) and continental (Switzerland) regions under conventional and organic management. The Mediterranean sites are here called CVI and LSI and the continental one DOK. The main difference between the two management systems (ORG and CONV) at all sites was the amount of organic fertilizer yearly added into the soil: in the ORG systems 2.2–2.5 Mg C year−1 were added as organic fertilizer, while in the CONV systems only mineral fertilizers were used. Moreover, the crop rotation was different between the two management systems at first two sites (7 years-crop vs. 4 years-crop rotation), while at DOK site a 7 years-crop rotation was adopted in both managements. In these soils we analyzed C mineralization rate expressed as percentage of mineralized C in a 90-day incubation with respect to soil total organic C (qM), the content of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC), its initial composition by fluorescence spectroscopy (humification index – HIX) and its biodegradability (ΔWEOC). The Mediterranean basic soil accumulated more organic C showing a more complex WEOC than continental acid soil. Moreover, among management practices the crop rotation seemed to be one of the most important factor affecting WEOC properties and C mineralization rate (qM). In particular the highest qM and WEOC content were observed in both systems with 7 years-crop rotation including pasture, such as alfalfa or grass clover, according to the order ORG(DOK) = CONV(DOK) > ORG(LSI) > ORG(CVI). With respect to the effect of the management systems on C mineralization rate and WEOC properties, significant differences of WEOC content were observed between ORG and CONV soils at all sites (5.7 vs. 7.7; 14.5 vs. 17.9; 6.8 vs. 13.5 at CVI, DOK and LSI, respectively), whereas qM and HIX were significantly different only at the Mediterranean sites (qM: 4.4 vs. 5.8 and 6.6 vs. 8.2; HIX: 9.4 vs. 13.7 and 3.4 vs. 13.6 at CVI and LSI, respectively). Therefore, we can conclude that WEOC content is not a generally applicable parameter to distinguish conventionally from organically managed soils as responsible for C mineralization. Specific cropping systems, soil properties and climate conditions should be considered as important factors affecting mineralization process and WEOC properties.

%0 Generic
%A Morgner, Marion
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%A Mäder, Paul
%D 2003
%F orgprints:2921
%K BÖL, BOEL, Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, Kommunikation, Internet
%T DOK-Versuch
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2921/
%X DOK – Was ist das?  Der Bio-Landbau findet jetzt auch in der Wissenschaft Gehör. Ein Langzeitversuch, der den konventionellen mit dem biologischen Anbau vergleicht, beweist: Bio-Landbau ist schonender, effizienter und nachhaltig.    DOK – Spezialisten im Gespräch  Mit der Veröffentlichung im Wissenschaftsmagazin Science hat die Forschung im DOK-Versuch nach 24jähriger Laufzeit einen vorläufigen Höhepunkt erreicht. Die beiden Versuchsleiter und zwei Landwirte ziehen eine Zwischenbilanz.    Bio-Erträge können sich sehen lassen  Der DOK-Versuch beweist die hohe Effizienz der biologischen Pflanzenproduktion: Bei 50 Prozent weniger Aufwand an Düngern und Energie und 97 Prozent weniger Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln lagen die Erträge im Vergleich zum konventionellen Anbau im Durchschnitt nur um 20 Prozent niedriger.    Bio verbessert den Boden  Der DOK-Versuch zeigt es: Die biologische Bewirtschaftung wirkt sich positiv auf Bodenstruktur, biologische Aktivität und Pflanzenwachstum aus und laugt den Boden nicht aus.    Bio bringt Vielfalt auf den Acker  Auf biologisch bewirtschafteten Flächen entwickeln sich wesentlich mehr Pflanzenarten als in konventionell bewirtschafteten Kulturen. Schon eine geringe Restverunkrautung erhöht die Attraktivität für Laufkäfer und andere Nützlinge.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Oberholzer, H.R.
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%D 2000
%E Alföldi, Thomas
%E Lockeretz, W.
%E Niggli, Urs
%F orgprints:2933
%K Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK, soil fertility, DOK-Trial, comparison organic with conventional farming, soil microbial properties
%P 14
%T DOC-trail: 20 years of organic and conventional farming affect soil microbial properties
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2933/
%X In a long-term field trial (DOC; = bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Conventional) at Therwil, Switzerland, agricultural production systems have been compared since 1978. The production systems differ mainly in the amount and form of fertiliser and plant protection strategy. Crop rotation and soil tillage were the same. In the most prominent systems soil microbial properties were investigated for the first time after two crop rotations in 1990. In 1998, after 3 crop rotations, soil microbial properties were investigated in all field plots.  Conclusions  Agricultural systems exert distinct effects on chemical and microbiological soil properties, prominently the bio-dynamic system with the application of composted manure. Part of the influence on microbiological parameters appears to be indirect through chemical properties. The differentiation of the systems remained stable for the last eight years of the trial.

%0 Generic
%A Oehl, F.
%A Sieverding, E.
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Dubois, D.
%A Ineichen, K.
%A Boller, T.
%A Wiemken, A.
%D 2004
%F orgprints:2811
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch
%N 138
%P 574-583
%T Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2811/
%X Previous work has shown considerably enhanced soil fertility in agroecosystems managed by organic farming compared to conventional farming. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in nutrient acquisition and soil fertility. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of AMF in the context of a long-term study in which replicated field plots, at a single site in Central Europe (DOK-Trial. Therwil, Switzerland), had been cultivated for 22 years according to two "organic" and two "conventional" farming systems. In the 23rd year, the field plots, carrying an 18-month-old grass-clover stand, were examined in two ways with respect to AMF diversity. Firstly, AMF spores were isolated and morphologically identified from soil samples. The study revealed that the AMF spore abundance and species diversity was significantly higher in the organic than in the conventional systems. Furthermore, the AMF community differed in the conventional and organic systems: Glomus species were similarly abundant in all systems but spores of Acaulospora and Scutellospora species were more abundant in the organic systems. Secondly, the soils were used to establish AMF-trap cultures using a consortium of Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne as host plants. The AMF spore community developing in the trap cultures differed: after 12 months, two species of the Acaulosporaceae (A. paulinae and A. longula) were consistently found to account for a large part of the spore community in the trap cultures from the organic systems but were found rarely in the ones from the conventional systems. The findings show that some AMF species present in natural ecosystems are maintained under organic farming but severely depressed under conventional farming, indicating a potentially severe loss of ecosystem function under conventional farming.   

%0 Generic
%A Rasche, Frank
%A Widmer, Franco
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Gattinger, Andreas
%A Fließbach, Andreas
%D 2003
%E Freyer, Bernhard
%F orgprints:2571
%I Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau
%K Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK-Versuch, Anbautechnik, einjährige Kulturen, mikrobielle Gemeinschaften, Bodenqualität, Anbausysteme, 
%P 447-448
%T Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches.
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2571/
%X Die angewendeten Methoden erwiesen sich als geeignet, um die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften und deren physiologische Eigenschaften in den Böden der Anbausysteme des DOK-Versuches zu untersuchen. Sämtliche Parameter konnten Veränderungen der physiologischen Eigenschaften und taxonomischen Zusammensetzung beschreiben, die hauptsächlich auf die unterschiedlichen  Anbausysteme und Kulturen zurückzuführen sind. Es stellte sich zudem heraus, dass die Veränderungen besonders durch die Art der Düngung (organisch vs. mineralisch) hervorgerufen wurden. Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass eine verknüpfende Betrachtung der Ergebnisse der hier angeführten Analysemethoden sinnvoll ist, um zukünftig verbesserte Aussagen über Bodenqualität und -fruchtbarkeit in Agrarökosystemen treffen zu können.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Rasche, Frank
%A Widmer, Franco
%A Mäder, Paul
%A Gattinger, Andreas
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%D 2003
%E Freyer, Bernhard
%F orgprints:2793
%I Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau
%K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, DOK, Bodenfruchtbarkeit
%P 447
%T Vergleich von Methoden zur Ermittlung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Böden des DOK-Versuches
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2793/
%X Problemstellung/Ziele: Die Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften und deren Funktionen im Boden kann mit Hilfe moderner Techniken beschrieben werden. Diese beruhen u.a. auf der Untersuchung der genetischen Eigenschaften mittels DNA-Analysen, molekularen Markern der Zellmembran oder physiologischer Eigenschaften der Organismen. Die Frage, ob die daraus ableitbare strukturelle und funktionelle Vielfalt von mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften ein Kriterium für Bodenqualität sein kann, ist Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Diskussion. Der Nachweis eines Zusammenhangs von mikrobieller Diversität und wichtigen ökologischen Funktionen des Bodens, die auf mikrobiellen Prozessen basieren, steht noch aus. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war, drei Ansätze zur Beschreibung der mikrobiellen Diversität im Boden zu vergleichen und Beziehungen zu Parametern der Bodenqualität herzuleiten um diese zur Beurteilung von Veränderungen durch landwirtschaftliche Bewirtschaftung verwenden zu können.    Hypothesen: (I) Die langfristige biologische Bewirtschaftung von Böden verändert die strukturelle und funktionelle Vielfalt ihrer mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft im Vergleich zu konventionellen. (II) Die Diversität der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Bodenqualität.

%0 Generic
%A Widmer, Franco
%A Rasche, Frank
%A Hartmann, Martin
%A Fliessbach, Andreas
%D 2005
%F orgprints:6507
%I Elsevier
%K Organic agriculture; Conventional agriculture; Soil biomass; Soil bacterial community structure; Effect study, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK
%P 1-14
%T Community structures and substrate utilization of bacteria in soils from organic and conventional farming systems of the DOK long-term field experiment
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6507/
%X Preservation or improvement of soil quality and productivity is of major importance for sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms strongly influence these soil characteristics as they are involved in nutrient cycling, transformation processes and soil aggregate formation, as well as in plant pathology or plant growth promotion. A profound understanding of structure, dynamics and functions of soil microbial populations represents one key to the understanding and description of soil quality. Therefore, we analyzed longterm effects of three farmyard manure (FYM)-based farming systems, i.e. bio-dynamic (BIODYN), bio-organic (BIOORG) and conventional (CONFYM), on microbiological soil characteristics and compared them to long-term effects of minerally fertilized (CONMIN) and unfertilized (NOFERT) control systems. Furthermore, we compared these long-term effects of farming systems to short-term effects of the crops winter wheat and grass-clover ley. The DOK field experiment in Therwil, Switzerland, which was established in 1978, represents in a unique long-term comparison, allowing to approach these questions. Effects on microbiological soil characteristics were assessed with a polyphasic approach by analyzing soil microbial biomass, soil DNA content, colony forming unit (CFU) counts, community level substrate utilization (CLSU) patterns with BiologTM EcoPlates, and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP profiles of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The soil biomass parameters, i.e. microbial biomass, DNA content and CFU, were all strongly influenced by the farming systems, whereas only CFUs were significantly affected by the two crops analyzed. Differences among the FYM-based farming systems BIODYN, BIOORG and CONFYM were only significant for microbial biomass and DNA content. CLSU and T-RFLP profiling, on the other hand, allowed  for consistent differentiation of soil bacterial community structure in relation to the influence of farming systems and crops. The analyses revealed that the main and highly significant effect on microbiological soil characteristics was related to FYM applications. Less strong but significant effects were caused by the two crops, i.e. winter wheat and grass-clover. Effects of the farming systems BIODYN, BIOORG and CONFYM on soil bacterial community structure were relatively weak and not significant. These results suggest that for successful soil quality management fertilization regime and crop rotation are of major importance and that polyphasic approaches are needed to describe and assess microbiological soil characteristics.  2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.