%0 Generic
%F orgprints:20817
%K BÖL, BOEL, BOELN, BÖLN, FKZ 11OE054, Öko-Futtermittel, Aminosäuren, Vitamine, NIRS, Monogastrier
%T Erarbeitung von Daten zu Inhaltsstoffen, Aminosäuren und Vitaminen in Öko-Futtermitteln zur optimierten Rationsgestaltung in der Monogastrierernährung
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/20817/
%X Ziel des Projektes ist die schnelle Erfassung der Inhaltsstoffe, der Aminosäuren und Vitamine in einheimischen Ökofuttermitteln zur optimierten Rationsgestaltung für Schwein und Geflügel. Das analytische Potential der Nah-Infrarotspektroskopie (NIRS) bietet sich für die Schätzung der wertbestimmenden Inhaltsstoffe in Leguminosen, Getreide und Grundfutterkomponenten an. Basis einer erfolgreichen Anwendung der NIRS sind stabile NIR-Kalibrationen für die Schätzung der Inhaltsstoffe, die auf Daten aus Referenzanalysen beruhen.   Aus Anbauversuchen an verschiedenen Standorten in Deutschland und des Instituts für Ökologischen Landbau in Trenthorst werden über drei Jahre Ernteproben der wichtigsten einheimischen Futtermittel gewonnen. Diese werden mittels klassischer Analytik untersucht und parallel dazu die NIR-Spektren aufgenommen. Die Hauptnährstoffe werden entsprechend der Methoden der VDLUFA analysiert, für die Bestimmung der Aminosäuren und Vitamine wird die HPLC angewendet. Die NIR-Analyse erfolgt an vermahlenen Proben, die Spektren werden im Bereich von 1000-2500 nm aufgenommen. Jeweils zwei Drittel der Proben dienen für die Kalibrierung, ein Drittel wird für die Validierung der Methoden eingesetzt. Die Güte der Kalibrierung wird anhand statistischer Kennzahlen zur Beurteilung der Schätzgenauigkeiten bewertet, die für jeden Inhaltsstoff, jede Aminosäure und jedes Vitamin ermittelt werden.  Bereits während der Projektlaufzeit, nach Vorlage der Analysendaten des 1. Anbaujahres, werden Kalibrationen entwickelt, die mit Hilfe der Daten der weiteren Anbaujahre optimiert werden. Die Daten der drei Anbaujahre bilden die Grundlage für die Erstellung von „Öko-Futterwert-Tabellen“ zur optimierten Rationsgestaltung  für Monogastrier.  Angaben zur Finanzierung des Projekts finden Sie im Förderkatalog des Bundes unter http://foerderportal.bund.de/foekat/jsp/StartAction.do. Bitte geben Sie in das Suchfeld eine 28 plus das Förderkennzeichen (FKZ) des BÖLN-Projektes ein, z.B. 2808OE212 für das BÖLN-Projekt mit der FKZ 08OE212.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Aulrich, Karen
%A Böhm, Herwart
%A Witten, Stephanie
%D 2016
%F orgprints:33384
%K crude protein, amino acids, grain legumes, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%P 254
%T Investigations on crude protein and amino acids in organically produced field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33384/
%X The content of essential amino acids in grain legumes is of special interest for monogastric animal feeding in organic farming. Therefore, we investigated the influence of variety on the contents of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as the relation between CP and AA in field peas.  Samples of 73 peas of 5 varieties (Alvesta, Auckland, KWS La Manscha, Navarro, Salamanca) were collected from field trials of organically managed experimental sites in Germany in 2011 - 2013. The contents of CP and AA were analyzed with NIRS. Pearson correlation analyses and mixed procedures were conducted in SAS 9.4.  Variety affected CP and AA in peas. Alvesta had the lowest content of CP (21%) and almost all AA per kg dry matter (p < 0.001). KWS La Manscha had the highest content of CP (23%) and all AA per kg dry matter (p < 0.001). However, KWS La Manscha had the lowest amount of total AA and each AA except arginine per 100g CP. There was a high negative relationship between CP and most of the AA in the CP of field peas (r < -0.63***). Only arginine was positively correlated with CP (r=0.61***), while histidine and leucine were not related with CP content. Tryptophan and the non-essential AA glutamic acid were less strongly negatively correlated with CP (r=-0.49***). The results indicate that higher CP contents could lead to more non-protein-nitrogen and an altered relation between AA. Thus, attention should be paid to amino acids rather than on CP in pea varieties used as feedstuffs.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Aulrich, Karen
%A Böhm, Herwart
%A Witten, Stephanie
%D 2015
%E Capraro, Jessica
%E Duranti, Marcello
%E Magni, Chiara
%E Scarafoni, Alessio
%F orgprints:29596
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, protein quality, amino acids, NIRS
%P 126
%T Protein quality of Lupinus angustifolius - prediction of amino acids and crude protein with near infrared spectroscopy
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29596/
%X The quality evaluation of organic protein feedstuffs, especially the quick and easy determination of the protein quality including the amino acid (AA) pattern in locally grown legumes like lupins, is very important to fulfil the requirements regarding the protein and amino acid supply of organically fed animals, especially monogastrics.  The analytical data of organically cultivated feeds, as compared with conventional table values, shows a clear deviation of protein and amino acids between conventional and organic feeds. The standard tabular values (DLG 2014) are not sufficient for the calculation of feed rations. Therefore the ability of NIRS to predict the chemical composition and the essential AA’s of organically grown lupins was proofed.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Aulrich, Karen
%A Witten, Stephanie
%D 2019
%F orgprints:35572
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Grain legumes, B vitamins
%P 147
%T Thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) content of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), faba beans (Vicia faba L.), and lupins (Lupinus spp. L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35572/
%X A deficient supply of B vitamins leads to health problems and decreased performance in poultry and swine. Since B vitamins are water-soluble and continually excreted by mammals, they must be provided frequently with the diet to guarantee a sufficient supply.  Thiamine (vitamin B1) plays a major role in the function of the nervous system and in the energy- and amino acid metabolism. Deficiencies lead to severe health problems. Cereal-based diets are supposed to contain sufficient amounts of thiamine for poultry and swine. However, recent information on the actual content of thiamine in grain legumes is scarce.   Riboflavin (vitamin B2) also takes part in the energy and amino acid metabolism. Deficiencies often lead to a loss of mobility and other health problems. Riboflavin is reported to be contained in grain legumes in large amounts. However, recent information on the riboflavin content of grain legumes is also scarce.  To improve the knowledge on the thiamine and riboflavin contents of grain legumes, 87 field peas (Pisum sativum L.), 73 faba beans (Vicia faba L.), 110 blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and 4 yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus L.), were analysed via high-performance liquid chromatography methods (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) according to EN 14122 (2014) and EN 14152 (2014). The samples were taken in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 from organic variety field trials throughout Germany. The effects of variety and environmental conditions on the thiamine and riboflavin content of field peas, faba beans, and blue lupins were tested statistically with generalized linear models. Due to an unbalanced sample-set a data reduction was necessary. Six field pea varieties from three years and four harvest sites, six faba bean varieties from two years and three areas, as well as five blue lupin varieties from three years and three sites were tested. In total, 41 field pea samples, 57 field bean samples, and 31 blue lupin samples were used for statistical analysis. Furthermore, exemplary diets with high amounts of the three grain legume species field peas, faba beans and/or blue lupins were calculated for piglets (30%), lactating sows (35%), gestating sows (25%), pre-fattening pigs (25%), and fattening pigs (52%) as well as chicks (28%), laying hens (25%), broiler chickens (33%), geese (25%), and turkeys (40%). Those calculations were used to determine the value of these grain legumes in terms of thiamine and riboflavin supply to monogastric animals in organic farming.   The thiamine contents of all grain legume species varied widely. The variation of the riboflavin content of grain legumes was less distinct.  Variety affected the thiamine content of faba beans as well as the riboflavin content of field peas and faba beans. There was also an effect of harvest site or area on the thiamine and riboflavin content of all tested grain legumes. Cultivation year affected the thiamine content of field peas and faba beans as well as the riboflavin content of field peas and blue lupins.  The thiamine recommendations of the GfE (Society of Nutrition Physiology, 1999, 2006) were met in all exemplary diets. Depending on their individual thiamine content and their proportion in the diet, the thiamine amount from grain legumes accounted for 32 to more than 100% of the recommended amount of thiamine. However, the riboflavin recommendations of the GfE were only met for laying hens, piglets, lactating sows, and pre-fattening pigs, because their exemplary diets contained milk powder, whey powder, green meal, and/or brewer`s yeast. The riboflavin amount from grain legumes accounted for 11 – 30% of the recommended amount. Grain legumes can contribute to the thiamine and riboflavin supply of organic diets, but wide variations of the contents must be considered.

%0 Generic
%A Aulrich, Karen
%A Witten, Stephanie
%D 2018
%F orgprints:35255
%K BÖL, BOEL, BOELN, BÖLN, FKZ 11OE054, Öko-Futtermittel, Aminosäuren, Vitamine, NIRS, Monogastrier
%T Erarbeitung von Daten zu Inhaltsstoffen, Aminosäuren und Vitaminen in Öko-Futtermitteln zur optimierten Rationsgestaltung in der Monogastrierernährung
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35255/
%X Die optimierte Rationsgestaltung in der Monogastrierernährung ist von zentralem Interesse in der ökologischen Tierhaltung, weil Imbalancen in der Inhaltsstoffzusammensetzung von Futtermitteln  zu einer verringerten Futterverwertung und gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen führen können. Es ist nicht hinreichend bekannt, in welchem Ausmaß Inhaltsstoffgehalte und Verdaulichkeiten zwischen einzelnen Chargen derselben Einzelfuttermittel schwanken. Zudem unterscheiden sich Öko-Futtermittel durch das abweichende Management potentiell von konventionell erzeugten Futtermitteln. Daher ist es notwendig, die Zusammensetzung ökologisch erzeugter Futtermittel zu kennen.  Um die Datengrundlage zu Inhaltsstoffen, Aminosäuren und ausgewählten B-Vitaminen in Öko-Futtermitteln zu erweitern, wurden 1400 Proben verschiedener Kulturen aus Sortenversuchen der Landwirtschaftskammern und Landesforschungsanstalten gesammelt. Ein Teil der Proben wurde mit klassischen analytischen Methoden auf ihre Gehalte an Rohnährstoffen, Aminosäuren und den Vitaminen B1 und B2 analysiert. Mit den Ergebnissen wurden NIRS-Kalibrationen erstellt. Ein Teil der Proben wurde genutzt, um eine in vitro Multienzym-Methode zur Schätzung der Verdaulichkeit von Rohprotein und Aminosäuren bei Broilern anzupassen. Zudem wurden Effekte von Sorte, Standort und Anbaujahr geprüft.  Die Spannweiten der Inhaltsstoffgehalte waren zum Teil sehr hoch, sodass der Einsatz von Tabellenwerten nicht empfohlen werden kann. NIRS zeigt sich als ein gutes Tool zur Schätzung vieler Inhaltsstoffgehalte. Die Sorte, der Standort und das Anbaujahr beeinflussten die Zusammensetzung stark aber nicht gerichtet. Das heißt, dass Schwankungen beachtet werden müssen aber nicht berechnet werden können. Auch die in vitro Verdaulichkeit des Rohproteins und der Aminosäuren wurde beeinflusst. Die Auswirkungen auf die Rationsgestaltung sind stark. Vitamin B1 war in aller Regel auseichend vorhanden, aber Vitamin B2 kann bei getreidebasierten Rationen für monogastrische Nutztiere schnell im Mangel vorliegen. Lösungen für dieses Problem gilt es zu finden.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Böhm, Herwart
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2015
%F orgprints:29595
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%P 134
%T Influence of variety and sulfur fertilization on the contents of crude protein, and selected amino acids in blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29595/
%X Legumes are the most important nitrogen suppliers in organic farming, have positive effects in crop rotation and are important protein feedstuffs. In 100 % organic feeding, the amino acid (AA) supply of feedstuffs is of increasing interest. The first- and second-limiting AAs for swine and poultry are lysine (Lys) and the sulfur-containing AAs (SAAs), methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys), respectively. Since SAAs are limiting in the diet of monogastrics and, besides tryptophane, also in grain legumes, it was meant to examine, if sulfur (S) fertilization could increase the SAA contents in blue lupines (L. angustifolius L.) and if it affects the Lys content in different varieties.

%0 Generic
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Böhm, Herwart
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2020
%F orgprints:38878
%K harvest site, cultivation year, protein content, organic farming, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%P 199-219
%T Effect of variety and environment on the contents of crude nutrients and amino acids in organically produced cereal and legume grains
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/38878/
%V 10
%X Cereals and home-grown grain legumes are main feedstuffs for monogastric animals. Thus, knowledge on variations of their crude nutrient and amino acid composition is of great interest in animal nutrition. Genetic and environmental factors are known to be able to affect the nutrient composition of crops. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyse a selection of grains of organic cereal and grain legume species for their crude nutrient and amino acid contents and to determine the effect of variety and environmental conditions on the variations. Furthermore, the use of equations to predict amino acid contents from the crude protein content of cereals and grain legumes was tested. The contents of the crude nutrients and 18 amino acids of 835 samples of ten different cereal and grain legume species were analysed. Selected nutrients were subjected to correlation analyses. Furthermore, generalised linear models with multiple comparisons were conducted to assess the effect of species as well as of variety, harvest site and harvest year on the analysed ingredients. The contents of all crude nutrients and amino acids varied depending on the species and the considered nutrient. The lowest variation coefficients (1.3–2.6% in cereals and 3.1, 3.5 and 6.8% in field peas, field beans and blue lupins, respectively) were observed for the contents of nitrogen-free extracts. The crude protein contents varied widely, specifically in winter rye (coefficient of variation: CV = 17.4%). However, compared to table values, the cereals and grain legumes of the present study tended to contain low amounts of crude protein and high amounts of starch. Due to the wide variations, there is no distinct consistency between table values and the results of this study. High negative correlations between starch and crude protein contents were observed in eight species. Furthermore, the amino acid profile of cereals and grain legumes varied depending on the crude protein contents. Higher crude protein contents were often related to lower contents of several essential amino acids in favour of glutamine/glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine in cereals as well as of arginine in grain legumes. Furthermore, variety, harvest site and harvest year affected the contents of the analysed ingredients depending on the species. However, the environmental factors had a greater influence than the variety. The observed variations must be regarded in diet formulation. Equations can be used to estimate the amino acid contents of cereals and grain legumes from their crude protein content. However, additional analysis results are needed to improve the predictability with equations.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2019
%F orgprints:35570
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Öko-Futtermittel, Protein, Aminosäuren, Vitamine, Monogastrier
%T Protein, Aminosäuren, Thiamin und Riboflavin in Öko-Getreide und -Körnerleguminosen als Futtermittel
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35570/
%X Ein Beitrag über die Schwankungen der Nährstoffgehalte von Getreide und Körnerleguminosen aus ökologischer Erzeugung und deren möglicher Auswirkungen in Rationen für Geflügel und Schweine.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2019
%F orgprints:35569
%K protein, amino acids, digestibility, in vitro, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 69
%P 91
%T Application of an in vitro multi-enzyme assay to estimate the precaecal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in broiler chicken
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35569/
%V 28
%X Knowledge of the precaecal (pc) crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility can be used in formulation of poultry diets. The pc CP and AA digestibility can differ between various feedstuffs as well as between batches of the same feedstuff. Thus, table values can provide misleading information. However, they are generally used because there is no standard method to predict the actual pc CP and AA digestibility. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro multi-enzyme assay to predict the pc digestibility of CP and AA in broiler chicken.  The adapted in vitro multi-enzyme assay provides good estimates for the pc CP and AA digestibility of single feedstuffs for broiler chicken. Further calibrations with in vivo results are recommended to improve the significance of the assay. Various samples of different feedstuffs as well as of mixed feeds with known pc digestibility of the CP and AA should be used for this purpose.

%0 Generic
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2018
%F orgprints:33379
%K organic farming, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, thiamin, riboflavin, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%P 39-42
%T Effect of variety and environment on the amount of thiamine and riboflavin in cereals and grain legumes
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33379/
%V 238
%X Comprehensive information on B vitamin contents in cereals and grain legumes used for animal feeding is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the contents of thiamine and riboflavin uniformly in a selection of cereals and grain legumes. Additionally, the evaluation of varietal and environmental effects on the amounts of both B vitamins was targeted. We analysed contents of thiamine and riboflavin with HPLC in 855 samples of different organically cultivated cereal and grain legume cultivars. Since the sample set was unbalanced, it had to be adapted for further statistical analyses. Data of 541 samples of ten cereal and grain legume cultivars was used to assess the influence of variety and environment with generalized linear models. Cereal grains contained 1.27 – 3.53 mg thiamine and 0.62 – 1.58 mg riboflavin/kg DM, which was less than expected from table values. Thiamine and riboflavin contents of grain legumes were mostly comparable with table values. Their thiamine contents ranged from 2.55 to 8.97 mg and their riboflavin contents from 1.00 to 3.84 mg/kg DM. Furthermore, variety, harvest site, and/or year affected B vitamin contents in all cultivars of our sample set. Due to wide variations of the contents of thiamine and riboflavin, we recommend to express values in food- and feed tables as ranges and to mention the number of underlying analysed samples. It must be considered that thiamine contents of cereal grains might be lower than expected from food- and feed tables.

%0 Generic
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2018
%F orgprints:33378
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Grain legumes, Cereals, Swine, Poultry
%N 2
%P 155-164
%T Exemplary calculations of native thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) contents in common cereal-based diets for monogastric animals
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33378/
%V 9
%X B vitamins, such as thiamine and riboflavin, are often supplemented in diets for farm animals to prevent deficiencies. However, information on the content of these two B vitamins in organic feedstuffs is scarce. Recently, up-to-date information was published by our group. The objective of this work was to use present data to determine the native contents of thiamine and riboflavin in diets used for monogastric animal feeding in organic farming.   We used the results of our recent study on the native thiamine and riboflavin contents of organic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (Triticosecale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), field peas (Pisum sativum L.), field beans (Vicia faba L.), and blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) from various variety field trials, which were conducted throughout Germany over three years, to calculate the minimum and maximum native amounts of thiamine and riboflavin in exemplary practical diets for swine and poultry.  We found that exemplary common cereal-based diets in organic farming exceeded the thiamine recommendations for swine and poultry. However, riboflavin was deficient in most exemplary diets. To increase native riboflavin contents in the diet (i.e., for 100% organic diets), feedstuffs other than cereals and home-grown grain legumes are needed in monogastric animal feeding. In organic farming, roughage plays an important role. The inclusion of grass-clover silage has the potential to increase the native riboflavin contents in the diet. Evaluation of the use of grassland-derived or other products as suppliers of B vitamins, especially for monogastric animal feeding in organic farming, seems promising to improve riboflavin supply.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2018
%F orgprints:33380
%K essential amino acids, crude protein, organic farming, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 26
%P 56
%T Investigations on the amount of crude protein and amino acids of organically cultivated winter cereal grains (wheat, rye, and triticale)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33380/
%V 27
%X It is often mentioned that in organic farming crude protein contents of grains tend to be lower than in conventional farming. Our results indicate that lower crude protein contents might be associated with an altered amino acid profile that contains more essential amino acids.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2018
%F orgprints:33381
%K thiamine, grain legumes, poultry, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 108
%P 138
%T Investigations on thiamine contents in organically produced cereals and grain legumes for poultry diets
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33381/
%V 27
%X The results indicate that the thiamine supply of common cereal-based diets used for poultry feeding in organic farming is sufficient. A supplementation of thiamine would therefore be only necessary if thiamine availability is low.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2017
%F orgprints:33382
%K vitamin B2, vitamin B6, grain legumes, cereal grains, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 116
%P 136
%T Investigations on vitamin B2 and B6 contents in organically produced cereal and grain legume varieties
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33382/
%V 26
%X The results indicate that the contents of B2 and B6 can possibly be influenced by genetic factors. However, the potential might be higher in grain legumes than in cereal grains. Investigations on B-vitamin contents in further feedstuffs like alfalfa, clover, or natural feed supplements are needed to re-evaluate the need of B-vitamin supplementation in organic diets.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2015
%F orgprints:29982
%I DLG-Verlag
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 148
%P 166
%T Relations between the crude protein content and the amino acid profile of organically produced field beans (Vicia faba L.) and field peas (Pisum sativum L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29982/
%V 24
%X In Organic Farming, grain legumes are important protein feedstuffs. There are hints indicating that the amino acid (AA) profile is affected by factors associated with varying crude protein (CP) contents of crops. The knowledge on this relationship between CP and AA profile needs to be extended to optimize feeding strategies for monogastrics as well as the selection of cultivars and varieties in fodder crop cultivation. Therefore, samples of 67 field beans (Vicia faba L.) and 86 field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were collected from field trials of various organically managed experimental locations in Germany in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 and analyzed for their contents of CP and AA. Compared to tabular values derived from conventional samples organically produced field beans contained similar amounts of CP, whereas the CP content of field peas was lower. The protein of field peas contained significantly (p < 0.05) larger amounts of the essential and semi-essential AAs except threonine, histidine and arginine. Thus, the relations between CP and AA differed between field beans and field peas. In field beans, the limiting AAs (for swine and poultry) lysine, methionine, and cysteine were negatively correlated with the CP content. However, the field pea sample revealed negative correlations between the amount of CP and the contents of methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and valine. The content of arginine increased with decreasing amounts of CP in both grain legume cultivars. Furthermore, the contents of proline and glycine were negatively correlated with the CP content of field peas (p < 0.01). No notable correlations between the non-essential AAs and CP were found in field beans.  The results demonstrate that high CP contents in grain legumes are not the only factor to be considered, when protein feedstuffs for monogastrics in Organic Farming are needed. Although significant negative correlations between essential AA and CP contents are repeatedly found, it is not observed that non-essential AAs mainly account for these changes. Nevertheless, a decline of the amounts of lysine and sulfur-containing AAs negatively affects the quality of crude protein. Further studies with large samples are needed to detect the influence of environmental and genetic factors. 

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2014
%F orgprints:29984
%I DLG-Verlag
%K BÖLN, BOEL, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 49
%P 75
%T Investigations on the contents of crude protein and essential amino acids in various organically produced pea cultivars (Pisum sativum L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29984/
%V 23
%X In organic farming, providing a diet with adequate amino acid (AA) contents and profiles for monogastric animals is particularly difficult. Feeding conventionally produced feedstuffs as well as some feed additives like crystalline AA is to be avoided or even prohibited. Therefore, knowledge about the AA and crude protein (CP) contents of valuable protein sources like peas (Pisum sativum) is of special interest regarding diet formulation. Therefore, samples of 13 pea cultivars have been collected in the years 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2012 from field trials of various organically managed experimental locations in Germany. CP and AA contents were measured using NIRS.  Wide variations of CP and AA contents within the observed cultivars were detected. On average, peas of the cultivar “Rocket” showed lowest contents of CP and all essential AAs. The average amount of cystine was slightly higher than in the cultivars “Alvesta”, “Auckland”, “Navarro”, and “Salamanca”. The cultivar “Casablanca” contained most CP and much lysine. “La Manscha KWS” showed highest lysine contents and relatively low CP contents. The table shows the contents of CP in % dry matter and essential AAs in g/kg dry matter of five selected cultivars which showed significant differences in either CP or AA contents. Correlation analyses revealed high correlation coefficients between the amount of CP and methionine (R=0.85), cystine (R=0.82), threonine (R=0.86), histidine (R=0.92), leucine (R=0.87), isoleucine (R=0.86), valine (R=0.90), phenylalanine (R=0.85), tyrosine (R=0.89), and arginine (R=0.94). Lysine content correlated less strongly with CP content (R=0.75) than the other AAs.  Targeting high CP contents may be detrimental referred to the protein quality due to relatively decreased amounts of limiting AA. The choice of the cultivar is important regarding variations in CP content and AA profile. Moreover, especially in organic farming, wide variations in the composition within cultivars partly result from temporal and spatial differences. They make it necessary to analyze the nutrient contents of harvested crops before formulating a diet.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Aulrich, Karen
%A Böhm, Herwart
%D 2016
%F orgprints:33383
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Grain legumes, poultry, blue lupins, essential amino acids, sulfur fertilization
%P 254
%T Effect of sulfur fertilization and variety on yield and contents of crude protein and amino acids of organically produced blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33383/
%X Grain legumes, like blue lupins, are important protein feedstuffs especially in organic farming. Their content of crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids (EAA) is of great interest. The sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA) methionine and cysteine are often limiting in common diets primarily for poultry. Therefore, we investigated, whether a sulfur fertilization of blue lupins could enhance their contents of SAA and if it has other effects regarding crop yield, CP and further EAA.  Two branched (Boregine, Probor) and two determinated (Boruta, Sonet) blue lupin varieties were cultivated at an experimental station in Northern Germany in the years 2012, 2013, and 2015. The varieties were either grown with or without S fertilization (40 kg S ha-1; MgSO4). Samples were analyzed for CP and amino acids (AA) with NIRS. Statistical analyses were done with SAS 9.4 (proc glm).  The yield and the contents of CP and AA differed depending on variety in the observed years. Boregine showed the highest yield and Probor the highest CP content. Boruta had the lowest yield and CP content. Sulfur fertilization was able to increase the amount of SAA in some varieties but tended to decrease lysine and threonine content without affecting crop yield or CP content. This might be due to an altered storage protein ratio. Hence, sulfur fertilization could be beneficial by increasing SAA in blue lupin varieties. Further investigations on the effect of sulfur fertilization for other legumes are requested.

%0 Generic
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Böhm, Herwart
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2015
%F orgprints:29981
%K Nutrient composition, grain legumes, factors of  influence, amino acids, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 3/4
%P 205-216
%T Effect of variety and environment on the contents of crude nutrients, lysine, methionine and cysteine in organically produced field peas (Pisum sativum L.) and field beans (Vicia faba L.)
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29981/
%V 65
%X Die Gehalte an Rohnährstoffen und vor allem an limitierenden Aminosäuren von ökologisch erzeugten Futtererbsen und Ackerbohnen sind vor dem Hintergrund der 100 %-Biofütterung von Interesse. Um den Einfluss von Sorte und Umweltfaktoren auf die Rohnährstoff-, Lysin-, Cystein- und Methioningehalte zu untersuchen, wurden in drei Jahren Proben aus Sortenversuchen in Deutschland genommen und mittels NIRS analysiert. Im Mittel enthielten Futtererbsen 21,9 g und Ackerbohnen 29,6 g Rohprotein in 100 g Trockensubstanz. Das Rohprotein von Futtererbsen und Ackerbohnen enthielt je 100  g im Mittel 8,0  g  Lysin, 1,0  g  Methionin und 1,4  g  Cystein bzw. 6,4 g Lysin, 0,7 g Methionin und 1,1 g Cystein. Der Faktor Sorte beeinflusste die Rohprotein- und Rohfettgehalte von Futtererbsen und deren Ernteerträge sowie alle Inhaltsstoffe von Ackerbohnen signifikant. Umweltbedingte Faktoren und Interaktionen zwischen den Faktoren hatten ebenfalls Effekte auf die Zusammensetzung beider Kulturarten. Der Rohproteingehalt war in Ackerbohnen signifikant negativ mit dem Stärke-(r = -0,69), Zucker- (r = -0,47), Lysin- (r = -0,76) und Methioningehalt (r = -0,51) und in Futtererbsen mit dem Stärke- (r = -0,79), Zucker- (r = -0,55), Lysin- (r = -0,78), Methionin-(r = -0,61) und Cysteingehalt (r = -0,55) korreliert (p < 0,01). Die Schwankungen der Inhaltsstoffgehalte sind oftmals ungerichtet und somit nicht vorhersagbar, sodass eine laboranalytische Untersuchung der Futtermittel vor jeder Rationsberechnung empfohlen wird.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Bokemeyer, Jörg
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2016
%F orgprints:29983
%I DLG-Verlag
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%N 10
%P 26
%T Investigations on the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor in organically produced crops
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29983/
%V 25
%X The accuracy of the common nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (factor) of 6.25 for different plant and animal products is recurrently discussed. As a result, the factor 5.70 is for example already in use to predict protein content in bread wheat. Variations in the composition of products can lead to differences in the relationship between nitrogen (N) and protein. Therefore, the factor could differ between species and due to breeding progress even within species. Since the composition of organically produced crops can differ from conventional production, it is of interest to check the common factor for different organically produced crops.  Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., n=103), blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L., n=94), spring field pea (Pisum sativum L., n=74), and spring field bean (Vicia faba L., n=76) samples were collected from organic variety trials in Germany in three years. The samples were ground to pass a 1 mm sieve for CP analyses (according to VDLUFA, Kjeldahl N*6.25) or a 0.5 mm sieve for amino acid (AA) analyses. 18 AA were analyzed using HPLC. Assuming that total content of amino acids (TAA) is equivalent to CP content, the recovery was calculated by dividing CP by TAA and the factor by dividing TAA by N. Since the molar weight of asparagine (132.12 g/mol) and aspartic acid (133.1 g/mol) as well as glutamine (146.15 g/mol) and glutamic acid (147.13 g/mol) is similar, determining the content of NH3 to estimate amination rate was not necessary for the calculation.   The factors were compared against 6.25 and against one another. Pearson correlation analyses (proc corr, SAS 9.4) were conducted to test the relationship between N and TAA.  The determination of CP with Kjeldahl N analyses and the factor 6.25 recovered more than 100 % of TAA. Thus, the factor differed significantly from 6.25 for all four plant species (p<0.01). However, high contents of asparagine and glutamine can lead to an overestimation of protein since they contain more N than their acidic derivates. For organically produced wheat a factor was found that was similar to the one used in human nutrition and significantly lower than for field peas and blue lupins. Field beans had the significantly lowest factor. The prediction of protein based on N seems suitable especially for organically produced wheat, blue lupins and field peas considering very high correlation coefficients between N and TAA. However, the correlation is weaker in field beans maybe resulting of higher contents of NPN like lectins, vicin, convicin, L-DOPA, or nucleic acids.  The results demonstrate that the use of a standardized factor to calculate protein contents from N contents can overestimate protein contents of wheat and grain legumes in organic farming. It should be further discussed to adjust the factor for different species.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Grashorn, Michael
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2019
%F orgprints:35571
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Grain legumes, poultry, digestibility
%P 48
%T Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and field peas (Pisum sativum L.) as feedstuffs for broiler chicken: Precaecal protein and amino acid digestibility
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35571/
%X Especially in areas with suboptimal conditions for the cultivation of soybeans, homegrown grain legumes, like faba beans and field peas, are very important protein feedstuffs for monogastric animals, like swine and poultry, in organic farming. Homegrown grain legumes contribute to the circular ecology of organic farms and add to the supply of essential amino acids to the diet.  However, their value is not only determined by the crude protein content and amino acid profile but also by the bioavailability of crude protein and amino acids. Since only precaecally absorbed amino acids are potentially available in the metabolism, the precaecal digestibility of the crude protein and the amino acids can give a hint on their bioavailability.   The aim of the study was to determine the precaecal digestibility of each a tannin-free frequently used faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety in young broiler chicken.  The precaecal crude protein and amino acid digestibility of the single feedstuffs was determined in 21-day old broiler chickens using a linear regression approach.   Crude nutrient analyses were conducted using VDLUFA methods (crude protein with N*6.25), amino acid contents were analysed with HPLC modified Cohen and Michaud [3], and TiO2 contents were determined photometrically.   Diets containing three different levels (30, 50, and 70%) of the test feedstuff in exchange for maize starch (40, 20, 0%) and a defined amount of the marker TiO2 were fed to birds for one week until they reached 21 days of age. Each diet was fed to six groups of 18 broiler chicken. The test feedstuff was the sole source of additional crude protein and amino acids. The birds were killed by asphyxiation with CO2 and the digesta was gently flushed from the terminal two thirds of the ileal section between Meckel’s diverticulum and 2 cm prior to the ileo-colonic junction with distilled water. The intake of the crude protein and amino acids was related to the precaecally digested amount of the crude protein and amino acids by linear regression analysis. The slope of the regression is used as predictor for the precaecal digestibility coefficient.  Bird performance was comparable to previous studies and high inclusion rates of faba beans and fiel peas did not lead to feed refusal or health problems. The relation between ingested and precaecally digested amounts of crude protein and all amino acids was linear.  The standardized precaecal digestibility of the amino acids was comparable or higher compared to literature results. Crude protein digestibility reached 84% and 81% for the faba beans and the field peas, respectively.  The digestibility of the crude protein and amino acids of organic field peas and faba beans is good. Thus, organic field peas and faba beans are suitable feedstuffs for young broiler chickens.

%0 Generic
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Grashorn, Michael
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2018
%F orgprints:33531
%K organic farming, ileal, Geflügel, Masthähnchen, BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054
%P 35-40
%T Precaecal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids of a field bean (Vicia faba L.) and a field pea (Pisum sativum L.) variety for broilers
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/33531/
%V 243
%X A linear regression approach was used to determine the precaecal digestibility of organic field beans and field peas in young broiler chickens. Diets with field beans of the variety Taifun (283 g crude protein/kg DM) and field peas of the variety Alvesta (173 g crude protein/kg DM) in three inclusion rates (30, 50, and 70%) were fed ad libitum to 15- to 21-day-old broiler chickens.  Digesta was sampled pen-wise and obtained from the gastro-intestinal tract between Meckel’s diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileo-caeco-colonic junction. Despite the high inclusion rates of the test feedstuffs, all diets were accepted by the birds. Feed intake and body mass gain, as well as precaecal crude protein and amino acid digestibility, were higher in chickens fed field bean diets than field pea diets. The precaecal crude protein digestibility of the tested field beans and field peas was 0.84 and 0.81, respectively. In comparison to lysine, methionine, histidine, and arginine, which were highly digestible at the terminal ileum, tryptophan was less digestible. The precaecal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids of the tested organic field beans and field peas is comparable to literature values for non-organic samples. In conclusion, compared to the literature the test results indicate that systematic differences between organic and non-organic samples do not exist. Field beans and field peas can serve as a suitable crude protein and amino acids source for broilers.

%0 Conference Paper
%A Witten, Stephanie
%A Ritteser, Carolin
%A Grashorn, Michael
%A Aulrich, Karen
%D 2019
%F orgprints:35256
%I DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt
%K BÖLN, BOELN, BÖL, BOEL, FKZ 11OE054, Öko-Futtermittel, Aminosäuren, Vitamine, NIRS, Monogastrier
%P 91
%T Anwendung einer in vitro Multienzymmethode zur Schätzung der praecaecalen Rohprotein- und Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit bei Broilern
%U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/35256/
%V 28
%X Knowledge of the precaecal (pc) crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility can be used in formulation of poultry diets. The pc CP and AA digestibility can differ between various feedstuffs as well as between batches of the same feedstuff. Thus, table values can provide misleading information. However, they are generally used because there is no standard method to predict the actual pc CP and AA digestibility. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro multi-enzyme assay to predict the pc digestibility of CP and AA in broiler chicken.  The adapted in vitro multi-enzyme assay provides good estimates for the pc CP and AA digestibility of single feedstuffs for broiler chicken. Further calibrations with in vivo results are recommended to improve the significance of the assay. Various samples of different feedstuffs as well as of mixed feeds with known pc digestibility of the CP and AA should be used for this purpose.