%0 Edited Book %B FiBL-Report %D 2008 %E Fuchs, Jacques G. %E Kupper, Thomas %E Tamm, Lucius %E Schwenk, Kaarina %F orgprints:13135 %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland %K Kompost, Umwelt, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Pflanzengesundheit, BUWAL Kompostqualität, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse %T Compost and digestate : sustainability, benefits, impacts for the environment and for plant production. Proceedings of the international congress CODIS 2008, February 27-29, 2008, Solothurn, Switzerland. %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13135/ %X This proceedings volume contains the papers presented at the CODIS 2008 congress held on 27 - 29 February 2008 in Solothurn (Switzerland). The composting and digestion of biogenic waste materials and the subsequent application of compost and digestate to soil contributes to nutrient recycling and renewable energy production. Moreover, compost and digestate can improve soil fertility and suppress plant diseases. On the other hand, compost and digestate may also contain a variety of pollutants hazardous to soil, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants. Compost and digestate have been thoroughly investigated in the framework of two associated projects entitled “Organic Pollutants in Compost and Digestate in Switzerland” and “Effects of Composts and Digestate on the Environment, Soil Fertility and Plant Health”. These projects yielded new insights into the properties of compost and digestate, mainly with regard to biological parameters and the occurrence of both “classic” and “emerging” organic pollutants. The CODIS 2008 congress was the final event of these two projects. For more information, see www.codis2008. %0 Edited Book %B FiBL-Report %C Frick, Schweiz %D 2004 %E Fuchs, Jacques G. %E Bieri, Markus %E Chardonnens, Marc %F orgprints:2631 %I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) %K Einjährige Kulturen, Kompost, Umwelt, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Pflanzengesundheit, BUWAL Kompostqualität, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten %T Auswirkungen von Komposten und Gärgut auf die Umwelt, die Bodenfruchtbarkeit sowie die Pflanzengesundheit. Zusammenfassende Übersicht der aktuellen Literatur %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2631/ %X Die vorliegende Literaturstudie bietet eine Übersicht zu den Forschungsergebnissen zu Grüngutverwertung und zeigt Wissenslücken auf. Folgende Themen werden in der Studie abgedeckt: • Pflanzengesundheit • Pflanzenernährung • bodenphysikalische und bodenchemische Eigenschaften der Böden • Beeinflussung der Bodenfauna und -flora sowie das biologische Gleichgewicht der Böden Die Arbeit stellt auch den Stand der Technik in der Kompostierung und Vergärung auch im internationalen Vergleich dar. %0 Generic %F orgprints:6200 %K Compost, soil fertility, plant disease, nitrogen fertilisation, humus, humus stability, Interaktion Boden- Pflanzenkrankheiten, Grundlagen Pathologie Kompost, %T Auswirkungen von Komposten und von Gärgut auf die Umwelt, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, sowie die Pflanzengesundheit %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6200/ %X In der Schweiz werden zurzeit rund 600 000 t Trockensubstanz biogene Abfälle recycelt. Längerfristig werden jedoch nur Komposte und Gärgut von einwandfreier Qualität abgesetzt werden können, welche möglichst eine Wertsteigerung der Böden bewirken. Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes ist es, die Qualitätsparameter gezielt in diese Richtung zu erweitern und die Auswirkungen von Kompost- und Gärgutapplikationen auf Pflanzenwachstum und -gesundheit, die Bodenparameter und die Umwelt zu evaluieren. Das vorliegende Projekt ist mit dem Projekt "Organische Schadstoffe in Komposten" der EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) und der Agroscope FAL (Forschungsanstalt für Agrarökologie und Landbau, Zürich Reckenholz) koordiniert. Das Projekt dient gleichzeitig als Vorbereitung zur Durchführung mehrjähriger Versuche zur Erfassung langfristiger Wirkungen von Komposten und Gärgut auf die Bodenstruktur, die chemischen Parameter der Böden, die Mikrobiologie und die Bodenfauna und -flora. Als erstes Ergebnis dieses Projekts wurde 2004 eine Literaturstudie zur Wirkung von Kompost herausgegeben. FiBL-Studie: Auswirkungen von Komposten und Gärgut auf die Umwelt, die Bodenfruchtbarkeit sowie die Pflanzengesundheit https://www.fibl-shop.org/shop/show.php?sprache=DE&art=1336 %0 Generic %F orgprints:6201 %K Phytophtora cactorum, strawberry, compost, green manure, Interaktion Boden- Pflanzenkrankheiten, BLW Beeren und Kompost %T Compost de qualité - une solution durable pour deux différents problèmes importants %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6201/ %X Phytophthora disease of strawberry is one of the major problems in strawberry protection. An alternative to chemical treatment needs to be found. Project aims: - Find a sustainable solution to control soilborne diseases by strawberry - Improve the market for quality compost Methodology: - Pot trials to screen the different composts and green manure - Field experiment in an with Phytophthora naturally infested field Results, conclusion, state of the art: Compost and green manure can reduce disease incidence in pot experiments. The evaluation of field experiment has to show, if this reduction is also effective under the conditions of agricultural practise. Involved organisations, project partners: Agroscope RAC Changins, Les Fougères, Dr. Vincent Michel, Switzerland %0 Generic %F orgprints:6296 %K Soil-plant-interaction, soil fertility management, disease suppressiveness, induced resistance, Interaktion Boden- Pflanzenkrankheiten, QLIF %T Improving quality and safety and reduction of cost in the European organic and ‚low input’ food supply chains (Quality Low Input Food (QLIF) Work package 3.1 Identifying soil management practices which optimize soil quality characteristics (mineralization capacity and diseases suppressiveness) %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6296/ %X An important characteristic of organic and “low input” production systems is the more frequent use of manure and other organic matter based fertility inputs (e.g. green manures, composts). This and the prohibition (in organic systems) or reduced use (in other “low input” systems) of soil pesticides is thought to result in environmental, biodiversity and/or agronomic benefits. For example, soil biological activity, earthworm number/bio-mass, soil aggregate stability, organic matter content, erosion resistance and the ability of soils to release soil pools of nitrogen were all shown to increase under organic management and/or in soil which receive regular organic matter inputs (Mäder et al. 2002; Drinkwater et al. 1998; Reganold et al. 2001, Langmeier et al. 2002). Also, certain organic matter based inputs are known to reduce the disease incidence in crop production systems (e.g. Hoiting 1986, Bulluck & Ristaino 2002). Definition of the problem: - The need to understand nitrogen release characteristics from organic matter based fertility inputs - Nutrient availability pattern in soils (in particular of N and P) receiving organic matter based fertility inputs (OMFIs) is more difficult to predict than nutrient availability from mineral fertilizer inputs. This is mainly because a large proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus present in OMFIs is in organic form and only becomes available after mineralization by the soil biota (Raupp, 1995; Smith et al. 1998). The mineralization potential in soil is known to be influenced by environmental conditions (in particular soil temperature and matric potential), “inherent” soil biological activity, and plants growing in soil (Raupp, 1995; van der Krift 2001; Mäder et al, 2002). It has also been shown that the “inherent soil biological activity” can be increased by specific long term soil management practices, with organic matter input type and level being important factors (Mäder et al. 2002). Although the phenomenon is well described in the literature (Hoiting 1986) there is still insufficient information about the mechanisms and modes of action resulting in (a) inherent soil suppressiveness (that resulting from specific long term soil management practices) and (b) short term suppressive effects resulting from specific organic matter based fertility inputs (Berner et al, 2002; Bullock & Ristiaino 2002). This lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms and “modes of action” makes it difficult to increase the efficacy and commercial use of crop protection strategies based on long term soil management with suppressive organic matter inputs. Project aims: The aims of these studies inlcude • identifying interactions between the inherent soil biological activity (that resulting from specific long term soil management practices) and N-mineralization from different organic matter-based fertility inputs (OMFIs) • identifying the effect crops have on N-mineralization from different organic matter-based fertility inputs (OMFIs) • determining soil characteristics and N-mineralisation capacity in soils used in field experiments which aim at developing improved fertility management protocols for selected model crops (wheat, onion, tomato and lettuce) • providing a set of data which can be used to develop improved algorithms for the prediction of mineralization-driven nitrogen availability pattern in soils fertilized with OMFIs. • identifying soils which have developed suppressiveness against soil-borne and/or foliar diseases as a result of specific long term agronomic management practices, • quantifying short term suppressive effects associated with suppressive composts • identifying interactions between inherent suppressiveness ( resulting from long term soil management practices) and “suppressiveness” conveyed by organic matter inputs • identifying possible “modes of action” of suppressiveness with particular emphasis on: (i) quantifying markers for induced resistance (ii) linking suppressiveness to specific soil biological, physical and chemical characteristics. Methodology: See technical annex of the Q-Lif-Project (www.qlif.org) Results, conclusion, state of the art: See annual reports of Q-Lif-Project (www.qlif.org) %0 Generic %F orgprints:14197 %K Kompost, Umwelt, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Pflanzengesundheit, BUWAL Kompostqualität, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten %T Kompostqualität %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14197/ %X In Zusammenarbeit mit der Agroscope RAC ("Station fédérale de recherches en production végétale de Changins") am "Centre des Fougères" wird in diesem Projekt die Wirkung verschiedener Komposte und Gründünger auf bodenbürtige Krankheiten der Erdbeeren untersucht. Es wird die mikrobiologische Aktivität des Substrates gemessen sowie die Populationen von Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp. (zwei bekannte Gruppen von Antagonisten) und Phytophthora spp. (einer wichtigen Gruppe von Krankheitserregern) mittels selektiver Medien quantifiziert. Zusätzlich wird die Krankheitsunterdrückung der Verfahren mittels einem Biotest gemessen. In einem Feldversuch mit Erdbeeren wird zudem die mittelfristige Krankheitsunterdrückung von Komposten und Gründüngungen erfasst. Finanziert wird das Projekt durch das BLW. %0 Generic %A Berner, Alfred %A Gloor, S. %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Tamm, Lucius %A Mäder, Paul %D 2003 %E Freyer, Bernhard %F orgprints:2796 %I Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für Ökologischen Landbau %K Anbautechnik Einjährige Kulturen, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost, Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, BUWAL Kompostqualität %P 443-444 %T Gesunder Boden - gesunde Pflanzen %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2796/ %X Obwohl viele ältere Biobetriebe kleinere Nährstoffgehalte im Boden aufwiesen, waren diese noch nicht ertragsbegrenzend. Die abnehmenden Nährstoffgehalte im Boden und den Pflanzen zeigen, dass regelmässige Bodenanalysen auf dem Biobetrieb nötig sind. Die Suppressivität der Böden hing nicht direkt von den Biojahren ab. Durch die Gestaltung der Fruchtfolge und den Hofdüngereinsatz lässt sie sich aber steigern. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bewirtschaftung Bodeneigenschaften und der Suppressivität muss genauer untersucht werden. %0 Generic %A Franke-Whittle, Ingrid H. %A Knapp, Brigitte A. %A Fuchs, Jacques %A Kaufmann, Ruediger %A Insam, Heribert %D 2009 %F orgprints:18014 %I Springer Science + Business Media %K COMPOCHIP microarray, bacterial communities, composts, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, BUWAL %N 3 %P 510-521 %T Application of COMPOCHIP Microarray to Investigate the Bacterial Communities of Different Composts %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/18014/ %V 57 %X A microarray spotted with 369 different 16S rRNA gene probes specific to microorganisms involved in the degradation process of organic waste during composting was developed. The microarray was tested with pure cultures, and of the 30,258 individual probe-target hybridization reactions performed, there were only 188 false positive (0.62%) and 22 false negative signals (0.07%). Labeled target DNA was prepared by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rRNA genes using a Cy5-labeled universal bacterial forward primer and a universal reverse primer. The COMPOCHIP microarray was applied to three different compost types (green compost, manure mix compost, and anaerobic digestate compost) of different maturity (2, 8, and 16 weeks), and differences in the microorganisms in the three compost types and maturity stages were observed. Multivariate analysis showed that the bacterial composition of the three composts was different at the beginning of the composting process and became more similar upon maturation. Certain probes (targeting Sphingobacterium, Actinomyces, Xylella/Xanthomonas/ Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Low G + C and Alphaproteobacteria) were more influential in discriminating between different composts. Results from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis supported those of microarray analysis. This study showed that the COMPOCHIP array is a suitable tool to study bacterial communities in composts. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, J. G. %A Baier, U. %A Berner, A. %A Mayer, J. %A Tamm, L. %A Schleiss, K. %D 2006 %E Kraft, E. %E Bidlingmaier, W. %E de Bertoldi, M. %E Diaz, L.F. %E Barth, J. %F orgprints:9218 %I ORBIT e.V. D-Weimar %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, %P 529-538 %T Potential of different composts to improve soil fertility %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/9218/ %X Composts can influence soil fertility and plant health. These influences can be positive or negative, depending of the quality of the composts. Some practitioners already make use of the positive effects on plant health. For example, they use composts to protect their plants against soil borne diseases in substrate, or to detoxify and reactivate soil after steaming. In order to estimate the potential of Swiss composts to influence soil fertility and plant health positively, we analyzed one hundred composts representative of the different composting systems and qualities available on the market. The organic substance and the nutrient content of the composts varied greatly between the composts; the materials of origin were the major factor influencing these values. The respiration rate and enzyme activities also varied greatly, particularly in the youngest composts. These differences become smaller when the composts become more mature. Maturity, the degradation stage of the organic matter, depended not only on the age of the compost, but also on the management of the process. The N-mineralization potential from compost added to soil showed that a high proportion of young composts immobilized the nitrogen in the soil. This problem was hardly correlated with the materials of origin, but with the management of the first stage of the composting process. Especially composts which had become too dry in this period lost their ammonia-nitrogen, and hence immobilized nitrogen in the soil. Also composts with a low NO3/NH4 ratio, as a rough indicator for an immature compost, immobilized nitrogen in the soil. By contrast, the phytotoxicity of the composts varied very much also in matured composts, showing that the storage of the compost plays a decisive role. While the majority of compost protected cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum, only a few composts suppressed Rhizoctonia solani in basil. With respect to disease suppression, the management of the maturation process seems to play a major role. In conclusion, big differences in compost quality and of their impact on soil fertility and on plant health were observed. The management of the composting process seems to influence the quality of the composts to a higher extent than the materials of origin or the composting system. More attention should be paid to biological quality of composts, in order to produce composts with more beneficial effects on crops. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, J.G. %A Baier, U. %A Berner, A. %A Mayer, J. %A Tamm, L. %A Schleiss, K. %D 2006 %E Kraft, Eckhard %E Bidlingmaier, Werner %E de Bartoldi, Marco %E Diaz, Luis F. %E Barth, Josef %F orgprints:10316 %I Verlag ORBIT e.V., Weimar %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden und Pflanzenkrankheiten, Positive Kompostqualität, composts, soil fertility, plant health %P 507-517 %T Potential of different Composts to improve Soil Fertility and Plant Health %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10316/ %X Composts can influence soil fertility and plant health. These influences can be positive or negative, depending of the quality of the composts. Some practitioners already make use of the positive effects on plant health. For example, they use composts to protect their plants against soil borne diseases in substrate, or to detoxify and reactivate soil after steaming. In order to estimate the potential of Swiss composts to influence soil fertility and plant health positively, we analyzed one hundred composts representative of the different composting systems and qualities available on the market. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, Jacques %C A-Eferding %D 2009 %F orgprints:18012 %I Bundesgemüsebauverband Österreichs (BGV) %K Gemüsebau, Fruchtfolge, bodenbürtige, Pflanzenproduktion, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, BUWAL, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost %P 4-5 %T Bodengesundheit mittels Qualitätskompost %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/18012/ %X Im Gemüsebau wird der Boden stark beansprucht. Im Speziellen in Gewächshäusern wird durch die oft sehr einfache Fruchtfolge das mikrobiologische Gleichgewicht strapaziert. Nach einigen Jahren können bodenbürtige Krankheitsprobleme bei den Kulturen auftreten, welche die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Pflanzenproduktion stark gefährden. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, Jacques %C A-Linz %D 2008 %F orgprints:18011 %I ARGE Kompost & Biogas Österreich %K Kompost, Gärgut, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Planzengesundheit, Umwelt, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Grundlagen Pathologie Kompost, %N 2 %P 28-30 %T Wirkung von Kompost und Gärrückstand auf den Boden %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/18011/ %X Im rahmen des BAFU-Projektes "Wirkung von Komposten und Gärgut auf die Umwelt, die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und die Planzengesundheit" wurde, neben der detaillierten Charakterisierung von 100 repräsentativen Komposten und Gärgut aus der Schweiz, der mittelfristige Einfluss von Kompost und Gärgut auf die Bodeneigenschaften in zwei Feldversuche untersucht. Im speziellen wurden dabei die Auswirkung der verschiedenen Produkte auf die Stickstoffverfügbarkeit und die biologische Bodenaktivität untersucht. %0 Conference Paper %A Fuchs, Jacques %A Larbi, Mohamed %D 2005 %F orgprints:4887 %I SoilACE, Biomasa Peninsular, c/Cartagena, 58, 1 , Madrid 28028 %K Interaktion Boden- Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, compost %P 157-166 %T Disease control with quality compost in pot and field trials %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/4887/ %X Quality compost can have a positive effect on soil fertility and plant growth and health. This positive effect is not only observable in the laboratory, but also by growers. Phytopathological problems could be solved with the use of compost. Durable success can only be obtained if a quality management is resolutely followed. Further research is needed to optimize the quality management of compost production and utilization. For example, very little is known about the long-term effect of the different composts on soil fertility and disease receptivity. %0 Conference Paper %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %D 2008 %F orgprints:17966 %K Bodengesundung, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost, Biofumigation, Mikroorganismen, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität %T Bodengesundung mit Kompost, Biofumigation und Mikroorganismen %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17966/ %X Der Boden ist ein komplexes, lebendiges Wesen. Die verschiedenen Bodeneigenschaften beeinflussen direkt und indirekt seine Fruchtbarkeit: Struktur, Luft- und Wasserhaushalt, Nährstoffgehalte und –verfügbarkeit, pH, Salzgehalt, Humusgehalt und –qualität, biologische Aktivität, … Dabei interagieren die Bodenparameter stark miteinander und die Veränderung eines Parameters, zum Beispiel der Nährstoffgehalt, kann auch alle anderen Parameter verändern, sodass ein Dominoeffekt entstehen kann. Darum muss uns immer bewusst sein, dass jede unserer Aktionen, wie zum Beispiel eine Düngung, das ganze Bodengleichgewicht beeinflusst. In Bezug auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit spielen die Mikroorganismen eine zentrale Rolle. Sie beeinflussen direkt und indirekt die Pflanzengesundheit, und zwar positiv wie auch negativ. Ein positives biologisches Gleichgewicht ist für das Pflanzenwachstum von erster Bedeutung. Dieses Gleichgewicht wird durch die Kulturmassnahmen stark beeinflusst. Meistens wird beobachtet, dass die Intensivierung der Produktion ein unstabiles Gleichgewicht mit sich bringt. Durch gezielte, fachgerechte Zugaben von Mikroorganismen oder von hochwertigem Kompost kann nachgeholfen werden, dieses biologische Gleichgewicht und somit die Bodenfruchtbarkeit zu erhöhen beziehungsweise zu sichern. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %D 2004 %E Häseli, Andreas %F orgprints:2770 %I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, Frick %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Obstbäume, Kompost %P 13-15 %T Gesündere Obstbäume mit Kompost? %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/2770/ %X Das Kompostieren wird oft nur als eine billige Grünabfallentsorgung betrachtet. Der Kompost ist jedoch nicht bloss ein Abfalldünger, sondern kann ebenfalls positive Eigenschaften besitzen. Dank diesen sollten mikrobiologisch hochwertige Komposte im Rahmen eines integrierten und biologischen Pflanzenschutzes eine zentrale Rolle spielen. %0 Conference Paper %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Baier, Urs %A Berner, Alfred %A Mayer, Jochen %A Schleiss, Konrad %D 2008 %F orgprints:17981 %K composts, digestates, soil fertility, plant health, Swiss, organic matter, nutrient, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Grundlagen Pathologie Kompost %T Effects of digestate on the environment and on plant production - results of a research project %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17981/ %X Composts and digestates can influence soil fertility and plant health. These influences can be positive or negative, depending of the quality of the composts. A currently important question is to know, if digestates differ from composts in these aspects. A Swiss project is concerned with the estimation of the potential of Swiss composts and digestates to influence soil fertility and plant health positively. For this, one hundred composts and digestates representative of the different composting systems and qualities available on the Swiss market were analyzed. The organic matter and nutrient content of the composts varied greatly between the composts and the digestates; the materials of origin were the major factor influencing these values. The respiration rate and enzyme activities also varied greatly; they are particularly important in digestates. The organic matter of digestates is less stable than that of composts. The N-mineralization potential from the majority of the digestates added to soil is high, in comparison to young composts. When digestates are not correctly treated or stored, however, they can immobilize nitrogen in the soil. This problem is hardly correlated with the management of the digestate in the first stage after leaving the fermenter. Especially products which have become too dry during this period lost their ammonia-nitrogen, and hence immobilized nitrogen in the soil. The risk of phytotoxicity is higher in digestates than in composts. This limits the possibility for use of digestate. With a post-treatment of digestate, it is possible to produce high quality compost with a high compatibility with plant growth and with a more stabilized organic matter. In field experiments, digestates increased the pH-value and the biological activity of soil to the same extent than composts. These effects were observable also one season after compost application. No immobilization of nitrogen was observed. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Berner, Alfred %A Mayer, Jochen %A Schleiss, Konrad %D 2008 %F orgprints:14198 %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Grundlagen Pathologie Kompost, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Pflanzenwachstum, Nitratgehalt, Stickstoff, Phytotoxizität %N 6 %P 276-281 %T Einfluss von Komposten und Gärgut auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14198/ %V 15 %X Um den Einfluss von Kompost und Gärgut auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und auf das Pflanzenwachstum abschätzen zu können wurden hundert, für die Schweiz repräsentative, Proben untersucht. Die Gehalte an Nährstoffen und an Salz waren vom Ausgangsmaterialien abhängig. Die Gehalte an organischer Substanz sowie die Atmungs- und Enzymaktivitäten nahmen mit zunehmender Kompostreife ab. Bei einigen jungen Komposten konnten Stickstoffblockaden beobachtet werden. Der Nitratgehalt im Kompost erlaubt jedoch vorherzusagen, ob eine N-Immobilisierungsgefahr besteht oder nicht. Die Phytotoxizität der Komposte variierte auch bei den reiferen Produkten sehr stark. Dies weist auf die grosse Bedeutung der Rotteführung und der korrekten Lagerung der Produkte hin. Während die Mehrheit der Gurkenpflanzen von Komposten gegen Pythium ultimum geschützt wurden, reduzierten nur wenige Komposte die Inzidenz von Rhizoctonia solani auf Basilikum. Die Art der Reifungsprozesse scheint bei diesem Vorgang eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen. Im Feldversuche verursachten junge, landwirtschaftliche Komposte deutliche Stickstoffblockaden, was sich negativ auf das Maiswachstum ausgewirkte. Mit einer Zusatzdüngung war es jedoch möglich, diese negativen Effekte zu korrigieren. Gärgut und Komposte zeigten positive Effekte auf pH-Wert und biologische Aktivität im Boden welche auch nach der Maisernte noch deutlich beobachtet werden konnten. %0 Conference Paper %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Berner, Alfred %A Mayer, Jochen %A Schleiss, Konrad %A Kupper, Thomas %D 2008 %F orgprints:17982 %K compost, digestate, EU, soil fertility, plant health, Pathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost %T Effects of compost and digestate on environment and plant production – results of two research projects %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17982/ %X A yearly amount of 9.3x106t compost and digestate derived from separately collected organic waste is produced in the 25 European Union member states. The improvement of soil properties is a major benefit of compost application. However, little is known about the occurrence of organic pollutants in compost. In order to estimate the potential of Swiss composts and digestates to influence soil fertility and plant health, one hundred products representative for the different composting systems and qualities available on the Swiss market were analyzed in two research projects. In the first study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ortho substituted and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, DL PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), pesticides, chlorinated paraffins (CPs), phthalates and nonylphenol (NP) were analyzed. All compound classes were detected except for NP. PFAS, HBCD, TBBPA, some compounds out of PBDEs and pesticides were found in compost and digestate for the first time. Concentrations of most compounds were in the low ppb range. Contents of PAHs were between 600 and 12473 μg/kg dry weight (dw) and contents of HBCD and CPs between 17 and 384 μg/kg dw. Tests with springtails (Folsomia candida) have been shown to be a versatile tool for ecotoxicological assessment. Within these tests, inhibiting and stimulating effects due to compost application were observed. Except for high PAHs contents, no major problem with regard to contamination of compost and digestate was identified. In the second study, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the composts and digestats, and their influence on soil fertility and plant growth, were characterized. The organic substance and the nutrient content of the composts varied largely between the composts with the feedstock materials as major influencing factors. The respiration rate and enzyme activities exhibited large variations as well, particularly in the youngest composts. These differences decreased when the composts became more mature. Maturity, the degradation stage of the organic matter, depended not only on the age of the compost, but also on the management of the process. The N-mineralization potential of compost added to soil showed that a high proportion of young composts immobilized the nitrogen in the soil. Two compost parameters allowed to predict the risk of nitrogen immobilization in soil: the NO3- and the humic acids contents. The phytotoxicity of the composts varied largely even in mature composts, showing that the storage of the compost plays a decisive role. While the majority of composts protected cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum, only a few composts suppressed Rhizoctonia solani in basil. With respect to disease suppression, the management of the maturation process seems to play a major role. In field experiments, some biologically immature composts immobilized nitrogen in soil and reduced growth of maize. With additional fertilization, however, it was possible to compensate this effect. Digestates and composts increased the pH-value and the biological activity of soil. These effects were observable also one maize season after compost application. In conclusion, the management of the composting process seems to influence the biological quality of the composts and digestats to a higher extent than the feedstock materials or the composting system. More attention should be paid to this biological quality, in order to produce composts with more beneficial effects on crops. %0 Conference Paper %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Berner, Alfred %A Mayer, Jochen %A Smidt, Ena %A Schleiss, Konrad %D 2008 %E Fuchs, Jacques G. %E Kupper, Thoman %E Tamm, Lucius %E Schenk, Kaarina %F orgprints:17977 %I Research Institute of Organic Agriculture %K compost quality, plant growth, soil fertility, plant health, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Kompost, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, BUWAL %P 101-110 %T Influence of compost and digestates on plant growth and health: potentials and limits %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17977/ %X Composts can influence soil fertility and plant health. These influences can be positive or negative, depending of the quality of the composts. In order to estimate the potential of Swiss composts to influence soil fertility and plant health, one hundred composts representative of the different composting systems and qualities available on the market were analyzed. The organic substance and the nutrient content of the composts varied greatly between the composts; the materials of origin were the major factor influencing these values. The respiration rate and enzyme activities also varied greatly, particularly in the youngest composts. These differences decreased when the composts become more mature. Maturity, the degradation stage of the organic matter, depended not only on the age of the compost, but also on the management of the process. The Nmineralization potential of compost added to soil showed that a high proportion of young composts immobilized the nitrogen in the soil. Two compost parameters allow to predict the risk of nitrogen immobilization in soil: the NO3- and the humic acids contents. The phytotoxicity of the composts varied very much even in mature composts, showing that the storage of the compost plays a decisive role. While the majority of composts protected cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum, only a few composts suppressed Rhizoctonia solani in basil. With respect to disease suppression, the management of the maturation process seems to play a major role. In field experiments, some biologically immature composts immobilized nitrogen in soil and reduced growth of maize. With additional fertilization, however, it was possible to compensate this effect. Digestates and composts increased the pH-value and the biological activity of soil. These effects were observable also one maize season after compost application. In conclusion, big differences were observed in the quality of composts and digestates, and in their impact on soil fertility and plant health. The management of the composting process seems to influence the quality of the composts to a higher extent than the materials of origin or the composting system. More attention should be paid to biological quality of composts, in order to produce composts with more beneficial effects on crops. %0 Generic %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Schleiss, Konrad %C CH Frick %D 2009 %F orgprints:17983 %I Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) %K Ökologische Bewertung, organische Substanz, Kompost, Gärgut, Humus, Bodenwissenschaften, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Phytopathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompostqualität, BUWAL, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse %T Auswirkungen von Komposten und von Gärgut auf die Umwelt, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, sowie die Pflanzengesundheit: Ökologische Bewertung der organischen Substanz %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17983/ %X Bisher war es für Kompost und Gärgut in Ökobilanzen üblich, die Nährstoffe als Substitute von Mineraldüngern und die Schwermetalle als Belastungen einzusetzen. Im Vergleich zur Verbrennung, wo die organische Substanz vollständig mineralisiert und energetisch genutzt wird, gibt es bei Kompost und Gärgut eine Lücke: wie soll die organische Substanz bewertet werden? Zur Bewertung der organischen Substanz in Ökobilanzen gibt es zwei grundlegend verschiedene Vorgehensweisen: 1. Einsetzen der einzelnen Effekte wie Erosionsreduktion, weniger Zugkraftbedarf, bessere Wasserhaltekapazität, weniger Krankheitsanfälligkeit etc. mit jeweils entsprechenden LCA-Modulen 2. Globales Einsetzen von Substituten, welche die Effekte möglichst gut abbilden. Gegen die erste Vorgehensweise sprechen die lückenhafte Datenbasis, der hohe Aufwand für die einzelnen Module und die Problematik der Interaktionen zwischen einzelnen Effekten. Das globale Einsetzen gibt ein rasterartiges Bild, das die physikalischen Effekte relativ gut abbildet, aber die biologischen Effekte (z.B. Krankheitsunterdrückung) nicht vollständig abdecken kann. Der Vorteil dieses Ansatzes besteht darin, dass man mit bestehenden Modulen arbeiten kann und diese gleichzeitig die Interaktionen nicht stören (die alternative organische Substanz wird nur einmal angewendet und erzeugt die Effekte). Aufgrund von Machbarkeitsüberlegungen gelangt die Studie zum Schluss, dass im Moment nur das globale Einsetzen von Substituten zum Erfolg führen kann. Als Substitut werden für die landwirtschaftliche Anwendung Stroh und für die gärtnerische Anwendung Torf gewählt. Es wird angenommen, dass zwei Drittel der Menge von Kompost und Gärgut in der Landwirtschaft eingesetzt wird. Das dritte Drittel, das im Gartenbau Anwendung findet, kann durch den dort üblichen Torf ersetzt werden. Die Mengen der Substituten werden aufgrund der Fähigkeit Humus zu reproduzieren berechnet. Ein Reifkompost kann fast viermal so viel Humus ersetzen wie frische organische Substanz in Stroh oder Gründüngung. Es wird auf viele Wissenslücken in diesem Bereich hingewiesen. %0 Conference Paper %A Köpke, Ulrich %A Cooper, Julia %A Petersen, Hanne Lindhard %A van der Burgt, Geert J. H. M. %A Tamm, Lucius %D 2008 %F orgprints:13378 %K organic, low input, crop production, soil fertility, food safety, Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, QLIF %T QLIF Workshop 3: Productivity of Organic and Low Input Systems (Crops) %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13378/ %X A large amount of results on optimising organic and low-input production of crops for commodities such as wheat, apples, tomatoes and lettuce have been generated. However, the gap between the productivity of organic and conventional production systems persists as one of the main issues. In this workshop we want to analyse this gap, assess the impact of the QLIF results on yields and costs, and to spark a discussion on further approaches how to increase productivity and yield stability. %0 Generic %A Kupper, Thomas %A Fuchs, Jacques %D 2007 %F orgprints:13336 %I Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU), Bundesamt für Energie (BFE), Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW) und Baudirektion Zürich, Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft AWEL, Bern %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompost, Phythopathologie, compost, digestat, micropolluants, environnement, fertilité du sol %N 43 %P 126 %T Compost et digestat en Suisse %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13336/ %X Le rapport de synthèse propose une revue approfondie des micropolluants présents dans le compost, le digestat et l’eau de pressage et des bénéfices qu’apportent ces trois produits. Il décrit leurs effets sur l’environnement, sur la fertilité du sol, les organismes terrestres, ainsi que sur la santé des plantes. Les résultats de ces études exhaustives montrent que la grande majorité des composts et digestats de Suisse sont de qualité bonne à très bonne (échantillonnage 2003). %0 Generic %A Kupper, Thomas %A Fuchs, Jacques %D 2007 %F orgprints:13335 %I Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU), Bundesamt für Energie (BFE), Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW) und Baudirektion Zürich, Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft AWEL, Bern %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Kompost, Phythopathologie %N 43 %P 126 %T Kompost und Gärgut in der Schweiz %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/13335/ %X Der Synthesebericht gibt einen vertieften Überblick über die organischen Schadstoffe in Kompost, Gärgut und Presswasser, aber auch über den Nutzen dieser drei Produkte. Er beschreibt die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt, die Bodenfruchtbarkeit, die Bodenorganismen sowie die Pflanzengesundheit. Die Resultate der umfassenden Untersuchungen zeigen, dass ein Grossteil von Kompost und Gärgut in der Schweiz eine gute bis sehr gute Qualität (Probenahme 2003) aufweist. %0 Generic %A Larbi, M. %A Gobat, J.-M. %A Fuchs, J. G. %D 2006 %E Kraft, Eckhard %E Bidlingmaier, Werner %E de Bartoldi, Marco %E Diaz, Luis F. %E Barth, Josef %F orgprints:10317 %I Verlag ORBIT e.V., Weimar %K Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion: Boden Pflanzenkrankheiten, Positive Compostqualität, extracts of waste compost, inhibition of plant diseases, apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, %P 529-537 %T Inhibition of the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis and the grapewine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola by extracts of green waste compost %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10317/ %X Extracts of green waste compost have been shown to inhibit plant diseases. In this study, the factors influencing the mechanism of inhibition of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) were studied. Extracts were prepared from samples of 30 composts from commercial composting plants. Composts were extracted with 1:2 or 1:5 water for 2 or 7 days. Extracts were applied to seedling of apple and grapevine. The seedlings were artificially inoculated with V. inaequalis or P. viticola, respectively and incubated under controlled conditions. After inoculation, severity of diseases and lesion diameter were measured. The incubation time and the compost/water ratio did not influence the capacity of the extracts to protect the apple plants. All treatments with compost extracts reduced disease severity in both host pathogen systems, and there was no difference in efficacy between autoclaved, sterile filtrated (0. 2 µm) and untreated extracts. From this, we conclude that the inhibition by compost extracts is not linked to their microbial activity. Rinsing apple seedling leaves 1 and 48 hours after application of the compost extracts did not diminish the protective effect against V. inaequalis. On the other hand, the severity of P. viticola increased, when the seedlings were rinsed after the application of compost extracts, and was similar to the untreated control. Compost extracts enhanced in vitro germination of conidia of V. inaequalis and showed no fungicidal effect. Thus, inhibition apparently acts indirectly in this host-pathogen system. On the other hand, the activity of zoospores of P. viticola was inhibited by 70 % compared to the control. The salt content of the extracts and their effect on the zoospores were positively correlated. For this host-pathogen system, there is thus evidence for a direct inhibition by compost extracts. We conclude that the active principle against V. inaequalis and P. viticola must be a water soluble, heat-stable metabolite produced in the compost before its extraction. The mechanism of inhibition in both plant-pathogen systems is different. %0 Conference Paper %A Tamm, L. %A Koepke, U. %A Cohen, Y. %A Leifert, C. %D 2007 %F orgprints:10626 %K organic, low input, crop production, soil fertility, food safety, Pflanzenschutz, Pflanzenkrankheiten, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, QLIF %T Development of strategies to improve quality and safety and reduce cost of production in organic and ‘low input‘ crop production systems %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/10626/ %X The overall aims of organic and low input crop production include the economically viable and environmentally sound production of high quality food and feed. Technological bottlenecks in such systems include insufficient and instable yields and in some instances unsatisfactory processing, sensory and/or nutritional quality of the final product. Recently, concerns have also been raised that the intensive use of manures may lead to increased risk for contamination of food by enteropathogenic micro-organisms. Crop production in low input systems is based on key pillars, i.e. (i) a fertile soil which provides sufficient capacity to allow for plant growth while preventing soil-borne diseases, (ii) high quality, disease-free seeds and plant material, (iii) a crop-specific soil fertility management to provide sufficient nutrients for optimum plant growth, and (iv) adequate crop protection techniques to prevent damage due to noxious organisms. In the QLIF project we develop improved component strategies to overcome technological bottlenecks in annual (wheat, lettuce, tomato) and perennial (apple) crop production systems. In this paper we report the progress achieved so far. %0 Generic %A Thürig, Barbara %A Fließbach, Andreas %A Berger, Nicole %A Fuchs, Jacques G. %A Kraus, Noemy %A Mahlberg, Nicole %A Nietlispach, Bruno %A Tamm, Lucius %D 2009 %F orgprints:17866 %I Elsevier Ltd %K Disease suppression, Lepidium sativum, Pythium ultimum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Hyaloperonospora parasitica, Soil microbial communities, PLFA, Re-inoculation, Soil characteristics, Air-borne disease, Soil-borne disease, Bodenwissenschaften, Pathologie, Interaktion Boden-Pflanzenkrankheiten, Resistenzmechanismen Pflanzen, QLIF, FiBL 35001 %N 10 %P 2153-2161 %T Re-establishment of suppressiveness to soil- and air-borne diseases by re-inoculation of soil microbial communities %U https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17866/ %V 41 %X The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials and limitations in restoring soil suppressiveness in disturbed soils. Soils from three sites in UK and Switzerland (STC, REC, THE) differing in their level of suppressiveness to soil-borne and air-borne diseases were γ-irradiated and this soil matrix was re-inoculated with 1% (w/w) of either parent native soil or native soil from the other sites (‘soil inoculum’). Suppressiveness to air-borne and soil-borne diseases was quantified by means of the host–pathogen systems Lepidium sativum (cress)–Pythium ultimum, an oomycete causing root rot and seedling damping-off, and Arabidopsis thaliana–Hyaloperonospora parasitica, an oomycete causing downy mildew. Soil microbial biomass, activity and community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, were measured in native, γ-irradiated, and re-inoculated soils. Both, L. sativum and A. thaliana were highly susceptible to the pathogens if grown on γ-irradiated soils. Re-inoculation completely restored suppressiveness of soils to the foliar pathogen H. parasitica, independently of soil matrix or soil inoculum, whereas suppressiveness to P. ultimum depended on the soil matrix and, to a lesser extent, on the soil inoculum. However, the soil with the highest inherent suppressiveness did not reach the initial level of suppressiveness after re-inoculation. In addition, native microbial populations as defined by microbial biomass, activity and community structure, could not be fully restored in re-inoculated soils. As for suppressiveness to P. ultimum, the soil matrix, rather than the source of soil inoculum was identified as the key factor for re-establishing the microbial community structure. Our data show that soils do not or only slowly fully recover from sterilisation by γ-irradiation, indicating that agricultural soil management practices such as soil fumigation or heat treatments frequently used in vegetable cropping should be avoided.