Sigsgaard, Lene; Philipsen, Holger; Jakobsen, Henrik Byrial and Korsgaard, Maren (2013) Mekanisk og biologisk bekæmpelse af frostmålere, viklere og ribsbredvingemøl i økologisk solbær og ribs. [Mechanical and biological control of winter moth, tortricids and Lampronia capitella in black and red currant.] University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences.
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Summary
Dette projekt har fokuseret på direkte bekæmpelse af tre skadegørere i økologisk ribs og solbær, nemlig den lille frostmåler Operophtera brumata, L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), viklere, primært hækvikler Archips rosana (L.) (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) og ribsbredvingemøl Lampronia capitella (Clerck) (Lepidoptera; Prodoxidae). Behandlinger blev testet i en mark på 0,78 ha opdelt mellem solbærsorterne Ben Hope og Titania og i ribssorten Rovada. Vi anvendte et randomiseret blok design. I 2011 sammenlignede vi behandlinger med insektsæbe, rapsolie og Bacillus thuringiensis i Rovada og Titania. I Ben Hope sammenlignede vi blandinger af disse midler samt blanding med pyrethrum. I 2012 fortsatte undersøgelserne. Dette år indgik neem, sammen med B thuringiensis og pyrethrum i undersøgelserne.
Behandling blev iværksat baseret på visuel bedømmelse af skader og eller angreb. I 2011 med fokus på frostmåler, men baseret på observationer af ribsbredvingemøl blev dette skadedyr inddraget i studierne. Der var delte behandlinger begge år med mellem 3 og 6 behandlinger. Mekanisk bekæmpelse/ monitering af lille frostmåler vha. limfælder blev undersøgt i efteråret 2011. I sommeren 2012 undersøgte vi mulighed for flammebehandling mod larver af ribsbredvingemøl. Ud fra angrebenes størrelse vurderes frostmålere og ribsbredvingemøl at være væsentlige skadegørere. Vi fandt korrelation mellem angreb af ribsbredvingemøl og udbytte og tilvækst i solbær.
Forsøgene viser, at det mikrobiologiske middel B. thuringiensis som kan anvendes med rimelig effekt mod frostmålere og viklere. B. thuringiensis kan også bekæmpe ribsbredvingemøl og gav en halvering af skader i 2011, men den tidlige forekomst af dette skadedyr, parret med at det søger ind i knopperne og her ikke vil blive eksponeret for B. thuringiensis gør denne art sværere at bekæmpe med B. thuringiensis. Således var der en effekt af B. thuringiensis i 2011 men ikke i 2012.
Mod ribsbredvingemøl havde pyrethrum en effekt i 2011. I det kolde 2012 havde kun pyrethrum effekt og nedsatte angreb med 75%.
Neem havde en mindre regulerende effekt overfor viklere, men ikke mod de andre to skadegørere. Overfor viklere havde imidlertid både B. thuringiensis og pyrethrum større effekt end neem.
Hverken insektsæbe eller rapsoliebehandlinger havde nogen regulerende effekt overfor nogle af de tre skadedyr ved forsøgene i 2011 og blev ikke undersøgt videre i 2012.
En forudsætning for de resultater der er opnået i disse forsøg er monitering. Monitering for skadedyr bør starte tidligt i solbær og ribs. Visuel bedømmelse af ribsbredvingemøl angreb bør ske allerede fra grøn spids, frostmåler fra knopbrydning. Begge arter kan dog være svære at se som små larver. Ugentlig indsamling af grene fra sidst i februar, som sættes til drivning indendørs, kan bruges til at monitere fremkomst af larver og vurdere angrebsgrad og forventet fremkomst af larver i marken.
Forsøg med mekanisk bekæmpelse af frostmåler ved hjælp af limfælder viste mulighederne ved at anvende den nye sprøjtbare insektlim der havde gode fangegenskaber, men i forsøget fangede vi ingen frostmålere. Der kræves videre undersøgelser og udvikling ifht at blive en praktisk anvendelig metode til bekæmpelse/ monitering.
Forsøg med brænding mod larver af ribsbredvingemøl kunne ikke opgøres i 2012, men vil blive vurderet i foråret 2013 ud fra opgørelse af angreb i behandlede og ubehandlede plots.
Sammenfattende kan B. thuringiensis bruges overfor både lille frostmåler og viklere. Det er positivt da dette mikrobiologiske middel er specifikt mod sommerfuglelarver og derfor skånsomt mod nyttedyrsfaunaen. God effekt forudsætter at angreb moniteres så de små larver rammes. Det er her og nu kun pyrethrum der sikkert kan bekæmpe ribsbredvingemøl. Også her er monitering allerede fra før grøn spids vigtig. Pyrethrum bredt virkende og dermed også skadelig for nyttedyrsfaunaen. Bekæmpelse med pyrethrum kan derved øge risiko for andre skadedyrsproblemer senere på sæsonen eller det følgende år.
For at opnå sikker bekæmpelse af ribsbredvingemøl og andre skadedyr og for at sikre nyttedyrsfaunaen vil det være væsentligt at undersøge andre/ supplerende metoder til bekæmpelse af ribsbredvingemøl, som kan vise sig at blive et fremtidigt problem i økologiske solbær og ribs. Forebyggelse bla. ved at fremme funktionel biodiversitet, er et område hvor der savnes mere viden indenfor ribs og solbær. Overfor ribsbredvingemøl kan feromonforvirring indgå i fremtidig bekæmpelse.
Summary translation
This project has focused on direct control of three Lepiopteran pests of organic black and red currant, winter moth Operophtera brumata, L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), tortricids, primairily Archips rosana (L.) (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) and Lampronia capitella (Clerck) (Lepidoptera; Prodoxidae). Treatments were tested in a field of 0.78 ha with the two black currant varieties Ben Hope and Titania and the red currant variety Rovada. We used a randomized block design. In 2011 we compared treatments of insect soap, rape seed oil, and Bacillus thuringiensis with a control in Rovada and Titania. In Ben Hope we tested mixtures of these, including mixtures with pyrethrum. In 2012 treatments were control, neem, B thuringiensis and pyrethrum.
Treatments were started based on a visual assessment of pest infestation. In 2011 we targeted the winter moth primarily, but observations of L. capitella made us decide to include this pest in studies. Treatments were given three to six times. Mechanical control of the winter moth with sticky traps to intercept females in autumn was tested in 2011. Summer 2012 we tested if heat treatment could reduce L. capitella. Based on infestation levels winter moth and L. capitella are both important pests of black and red currant. A correlation between L. capitella and yield was found in black currant.
Experiments show that B. thuringiensis can be used with good effect against winter moth and tortricids. B. thuringiensis treatment in 2011 halved the L. capitella crop damage. However, the pest occurs very early and in the cold spring of 2012 no effect of B. thuringiensis could be found.
L. capitella was controlled by mixtures with pyrethrum in 2011. In 2012 only pyrethrum had an effect towards L. capitella which was reduced by 75%.
Neem had some effect against tortricids but not towards the other two pests. However, against tortricids both B. thuringiensis and pyrethrum provided more control than neem.
Neither insect soap nor rape seed oil provided any control of any of the three pests and experiments were stopped after the first year.
To reach good control, monitoring of the pests is very important. Monitoring must start early. Visual assessment of L. capitella should start by green tip of the bud, and winter moth from bud burst. However, the larvae of both species can be difficult to see. A weekly collection of branches, which are then kept at room temperature can be observed to provide an assessment of the level of infestation and expected time of larval hatch.
Results of mechanical control with sticky traps of winter moth was promising in that novel sprayable insect glue had a good insect catching ability, but no winter moth females were caught, and more research and development is needed to develop a practical method for control/ monitoring. Heat treatment against L. capitella larvae on the ground at expected time for larvae leaving the berries was conducted with a new prototype weed flaming device. It was not possible to assess in 2012, but will be assessed in spring 2013 based on level of L. capitella attack in treated and untreated plots.
In conclusion B. thuringiensis can be used against both winter moth and tortricids. This is positive as the method is specific of Lepidopteran larvae and a low risk biocontrol agent. A good effect requires that treatments a timed to target the young larvae. Presently, only pyrethrum had a consistent effect against L. capitella. Also against this pest monitoring to time treatments is crucial staring already before green tip of the bud. Unfortunately, pyrethrum is a broad range insecticide and can also harm beneficials. Control with pyrethrum can thus increase the risk of pest problems later in the season or the following year.
To obtain good and consistent control of L. capitella and other pests in red and black currant and to conserve beneficials it is important to test and develop alternative/ supplementary methods to control L. capitella than pyrethrum, as L. capitella can be a future problem in Danish organic red and black currant. Prevention among others by conservation of functional biodiversity is an area requiring more research in red and black currant. Against L. capitella pheromone disruption could be a part of future control.
| EPrint Type: | Report |
|---|---|
| Agrovoc keywords: | Language Value URI English Operophtera brumata http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_30209 English Tortricidae http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_14935 English Lampronia capitella UNSPECIFIED |
| Subjects: | Crop husbandry > Crop health, quality, protection |
| Research affiliation: | Denmark > KU - University of Copenhagen > KU-LIFE - Faculty of Life Sciences |
| Deposited By: | Sigsgaard, Assoc. Prof. Lene |
| ID Code: | 22446 |
| Deposited On: | 21 Mar 2013 09:58 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Mar 2013 09:58 |
| Document Language: | Danish/Dansk |
| Status: | Published |
| Refereed: | Not peer-reviewed |
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