eprintid: 1304
rev_number: 2
eprint_status: archive
userid: 757
dir: disk0/00/00/13/04
datestamp: 2003-10-14
lastmod: 2010-04-12 07:28:08
status_changed: 2009-08-20 14:20:23
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
item_issues_count: 0
engabstract: The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between soil fungi of the order Glomales and higher plants. About 80 % of agricultural important plants form an AM. Only a few plant families do not form an arbuscular mycorrhiza, e.g. Brassicaceae und Chenopodiaceae. From the system specific crop rotations, fertilization and tillage management, as the renouncement of conventionally pesticides in organic farming, an enhanced development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the colonization of the crop plants by these fungi can be expected. There is objective evidence that organic farming is supporting the development and conservation of the edaphon but less is known how system specific agricultural practices in organic farming do effect the AMF. Therefore in this project the effect of agricultural practices (crop rotation, fertilization, tillage) as well as the duration of organic farming on the AMF has been investigated in field trials and greenhouse experiments.

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of agricultural practices on the living conditions of the AMF in organic farming systems to support plant growth and to ensure adequate yields.
Following agricultural practices resulted in a significant increase of the degree of colonization of the crop plants by the AMF:
+ a high proportion of legumes in the crop rotation and/or precrop,
+ a high degree of plant cover the soil over the whole year,
+ avoidance of bare fallow,
+ organic fertilization (composted or rotted farmyard manure instead of slurry, and
+ loosening instead of turning soil management (tillering instead of ploughing)

In addition, to ensure a high colonization potential by AMF in the soil, a nonmycorrhizal crop has to be followed by a mycorrhizal crop in the crop rotation. In order to use the positive effects of the AMF for the crop plants (e.g. enhanced uptake of plant nutrients by the host plant, soil conservation, contribution to plant health by the biological control of plant pathogens, increased resistance against abiotic and biotic stress factors) in agricultural production systems optimally, the life conditions of the AMF should be optimised by considering the agricultural practices mentioned above.
For a more detailed understanding of the effect of agricultural practices to the AM there should be extended studies including more agriculturally important plant species and in organic farming systems permitted fertilizers and pesticides. Additionally, a better understanding of crop rotation effects to the AM, requires extended studies with two or more rotations, above all to consider different weather conditions during the studies in the discussion of the results. This studies should be carried out in different climate regions to cover the broad range of questions of organic farmers.

When the aim for the future is the reduction of the input of agrochemicals into the environment, a higher attention must be paid to the meaning of AMF in sustainable farming systems.  
doclang: de
projects: a-uni-wien-boku-ifoel
refereed: never
budget: 0
addtitle: Effects of agronomic practices and duration of organic management on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in organic agriculture
docurl: http://homepage.boku.ac.at/mgollner/Dissertation.pdf
altloc: http://homepage.boku.ac.at/mgollner/projekt.htm
altloc: http://www.soel.de/projekte/poeb_ueber.html
altloc: http://www.soel.de/english/poeb_ueber_e.html
publicfulltext: TRUE
thesistype: Dissertation
creators_name: Gollner, Manfred
title: Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen sowie der Dauer der ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza im Ökologischen Landbau
ispublished: pub
subjects: 1soilqual
subjects: 4tillage
subjects: 2soilbiol
subjects: 3cereals
keywords: arbusculäre Mycorrhiza, AM, Symbiose, Bodenpilze, Bodenbiologie, langjährige ökologische Bewirtschaftung, POEB, PÖB, Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung, Fruchtfolge, Düngung, Bodenbearbeitung, Winterweizen, mykotroph
abstract: Als AM (arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza) bezeichnet man eine Symbiose zwischen Bodenpilzen der Ordnung der Glomales und Gefäßpflanzen (Cormobionta). Mehr als 80% aller landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen bilden eine AM aus. Nur Vertreter der landwirtschaftlich relevanten Pflanzenfamilien der Kreuzblütler (Brassicaceae) und Gänsefußgewächse (Chenopodiaceae) bilden keine AM aus.
Der Ökologische Landbau (ÖL) lässt aufgrund der spezifischen Fruchtfolgen, Dünge- und Bodenbearbeitungsmaßnahmen sowie den Verzicht auf chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel ein höheres Besiedelungspotenzial der Böden durch AMP und einen höheren MBG der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen erwarten.
Während die Förderung des Edaphon im allgemeinen durch Anbaumaßnahmen im ÖL im Vergleich zum konventionellen Landbau nachgewiesen sind, liegen bisher keine Untersuchungen über die Auswirkungen spezifischer Anbaumaßnahmen auf die AM im ÖL vor.

Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher ackerbaulicher und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen (Fruchtfolge, Düngung, Bodenbearbeitung) im ÖL sowie der Dauer der Ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf den MBG von Getreide (v.a. Winterweizen).
Folgende landwirtschaftliche Kulturmaßnahmen zeigten eine signifikante Erhöhung des MBG der Wurzeln der untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen:
+ ein hoher Anteil an Leguminosen in der Vorfrucht sowie in der Fruchtfolge,
+ ein hoher Bodenbedeckungsgrad,
+ die Vermeidung von Schwarzbrache,
+ die Düngung mit Stallmist (Stallmistkompost oder Rottemist statt Gülle) sowie
+ eine nichtwendende, lockernde Bodenbearbeitung statt wendender Bodenbearbeitung (Grubber statt Pflug).

Zur Erhaltung eines hohen Kolonisationspotentials durch AMP sollte nach einer nichtmykotrophen immer eine mykotrophe Kulturpflanze in der Fruchtfolge stehen. Eine gut ausgeprägte AM dient der Erhöhung der P-Aufnahme des Phytosymbionten, der Erhöhung der Widerstandskraft gegenüber Wurzelpathogenen sowie der Erhöhung der Resistenz gegenüber abiotischen Stressfaktoren in landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssystemen. Die Förderung der AM kann dadurch zur Optimierung des Pflanzenwachstums und zur Sicherung der Erträge beitragen.
Um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Symbiose zwischen den landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen und den autochthonen AMP am Standort optimal zu fördern, sind die oben genannten landwirtschaftlichen Kulturmaßnahmen einzuhalten. Für ein weiteres Verständnis der Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Kulturmaßnahmen auf die AM sind die Untersuchungen auf weitere Kulturarten und im ÖL zugelassene Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmittel auszudehnen. Um detailliertere Aussagen zu den Auswirkungen der Fruchtfolgegestaltung auf die AM tätigen zu können, wäre eine längere Untersuchungsdauer (mindestens zwei ganze Rotationen) erforderlich, um v.a. unterschiedliche Witterungsbedingungen in den Versuchsjahren in der Interpretation berücksichtigen zu können. Weiters müssten zur Abdeckung der Breite der offenen Fragen in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis mehrere unterschiedliche Fruchtfolgen in unterschiedlichen Klimaräumen in die Untersuchung einbezogen werden. Diese Anforderungen können jedoch im Rahmen einer Dissertation durch die zeitliche Einschränkung und der begrenzten Arbeitsressourcen nicht erfüllt werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse stellen somit den Status quo der AM dar. Neben der Ausbildung einer effizienten AM spielen auch andere Faktoren wie die Versorgung mit Stickstoff und Wasser in der Er-tragsbildung und dem Proteingehalt im Korn von Getreide eine bedeutende Rolle. Zur Auswirkung der unterschiedlichen Dauer der Ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die AM liegen zur Zeit noch keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse vor.

In der Zukunft wird eine Verringerung des Eintrages an Agrochemikalien in die Kulturlandschaften im Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen Interesse stehen, dabei muss der Bedeutung der AM als wichtige Komponente einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft eine höhere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
date: 2003-04
date_type: published
institution: Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien
department: Institut für Ökologischen Landbau
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citation:    Gollner, Manfred   (2003) Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen sowie der Dauer der ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza im Ökologischen Landbau.  [Effects of agronomic practices and duration of organic management on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in organic agriculture.]  Thesis, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien , Institut für Ökologischen Landbau.  .        
document_url: /id/eprint/1304/1/1304-gollner-m-2003-dissertation.pdf