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Roman Hüppi, Raphael Felber, Maike Krauss, Johan Six, Jens Leifeld, Roland Fuß
Restricting the nonlinearity parameter in soil greenhouse gas flux calculation for more reliable flux estimates
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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3.4016 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(concentration,)Tj
6.049 0 Td
(equal)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
2.3584 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(\()Tj
/F10 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
1.4797 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
0.7994 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(\),)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-24.5818 -1.2983 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 214.696 399.4015 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 220.422 401.0456 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(initial)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(flux)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
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(time)Tj
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(hence)Tj
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/F16 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.3039 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.7597 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F10 1 Tf
[()8()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
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(\))Tj
3.2881 0 Td
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0.8504 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(nonlinear)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
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4.3143 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(required)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.1508 0 Td
(>)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.9922 0 Td
(0)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
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1.4684 0 Td
(ordinary)Tj
3.7019 0 Td
(least)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(squares)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(for)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.389 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
(1)Tj
/F17 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 381.2031 360.3968 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 386.9291 362.0409 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(.)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-18.4874 -1.2982 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.5216 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\(after)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(chamber)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(closure\))Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-9.4507 -1.3039 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.7314 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(chamber)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(height)Tj
-5.2554 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
6.9998 0 0 6.9998 229.833 323.0362 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0057 Tc
0 0 Td
(HMR)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 247.9748 323.0362 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
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2.058 0 Td
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1.0261 0 Td
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3.6057 0 Td
(simulated)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(logarithmic)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(fluxes)Tj
-34.3952 -1.2982 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(nonlinear)Tj
4.1158 0 Td
(shape)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(parameter)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
4.3143 0 Td
[()8()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.6079 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
2.0749 0 Td
[()26()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.7836 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(tentatively)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(related)Tj
2.948 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(texture)Tj
-33.6526 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(moisture)Tj
3.7926 0 Td
(\(dry/wet\))Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(influence)Tj
3.9175 0 Td
(diffusion)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(coefficients)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7767 0 Td
(assumptions)Tj
5.2213 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(made)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(regarding)Tj
-33.6185 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(depth)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(gas)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(source)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(exercise)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(just)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(scanned)Tj
3.4865 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.447 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(commonly)Tj
-33.1253 -1.2983 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.466 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()8()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.6079 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\))Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(relating)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(soil)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(chamber)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
-33.5845 -1.2982 Td
(underlying)Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(diffusion)Tj
3.804 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(themselves)Tj
4.5638 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(prone)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(bias)Tj
1.7914 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(uncertainty)Tj
4.8132 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2642 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(It)Tj
-36.0053 -1.3039 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6792 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(chosen)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()8()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(,)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(resulting)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(concentration-time)Tj
7.9767 0 Td
(curves)Tj
-33.9304 -1.2983 Td
(capture)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(diffusion)Tj
3.804 0 Td
(characteristics)Tj
5.9074 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(typical)Tj
2.863 0 Td
(soil-air)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(levels.)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(the)Tj
-36.3341 -1.2983 Td
(system)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1917 0 Td
(input,)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(certain)Tj
2.9821 0 Td
(chamber)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(area)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(0.07)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.8709 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 423.3259 223.4834 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 426.8976 219.0614 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(height)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(0.14)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(m\))Tj
1.3777 0 Td
(were)Tj
-32.6605 -1.3039 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(loss)Tj
1.6952 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(generality.)Tj
4.3766 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.9071 0 Td
(measurement)Tj
5.6693 0 Td
(device)Tj
2.7438 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(gas)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(chromatography)Tj
6.8768 0 Td
(GC\))Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(preci-)Tj
-34.9565 -1.2982 Td
(sion)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6397 0 Td
(standard)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(deviation)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9728 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(calibrated)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(concentration)Tj
-29.8712 -1.2983 Td
(range.)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(Using)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(input)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(data,)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(25\))Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(synthetic)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(chamber)Tj
3.7246 0 Td
(concentrations)Tj
6.1795 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(calcu-)Tj
-34.639 -1.2983 Td
(lated)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(flux)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(sizes)Tj
2.0409 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.7008 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 329.5559 165.3732 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 333.0708 167.074 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(;)Tj
0.4478 0 Td
(0)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
0.6973 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.7881 0 Td
(5)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0.6973 0 Td
[()18()6()10()]TJ
2.2223 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 384.8881 171.496 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 394.9228 167.074 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 402.6897 171.496 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 410.5133 167.074 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(nonlinear)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(shapes)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F10 1 Tf
[()8()12(\n)11(\n)4()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
2.948 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(10)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 564.0944 171.496 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 154.0346 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(10)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 219.7417 158.5133 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 229.7763 154.0346 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 233.0645 158.5133 cm
BT
/F12 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 243.0992 154.0346 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(logarithmic)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(scale)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
2.1089 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.7484 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(25\).)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Each)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(replications)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(followed)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(perfect)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
6.9998 0 0 6.9998 529.6251 154.0346 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0057 Tc
0 0 Td
(HMR)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 141.0519 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(derived)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(flux)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(curve)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(addition)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(noise)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(according)Tj
4.1896 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(GCs)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(precision)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(added)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.0337 -1.2982 Td
(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(simulated)Tj
4.1216 0 Td
(gas)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(concentration.)Tj
6.0491 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(simulated)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0218 0 Td
(concentrations)Tj
6.1794 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(fed)Tj
-35.9487 -1.3039 Td
(back)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(flux)Tj
1.7462 0 Td
(estimation)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(script)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(gasfluxes)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(Fu)Tj
1.8142 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(]\))Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(uses)Tj
1.8936 0 Td
(the)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
6.9998 0 0 6.9998 499.1811 115.0299 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0057 Tc
0 0 Td
(HMR)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 517.3228 115.0299 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(equation)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(\(by)Tj
-35.4668 -1.2982 Td
(Pedersen)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(]\))Tj
2.194 0 Td
(again,)Tj
2.5909 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(linear)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(vs.)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(nonlinear)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(decision)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(rules.)Tj
2.3753 0 Td
(In)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 411.307 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Nonlinea)Tj
3.8622 0 Td
(rity)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(restrictio)Tj
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