relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14190/ title: Hvem gavner hvem i marken? creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen creator: Jensen, Annette B. creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: I det dyrkede land ønsker vi en høj produktion af sunde fødevarer samtidig med, at økosystemets biologiske mangfoldighed er så høj som muligt. Naturlige fjender er med til at holde skadedyrene nede uden brug af pesticider. Men når nogle svampearter angriber de nyttige insekter som rovinsekterne og bierne, kan det indirekte hæmme fødevareproduktionen. date: 2008 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14190/1/14190.pdf identifier: Eilenberg, Jørgen; Jensen, Annette B. and Meyling, Nicolai V. (2008) Hvem gavner hvem i marken? University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16060/ title: Insect pathogenic fungi in biological control: status and future challenges creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Jensen, Annette B. subject: Regulation subject: Markets and trade subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: In Europe, insect pathogenic fungi have in decades played a significant role in biological control of insects. With respect to the different strategies of biological control and with respects to the different genera of insect pathogenic fungi, the success and potential vary, however. Classical biological control: no strong indication of potential. Inundation and inoculation biological control: success stories with the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria, Isaria/Paecilomyces and Lecanicillium (previously Verticillium). However, the genotypes employed seem to include a narrow spectrum of the many potentially useful genotypes. Conservation biological control: Pandora and Entomophthora have a strong potential, but also Beauveria has a potential to be explored further. The main bottleneck for further exploitation of insect pathogenic fungi in biological control is the limited knowledge of host pathogen interaction at the fungal genotype level. publisher: International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants contributor: Ehlers, Ralf-Udo contributor: Crickmore, Neil contributor: Enkerli, Jürg contributor: Glazer, Itamar contributor: Lopez-Ferber, Miguel contributor: Tkaczuk, Cezary date: 2009-06 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/16060/2/16060.pdf identifier: Eilenberg, Jørgen; Meyling, Nicolai V. and Jensen, Annette B. (2009) Insect pathogenic fungi in biological control: status and future challenges. In: Ehlers, Ralf-Udo; Crickmore, Neil; Enkerli, Jürg; Glazer, Itamar; Lopez-Ferber, Miguel and Tkaczuk, Cezary (Eds.) IOBC wprs Bulletin, International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, pp. 7-10. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/20007/ title: Antagonistic effect of chitin-degrading microfungi on thick-shelled pig helminth eggs creator: Katakam, KIran Kumar creator: Thapa, Sundar creator: Meyling, Nicholai V. creator: Dalsgaard, Anders creator: Roepstorff, Allan creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan subject: Health and welfare subject: Pigs description: The rising demand for pigs produced in organic farming systems, which require access to outdoor areas and associated increased risk of gastrointestinal nematode infections, is creating growing interest in alternative control strategies. Also development of anthelminthic resistance due to extensive use of anthelmintics is a concern in intensive pig production. Use of chitin-degrading microfungi is one of the options. Extensive research has been conducted on biological control of plant pathogenic nematodes using such fungi, and some fungal species are commercially available for plant protection. In contrast, there are only limited laboratory studies conducted on eggs from nematodes which are animal parasites. The aim of present study is to investigate the antagonistic effect of chitin-degrading microfungi on thick-shelled pig helminth eggs (i.e. Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis) both in the laboratory as well as in the field. We have performed a pilot study of the ovicidal effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus alone and in combination with chitin supplement on A. suum eggs over 4 weeks in 2% water agar. Within 1 week more than 90% of the eggs were hatched in both cases within the Petri dish as compared to controls, indicating that the fungus is capable of degrading the chitin wall so the larvae are becoming free. Soon we will proceed for full-fledged study with 2 fungal species (P. lilacinus and Pochonia chlamydosporia) which were proven to have ovicidal activity against nematode eggs. This will be done in the laboratory using soil samples amended with A. suum eggs, under semi-natural (pasture plot) conditions and finally on heavily contaminated pastures. date: 2011-08 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/20007/3/20007.pdf identifier: Katakam, KIran Kumar; Thapa, Sundar; Meyling, Nicholai V.; Dalsgaard, Anders; Roepstorff, Allan and Thamsborg, Stig Milan (2011) Antagonistic effect of chitin-degrading microfungi on thick-shelled pig helminth eggs. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16989/ title: Økologisk dyrkning af hvidkål fremmer biodiversitet og naturlig regulering af skadedyr creator: Meyling, N.V. creator: Navntoft, S. creator: Eilenberg, J. subject: Farming Systems subject: Soil subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Naturlig regulering af kålfluer er effektiv i økologisk dyrkede hvidkålsparceller. Økologiske dyrkningssystemer med lavt input og høj strukturel kompleksitet skaber gode livsbetingelser for en række nyttedyr. Mellemafgrøder af foregående sæsons grøngødning gavner de store arter, mens små løbe- og rovbiller bliver tilgodeset i et økologisk system med bar jord mellem afgrøderækkerne. publisher: ICROFS Internationalt Center for Forskning i Økologisk Jordbrug og Fødevaresystemer date: 2010-03 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: da identifier: /id/eprint/16989/4/16989.pdf identifier: Meyling, N.V.; Navntoft, S. and Eilenberg, J. (2010) Økologisk dyrkning af hvidkål fremmer biodiversitet og naturlig regulering af skadedyr. ICROFS nyt, March 2010 (1), pp. 8-9. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16988/ title: Organic farming systems benefit biodiversity and natural pest regulation in white cabbage creator: Meyling, N.V. creator: Navntoft, S. creator: Eilenberg, J. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Denmark description: Natural regulation of cabbage root flies works well in experimental organic cropping systems of white cabbage. Low input and complex organic systems benefit functional biodiversity by providing good living conditions to several groups of natural enemies. Intercropped green manure benefits large predators while small predatory beetles favour low input organic systems with bare soil between crop rows. publisher: ICROFS International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems date: 2010-02 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/16988/1/16988.pdf identifier: Meyling, N.V.; Navntoft, S. and Eilenberg, J. (2010) Organic farming systems benefit biodiversity and natural pest regulation in white cabbage. ICROFS news, February 2010 (1), pp. 4-5. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17403/ title: Distribution, Abundance and Diversity of Fungal Entomopathogens: Foundations for Conservation Biological Control creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Conservation biological control (CBC) is a pest management strategy in which farming management practices are adopted to enhance the living conditions for specific natural enemies of pests with the specific objective to suppress pest populations. Research in CBC strategies have mostly focused on provisioning of good living conditions for arthropod predators and parasitoids, usually ignoring entomopathogens as regulators of pest populations. Fungal entomopathogens are widespread in agro-ecosystems and infect a range of arthropod pests, and these fungi should therefore also be included in CBC. Knowledge of the ecology of indigenous populations of fungal entomopathogens is a prerequisite for the evaluation of their contributions to pest control and for predicting consequences of agricultural practices. The anamorphic entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) are among the most abundant fungi infecting insects and arachnids in temperate regions. Much focus has been on the development of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae as biological control agents (for inundation and inoculation biological control) to be applied in agriculture and forestry. However, few studies have focused on the fundamental ecology of these fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, including agro-ecosystems. I will present recent results providing several new insights into the abundance, distribution and diversity of B. bassiana in agricultural fields and their surrounding habitats and discuss these in relation to CBC. Systematic uses of traditional isolation techniques show complex distributions of B. bassiana in both soil and aboveground environments. Applications of molecular markers demonstrate remarkable diverse structures of Beauveria communities as well as novel insights into the interpretation of host range. Numerous interactions among fungal entomopathogens and their hosts (including both pests and beneficials) potentially affect the impact of the fungi on pest regulation. Novel data on spatio-temporal distribution of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in above- and belowground environments will also be presented. These results have impact on interpretation of fungal life cycles and which taxa we should expect to infect which hosts and where. date: 2010-08-05 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/17403/4/17403.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. (2010) Distribution, Abundance and Diversity of Fungal Entomopathogens: Foundations for Conservation Biological Control. Speech at: International Mycology Congress IMC9, Edinburgh, UK, 1-6 August 2010. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16056/ title: Distribution patterns of fungal entomopathogens in soil habitats: Natural occurrence, diversity and dynamics creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Surveys and statistics subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services subject: Soil tillage description: Fungal entomopathogens are seemingly ubiquitous in soils. An increasing number of surveys around the world have shown that ascomycete fungi from the Hypocreales can be isolated from soils of many habitats. Based on morphological characteristics of the fungi some patterns of distribution have emerged. However, recent developments in molecular characterization of entomopathogenic fungi have revealed significant new insights into the distribution of genetic groups of some taxa, including Beauveria spp, and possible restrictions to certain habitats. I will present and discuss some of these distribution patterns and include new findings which indicate that some fungi are restricted to underground lifestyles while others cycle between below- and aboveground habitats within an agroecosystem. date: 2009-08-17 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/16056/2/16056.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. (2009) Distribution patterns of fungal entomopathogens in soil habitats: Natural occurrence, diversity and dynamics. Speech at: 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Park City, Utah, USA, 16-20 August 2009. [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14345/ title: PCR-based characterisation of entomopathogenic fungi for ecological studies creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: The implementation of PCR-based tools for characterisation of organisms has greatly advanced our understanding of the phylogenies and species boundaries in entomopathogenic fungi, especially the widespread taxa Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. These fungi have received a lot of interest due to their potential as biocontrol agents of pests. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the fundamental ecology of these fungi in both managed and natural ecosystems, but such information is necessary both for risk assessments prior to release of biocontrol agents in the environment as well as if we wish to understand the distribution of the fungi and their impact on host populations. This latter focus is essential if the fungi are to be included in pest management strategies based on conservation biological control. A series of unspecific PCR methods have been used to characterise isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, and many studies have concluded that the fungi contain a lot of genetic diversity. The problem with these methods is that they provide little phylogenetic information of the fungi and the characters can not be used to explicitly compare data between studies. Sequences from specific targets in the DNA provide tools for explicit comparison between isolates across studies. There is now a range of primer sets published along with reference sequences in GenBank to make these comparisons possible. Multi-gene phylogenies have revealed that both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are complexes of species that contain cryptic taxa or clades. Using merely morphological characteristics will not result in the same degree of taxa identification as will the use of DNA sequence data. Similarly, when using microsatellite markers for population genetic studies of fungal communities, it is necessary to first separate the populations in clades as allele sizes can convert across populations. In the near future, USDA-ARS in Beltsville will launch a web-based platform (MBID, Metarhizium-Beauveria ID) including lists of primers, databases of reference sequences and type isolates of new described species for the reliable identification of taxa for the scientific community. This tool should provide a common framework and nomenclature for scientists and create basis for making comparisons among studies. There should be great potential to learn more about the ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi with the application of these molecular markers. However, designing an appropriate sampling scheme in the environment is absolutely necessary to conduct these ecological studies. The use of isolates from culture collections should be avoided. date: 2008-09 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14345/1/D5_2_final.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. (2008) PCR-based characterisation of entomopathogenic fungi for ecological studies. University of Copenhagen , Department of Agriculture and Ecology. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14149/ title: Ecology of entomopathogenic fungi in agroecosystems creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Crop health, quality, protection subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Fungi that infect insects have received considerable attention by scientists for their potential for biological control of pests. Many research projects have focussed on the selection of virulent strains for target pests and their development as biological control agents. In contrast, surprisingly little is known about the fundamental ecology of most of these fungi in nature. This knowledge is essential in order to receive the most ecosystem services provided by entomopathogenic fungi in agricultural production. Knowledge of the basic ecology of the fungi is also necessary to include them in conservation biological control. In this biological control strategy, agricultural practices and/or habitat manipulations are applied to the farming system to favour living conditions for specific natural enemies of pests (Eilenberg et al., 2001). date: 2008 type: Web product type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14149/1/14149.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. (2008) Ecology of entomopathogenic fungi in agroecosystems. . Online at http://topics.scirus.com/Ecology_of_entomopathogenic_fungi_in_agroecosystems.html . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11200/ title: Methods for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil environment - laboratory manual creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Descriptions of methods and recommendation of laboratory procedures for the isolation of soil borne entomopathogenic fungi (specifically Beauveria spp. and M. anisopliae) are presented. For screening of occurrences of indigenous populations of entomopathogenic fungi the insect bait method is recommended. Further recommendations are: 1) Collect sufficient number of soil samples to cover the area of investigation; 2) if the bait method is used, apply sufficient individuals of bait insects to each sample to increase the likelihood of isolating the fungi present. Descriptions of isolation methods, statistical analyses of the data and preparation of media and bait insects are given. date: 2007-01 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/11200/1/11200.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. (2007) Methods for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil environment - laboratory manual. [Metoder til isolering af insektpatogene svampe fra jorden - en laboratoriemaunal.] Department of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14152/ title: Entomopathogenic fungi infecting non-pest insects: Implications for ecosystem services and relevance of behavioural ecology creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Entomopathogenic fungi infect a wide array of insects from most orders and they are among the natural enemies that contribute to the regulation of insect populations. However, only a limited number of studies have focused on the impact of fungal pathogens on populations of non-pest insects. Effects of entomopathogenic fungi on non-pest host populations should receive more attention based on the increasing interest in conservation biological control. In this strategy, founded on competition theory, non-pest host populations adjacent to cropping systems will in principle affect pest populations through shared natural enemies. We present examples of selected non-pest host-fungus systems from temperate ecosystems that are relevant for the expected ecosystem service provided by entomopathogenic fungi. Predators are among the non-pest hosts that are infected by fungi. Recent advances in our understanding of the effect of pathogens on the behaviour of predators may shed light on the significance of entomopathogenic fungi for the regulation of predator populations. We discuss what we can learn about host-pathogen interactions from behavioural ecology and which life history parameters in the host that may be important for the impacts of fungal pathogens on their host populations. date: 2008 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14152/1/14152.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2008) Entomopathogenic fungi infecting non-pest insects: Implications for ecosystem services and relevance of behavioural ecology. Speech at: "Role of disease in regulation of non-pest host populations". Symposium at the 41th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, University of Warwick, UK, 4-7 August 2008. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11196/ title: Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: potential for conservation biological control creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: It is increasingly recognized that the biodiversity in agroecosystems deliver significant ecosystem services to agricultural production such as biological control of pests. Entomopathogenic fungi, specifically the anamorphic taxa Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, Hypocreales (Ascomycota), are among the natural enemies of pests in agroecosystems and the fungi are candidates for future conservation biological control in temperate regions. Conservation biological control is a biological control strategy in which farming practices and environmental manipulations are adopted to enhance the living conditions for specific natural enemies of pests. However, in order to manipulate the environment for the benefit of populations of the entomopathogens, knowledge of fundamental aspects of the ecology of the fungi considered is necessary. This knowledge is still scarce despite the large bulk of recent research into inoculation and inundation biological control with these fungi. Here, we review the current knowledge of the ecology of indigenous populations of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in agroecosystems of temperate regions, primarily Europe and North America. We suggest anamorphic life cycles of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in these regions based on the literature of their natural occurrence and distribution in agroecosystems, population dynamics, and interactions with other organisms, environmental factors, and agronomical practices. publisher: Elsevier Inc contributor: Vandenberg, John date: 2007-11 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/11196/1/11196.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2007) Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: potential for conservation biological control. Biological Control, 43, pp. 145-155. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14189/ title: Økologisk dyrkning fremmer den naturlige regulering af skadedyr creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Vegetables subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Naturlige svampesygdomme, som hjælper med til at regulere skadedyr i grønsager, er hyppigere i økologiske dyrkningssystemer sammenlignet med konventionelle. Samtidig er der færre overvintrende kålfluepupper. Det viser de foreløbige resultater fra den første dyrkningssæson i FØJO III-projektet VegQure. date: 2007-11 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14189/1/14189.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2007) Økologisk dyrkning fremmer den naturlige regulering af skadedyr. FØJOenyt, nyhedsbrev fra FØJO, November 2007. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11199/ title: Diversitet af insekternes svampesygdomme i økologisk jordbrug - hvorledes kan den øges? creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Det er et vigtigt mål i økologisk jordbrug at inddrage skadedyrenes naturlige fjender i reguleringen af skadedyrpopulationer. En vigtig gruppe af disse fjender er insekternes naturligt forekommende svampesygdomme, som blandt andet findes i jorden. Danske studier viser, at landbrugslandet rummer en stor diversitet af disse svampe, og det er en fremtidig udfordring at udnytte denne diversitet i regulering af skadedyrspopulationer. publisher: CUL - Centrum för Uthålligt Landbruk date: 2007 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/11199/1/11199.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2007) Diversitet af insekternes svampesygdomme i økologisk jordbrug - hvorledes kan den øges? [Diversity of insect pathogenic fungi in organic farming - how can it be increased?] Forskningsnytt, 2007 (2), pp. 18-20. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43871/ title: Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Navntoft, Søren creator: Philipsen, Holger creator: Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Soil biology subject: Vegetables subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Population dynamics of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum in three different organic and one conventional cabbage cropping systems were evaluated over 3 years. Oviposition was reduced over time, but not affected by organic farming practice. Pupal production was reduced in all organic systems compared to the conventional system in all years, but pupal parasitation rates were similar among systems. More predators of fly eggs were present in the organic system O2. Reduced larval survival rates in the organic systems may be result of increased natural enemy activity and plant effects. date: 2013-01 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/43871/1/1-s2.0-S0167880912003611-main.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V.; Navntoft, Søren; Philipsen, Holger; Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2013) Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 164, pp. 183-189. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14151/ title: Pathogen avoidance by insect predators creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Ormond, Emma creator: Roy, Helen E. creator: Pell, Judith K. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Insects can detect cues related to the risk of attack by their natural enemies. Pathogens are among the natural enemies of insects and entomopathogenic fungi attack a wide array of host species. Evidence documents that social insects in particular have adapted behavioural mechanisms to avoid infection by fungal pathogens. These mechanisms are referred to as 'behavioural resistance'. However, there is little evidence for similar adaptations in non-social insects. We have conducted experiments to assess the potential of common insect predators to detect and avoid their entomopathogenic fungal natural enemy Beauveria bassiana. The predatory bug Anthocoris nemorum was able to detect and avoid nettle leaves that were treated with B. bassiana. Females laid fewer eggs on leaf halves contaminated with the pathogen. Similarly, females were very reluctant to contact nettle leaves contaminated with the fungus compared to uncontaminated control leaves in ‘no-choice’ experiments. Adult seven spot ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata, overwinter in the litter layer often in groups. Adult C. septempunctata modified their overwintering behaviour in relation to the presence of B. bassiana conidia in soil and sporulating conspecifics by moving away from sources of infection. Furthermore active (non-overwintering) adult C. septempunctata were also able to detect and avoid B. bassiana conidia on different substrates; bean leaves, soil and sporulating on dead conspecifics. Our studies show that insect predators have evolved mechanisms to detect and avoid pathogens that they are susceptible to. Fungal pathogens may be significant mortality factors among populations of insect predators, especially long-lived species that must diapause before reproduction. Likewise, actively foraging species are more likely to come in contact with pathogens than predators that sit and wait for prey. These particular groups of insects will benefit from adaptations to avoid pathogens. date: 2008 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14151/1/14151.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V.; Ormond, Emma; Roy, Helen E. and Pell, Judith K. (2008) Pathogen avoidance by insect predators. Poster at: Biannual workshop of Multitrophic Interactions, Göttingen, Germany, University of Göttingen, Germany, 6-7 March 2008. [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14146/ title: Bevar naturens egen regulering creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Sigsgaard, Lene subject: Crop health, quality, protection subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Naturlig regulering af bestande i naturen foregår hele tiden. Derfor bliver langt fra alle potentielle skadedyr til virkelige skadedyr et givet år eller sted. Planteædende insekter reguleres bl.a. via fødekæden; nedefra gennem planten og oppefra ved deres naturlige fjender. Blandt skadedyrenes naturlige fjender er rovinsekter, edderkopper og rovmider, snyltehvepse (samlet kaldet nyttedyr) samt sygdomme af størst betydning for den naturlige regulering. Den intensive landbrugspraksis i det moderne jordbrug har dog reduceret effekten af disse fjender. Den manglende regulering medvirker til de skadedyrangreb, som opleves i forskellige afgrøder. I de seneste år er der skabt en øget interesse for at forstå og anvende disse naturlige reguleringsmekanismer for at holde skadedyrene i skak. Det kræver viden om planternes, de planteædende insekters og nytteorganismernes biologi og samspil at øge effekten af reguleringen. I artiklen præsenteres aktuelle projekter, hvor vi fokuserer på effekter af den naturlige regulering af skadedyr. publisher: Jordbrugsakademikerne contributor: Hansen, Michael B. date: 2008-05 type: Newspaper or magazine article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/14146/1/14146.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V. and Sigsgaard, Lene (2008) Bevar naturens egen regulering. [Conservation of natural regulation mechanisms.] moMentum, Jord og Viden Tema, May 2008, 6 (2), pp. 19-22. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22837/ title: Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production creator: Meyling, N. creator: Navntoft, S. creator: Philipsen, H. creator: Thorup-Kristensen, K. subject: Production systems subject: Soil biology subject: Vegetables subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: In a field experiment, we evaluated effects of three different organic white cabbage-cropping systems (O1, O2, O3) on the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and its egg predators and pupal parasitoids over 3 years. The three systems all complied with regulations for organic production, but varied in external nutrient input and N-recycling, and were compared to a conventionally farmed control. One organic system (O3) included an intercropped strip of green manure between crop rows. Oviposition by D. radicum was generally not reduced in organic cropping systems. However, higher pupae/egg ratios were observed in the conventional compared to all organic systems, indicating that immature survival from oviposition to pupation was reduced under all the three organic farming practices. In organic system O2 most small coleopteran predators were recorded, but predation on fly eggs was not significantly higher in organic treatments. Pupal parasitization rates ranged from 26.5% to 59.5%, but no significant differences among farming systems were found. Although reduced D. radicum survival could not be attributed solely to natural enemies, the results indicated that organic farming practices in general contribute to the suppression of belowground pests in cabbage production. date: 2013 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/22837/7/22837.pdf identifier: Meyling, N.; Navntoft, S.; Philipsen, H. and Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2013) Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 164, pp. 183-189. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19680/ title: Below- and aboveground abundance and distribution of fungal entomopathogens in experimental conventional and organic cropping systems creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: The below- and aboveground communities of fungal entomopathogens (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) were investigated in an experimental conventional and organic vegetable cropping system over two seasons in Denmark. The experimental design allowed for evaluating differences between farming practices in the occurrence of soil-borne fungal entomopathogens and as natural infections aboveground in arthropod hosts. Belowground, Metarhizium anisopliae dominated the agricultural field with Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium flavoviride and Isaria fumosorosea being present at lower frequencies. Abundances of M. anisopliae were not different between conventional and organic soils. Aboveground, B. bassiana was the most common fungal entomopathogen in arthropod host cadavers. Infections of M. flavoviride, Isaria farinosa and Gibellula spp. were also recorded. Most mycosed cadavers were recovered in August and September from conventionally farmed plots. Cadaver sizes ranged from 1.9 mm to 23.6 mm with means of 3.7 mm to 4.1 mm. Among host functional groups, predators dominated (47% - 63%) over herbivores, parasitoids and nectar-feeders. No occurrence of M. anisopliae was recorded among >200 mycosed cadavers aboveground. The results therefore suggest that M. anisopliae is not involved in direct below- and aboveground interactions in the investigated agroecosystem. Conservation biological control strategies targeting M. anisopliae should thus be solely for controlling soil-dwelling pests in temperate regions as this fungus is unlikely naturally to infect aboveground hosts in the agroecosytem. date: 2011-11-10 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19680/4/19680.pdf identifier: Meyling, Nicolai V.; Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian and Eilenberg, Jørgen (2011) Below- and aboveground abundance and distribution of fungal entomopathogens in experimental conventional and organic cropping systems. Biological Control, 59, pp. 180-186. relation: doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.07.017 identifier: doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.07.017 relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19303/ title: Variable effects of organic farming systems on ground beetle abundance and diversity creator: Navntoft, S. creator: Thorup-Kristensen, K. creator: Eilenberg, J. creator: Kristensen, K. creator: Meyling, N.V. subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Organic farming should support high levels of biodiversity and rely on biological pest control by natural enemies. Management of organic systems must comply with specific regulations, but within this frame management is not clearly defined. In experimental cabbage fields we studied ground beetle abundance and diversity in three different organic farming systems (O1, O2, and O3). All systems complied with regulations for organic production, but relied on either high (O1) or low (O2 and O3) external input of nutrients. The systems O2 and O3 also included green manures, and in O3 strips of green manure were left between crop rows. A conventional system was included as control. Only organic systems O2 and O3 showed benefits for ground beetles, but in different ways. Abundance of all ground beetle species was highest in May in O2, while O3 supported the highest abundance of habitat specialists with preferences for field margins reflecting the conservation of green manure strips. The ground beetle community of O3 was most diverse characterized by highest number of species and evenness (equitability among species). Organically farmed fields can therefore be designed to promote specific predators or high ground beetle diversity at the field scale by implementing different management practices. date: 2011 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19303/4/19303.pdf identifier: Navntoft, S.; Thorup-Kristensen, K.; Eilenberg, J.; Kristensen, K. and Meyling, N.V. (2011) Variable effects of organic farming systems on ground beetle abundance and diversity. Crop Protection, NA, pp. 1-30. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22838/ title: Isolation of Metarhizium spp. from root systems of different crops: Are specific genotypes associated with certain plants? creator: Steinwender, B.M. creator: Enkerli, J. creator: Widmer, F. creator: Bidochka, M. creator: Eilenberg, J. creator: Kristensen, H.L. creator: Meyling, N.V. subject: Soil biology subject: Vegetables subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Isolation of Metarhizium spp. from root systems of different crops: Are specific genotypes associated with certain plants? date: 2013 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/22838/8/22838.pdf identifier: Steinwender, B.M.; Enkerli, J.; Widmer, F.; Bidochka, M.; Eilenberg, J.; Kristensen, H.L. and Meyling, N.V. (2013) Isolation of Metarhizium spp. from root systems of different crops: Are specific genotypes associated with certain plants? , , - . [Unpublished] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19302/ title: Molecular diversity of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage in an agricultural field creator: Steinwender, Bernhardt M. creator: Enkerli, Jürg creator: Widmer, Franco creator: Eilenberg, Jørgen creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. subject: Soil biology subject: Biodiversity and ecosystem services description: Entomopathogenic fungal isolates identified by morphology as Metarhizium anisopliae may belong to different species when identified by molecular characters. We isolated Metarhizium spp. from an experimental agricultural field under both conventional and organic farming regimes using Tenebrio molitor as bait insect to assess the molecular diversity within the soil. Isolates were analyzed using DNA sequencing and applying SSR markers. Within the former M. anisopliae lineage, we found M. brunneum (86.3%), M. robertsii (11.3%) and M. majus (3.4%) in the soil samples. Several genotypes of each species were identified based on SSR markers. Differences in abundance of the species and their genotypes suggest different adaptations to the soil environment of the agricultural field. There were no effects of conventinal or organic farming regimes on diversity of the fungi. date: 2011-06 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/19302/4/19302.pdf identifier: Steinwender, Bernhardt M.; Enkerli, Jürg; Widmer, Franco; Eilenberg, Jørgen and Meyling, Nicolai V. (2011) Molecular diversity of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage in an agricultural field. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 66, pp. 113-115. relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/27371/ title: Evaluation of soil microfungi as biological control agents against ascarid eggs creator: Sundar, Thapa creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Katakam, Kiran Kumar creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan creator: Mejer, Helena subject: Health and welfare description: Thick-shelled ascarid eggs have been reported to remain infective in the environment for several years, thus posing a prolonged risk of infection to animals and/or humans. The following in vitro study was therefore conducted to evaluate the negative impact of two species of naturally occuring soil microfungi (Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus), on the viability of Ascaridia galli, Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum eggs. Approximately 150 fresh eggs of individual ascarid species were embryonated on a 2% water agar in Petri dishes with or without a fungus (P. chlamydospria or P. lilacinus). On days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post experimental set up (p.s.), the viability of the eggs in each experimental group was evaluated (destructive sampling). By day 14 p.s., P. chlamydosporia had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by 70-86% and 52-67%, respectively, compared to the controls. In contrast, P. lilacinus had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by only 17-30% and 6-28%, respectively. Neither fungal species was found to be effective against A. suum eggs (<4% reduction in both cases). These results indicate interspecies differences in the susceptibility of ascarid eggs to microfungi. Ascaridia galli and T. canis eggs seemed to have been degenerated mainly due to hydrolysis of shells by fungal enzymes. The present study demonstrates that P. chlamydosporia may potentially be utilized as a biological control agent against A. galli and T. canis eggs in the environment. date: 2013-03 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/27371/7/27371.pdf identifier: Sundar, Thapa; Meyling, Nicolai V.; Katakam, Kiran Kumar; Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Mejer, Helena (2013) Evaluation of soil microfungi as biological control agents against ascarid eggs. Poster at: Spring Symposium of the the Danish Society for Parasitology. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/27341/ title: Relative ovicidal effect of soil microfungi on thick-shelled eggs of animal-parasitic nematodes creator: Thapa, Sundar creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Katakam, Kiran Kumar creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan creator: Mejer, Helena subject: Health and welfare description: Thick-shelled eggs of animal-parasitic ascarid nematodes can survive and remain infective in the environment for years. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of two species of soil microfungi (Pochonia chlamydosporia and Purpureocillium lilacinum) on the development and survival of eggs (all of faecal origin) of three ascarid species, Ascaridia galli (chicken roundworm), Toxocara canis (canine roundworm) and Ascaris suum (pig roundworm), in vitro. Ascarid eggs were embryonated on water agar with or without one fungal species, and viability of the eggs was evaluated on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post set up (p.s.). By day 14 p.s., P. chlamydosporia had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by 70-86% and 52-67%, respectively, compared to controls without fungus. In contrast, P. lilacinum had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by only 17-30% and 6-28%, respectively. Ascaris suum eggs were extremely resistant to both fungi. The differences in results are likely due to the variability in egg shell morphologies of the three ascarid species. The current in vitro study demonstrates that P. chlamydosporia may potentially be utilized as a biocontrol agent to reduce A. galli and T. canis egg contamination of the environment. date: 2014-09 type: Journal paper type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/27341/7/27341.pdf identifier: Thapa, Sundar; Meyling, Nicolai V.; Katakam, Kiran Kumar; Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Mejer, Helena (2014) Relative ovicidal effect of soil microfungi on thick-shelled eggs of animal-parasitic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/27372/ title: Evaluation of soil microfungi as biological control agents against eggs of animal parasitic nematodes creator: Thapa, Sundar creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Katakam, Kiran Kumar creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan creator: Mejer, Helena subject: Health and welfare description: Thick-shelled eggs of ascarid nematodes have been reported to remain infective in the environment for several years, thus posing a prolonged risk of infection to animal livestock and/or humans. An in vitro study was therefore conducted to evaluate the negative impact of two species of soil microfungi, Pochonia chlamydosporia and Purpureocillium lilacinum (syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus), on the viability of Ascaridia galli, Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum eggs. Approximately 150 fresh eggs of individual ascarid species were embryonated on a 2% water agar in Petri dishes with or without a fungus (P. chlamydospria or P. lilacinum). On days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 post experimental set up (p.s.), the viability of the eggs from each experimental group was evaluated (destructive sampling). By day 14 p.s., P. chlamydosporia had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by 70-86% and 52-67%, respectively, compared to the controls. In contrast, P. lilacinum had reduced the viability of A. galli and T. canis eggs by only 17-30% and 6-28%, respectively. Neither fungal species was found to be effective against A. suum eggs (<4% reduction in both cases). These results indicate interspecies differences in the susceptibility of ascarid eggs to soil microfungi. Ascaridia galli and T. canis eggs seemed to have been degenerated mainly due to hydrolysis of shells by fungal enzymes. The present study demonstrates that P. chlamydosporia may potentially be utilized as a biological control agent against A. galli and T. canis egg contaminations in the soil environment. date: 2013-08 type: Conference paper, poster, etc. type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/27372/7/27372.pdf identifier: Thapa, Sundar; Meyling, Nicolai V.; Katakam, Kiran Kumar; Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Mejer, Helena (2013) Evaluation of soil microfungi as biological control agents against eggs of animal parasitic nematodes. Poster at: Society for Invertebrate Pathology, 46th annual meeting, Pittsburgh, USA. [Completed] relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/24751/ title: NEW ORGANIC APPROACH TO PARASITES: Biological control of parasitic roundworms in organic laying hens using microfungi creator: Thapa, Sundar creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan creator: Mejer, Helena subject: Health and welfare description: Microfungi can kill chicken roundworm eggs. This project investigates the use of naturally occuring soil microfungi to clean up contaminated pastures and bedding material, thereby controlling roundworm infections in organic laying hens. date: 2013-11 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/24751/7/24751.pdf identifier: Thapa, Sundar; Meyling, Nicolai V.; Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Mejer, Helena (2013) NEW ORGANIC APPROACH TO PARASITES: Biological control of parasitic roundworms in organic laying hens using microfungi. . relation: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/24752/ title: NYT ØKOLOGISK TILTAG OVERFOR PARASITTER: Mikrosvampe kan bruges til biologisk kontrol af parasittiske spolorm i økologiske æglæggere creator: Thapa, Sundar creator: Meyling, Nicolai V. creator: Thamsborg, Stig Milan creator: Mejer, Helena subject: Health and welfare description: Mikrosvampe kan dræbe æg af fjerkræets spolorm. Projektet er derfor i gang med at undersøge om naturlige jordsvampe kan bruges til at inaktivere æg på smittede marker og i strøelsesmateriale og dermed kontrollere infektioner med spolorm i økologiske æglæggende høns. date: 2013-11 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: /id/eprint/24752/1/Agalli%20pamphlet_final%20Danish.pdf identifier: Thapa, Sundar; Meyling, Nicolai V.; Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Mejer, Helena (2013) NYT ØKOLOGISK TILTAG OVERFOR PARASITTER: Mikrosvampe kan bruges til biologisk kontrol af parasittiske spolorm i økologiske æglæggere. .