TY - GEN UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14190/ ID - orgprints14190 AV - public Y1 - 2008/// TI - Hvem gavner hvem i marken? N2 - I det dyrkede land ønsker vi en høj produktion af sunde fødevarer samtidig med, at økosystemets biologiske mangfoldighed er så høj som muligt. Naturlige fjender er med til at holde skadedyrene nede uden brug af pesticider. Men når nogle svampearter angriber de nyttige insekter som rovinsekterne og bierne, kan det indirekte hæmme fødevareproduktionen. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen A1 - Jensen, Annette B. A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. ER - TY - GEN PB - Jordbrugsakademikerne KW - Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis AV - public UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14148/ EP - 7 ID - orgprints14148 N2 - Biologisk bekæmpelse var en succes, da det blev introduceret første gang i 1880'erne i Californien. I artiklen defineres forskellige strategier og vi gør status over den faktiske brug af biologisk bekæmpelse, både i Danmark og globalt. Der er fortsat et stort potentiale for biologisk bekæmpelse, og metoden er mere aktuel end nogensinde. Der er dog fortsat behov for at vide mere om organismerne og deres samspil med andre arter og deres omgivelser. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen A1 - Jespersen, Jørgen B. SP - 4 TI - Status og nye udfordringer: Biologisk bekæmpelse af skadedyr Y1 - 2008/05// ER - TY - CONF ED - Ehlers, Ralf-Udo ED - Crickmore, Neil ED - Enkerli, Jürg ED - Glazer, Itamar ED - Lopez-Ferber, Miguel ED - Tkaczuk, Cezary PB - International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants AV - public UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16060/ ID - orgprints16060 EP - 10 N2 - In Europe, insect pathogenic fungi have in decades played a significant role in biological control of insects. With respect to the different strategies of biological control and with respects to the different genera of insect pathogenic fungi, the success and potential vary, however. Classical biological control: no strong indication of potential. Inundation and inoculation biological control: success stories with the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria, Isaria/Paecilomyces and Lecanicillium (previously Verticillium). However, the genotypes employed seem to include a narrow spectrum of the many potentially useful genotypes. Conservation biological control: Pandora and Entomophthora have a strong potential, but also Beauveria has a potential to be explored further. The main bottleneck for further exploitation of insect pathogenic fungi in biological control is the limited knowledge of host pathogen interaction at the fungal genotype level. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Jensen, Annette B. SP - 7 TI - Insect pathogenic fungi in biological control: status and future challenges SN - 978-92-9067-219-7 Y1 - 2009/06// ER - TY - GEN TI - Research collaboration between China and Denmark for development of systemic approaches to agro-ecological pest management without pesticides with focus on vegetable, fruit and berry crops. Proceedings and recommendations from two network workshops Y1 - 2013/01// A1 - Halberg, Niels A1 - Andreasen, Lise A1 - Ravnskov, Sabine A1 - Steenberg, Tove A1 - Enkegaard, Annie A1 - Sigsgaard, Lene A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen A1 - Munk, Lisa A1 - Langer, Vibeke A1 - Korsgaard, Maren A1 - Wu, Wenliang A1 - Qiao, Yuhui A1 - Zhang, Long A1 - Guo, Yanbin A1 - Liu, Yunhui A1 - Zhu, Zengrong A1 - Wang, Jianwu SP - 1 N2 - This report is the result of a network project which was established to discuss the potential for collaboration on development of systemic approaches to pest management without pesticides between Chinese and Danish researchers. The focus is on systemic approaches rather than input substitution of synthetic chemicals with agents of natural origin, however, the latter is considered as an integrated tool for the development and design of systemic approaches. The discussions were, furthermore, limited to management of invertebrate pests as well as diseases, while other pests such as weeds have not been included in the discussions. The discussions took place at two workshops and were based on presentations of research from the two countries and field visits in China and Denmark. After the first workshop that took place in China, it was agreed that Chinese and Danish researchers in this particular field had mutual interests and priorities and that there was a potential for creating collaboration that could yield results beneficial for the agricultural/horticultural sectors in both countries. It was also agreed that in spite of the many differences between variation in climate and ecosystems, as well as in farming systems and their organization in China and Denmark, there were many similarities in the production of high-value crops in the two countries, such as vegetables, fruit and berries and, therefore, an obvious focus for joint research efforts. It was also agreed that joint research efforts could aim at specific crops as well as aiming at the development of specific research approaches. Based on the observations and the agreements of the first workshop, the second workshop, which took place in Denmark, focused more specifically on the development of a research framework with specified research questions/topics. Two groups were formed ? one working with vegetables and one with fruit and berries working in parallel ? both looking into what kind of research is needed for development of systemic approaches to pesticide-free pest management should include both well-known practices and new practices. Although the discussions in the two groups took separate routes and unfolded and described the research topics in each their way, there was a clear consistency between the outputs of the work of the two groups. Each had identified three main research themes that more or less followed the same line and has been merged into three specific recommendations on themes for collaboration, namely: 1) ?Research to provide the biological foundation and understanding of mechanisms and interactions for development of non-chemical solutions and to improve efficiency of new and existing control methods for severe pest problems?. 2) Research in ?How best to integrate multifunctional plants (and crops) and use diversification to create a more healthy and productive farming system which is resilient to pests?? 3) Research in ?How to design and integrate pest management in eco-functional cropping systems at field and farm/landscape level?? ID - orgprints22350 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22350/ EP - 42 KW - Pest management KW - systemic approaches KW - vegetables KW - fruit KW - berries KW - china KW - denmark AV - public ER - TY - GEN AV - public PB - ICROFS Internationalt Center for Forskning i Økologisk Jordbrug og Fødevaresystemer EP - 9 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16989/ ID - orgprints16989 SP - 8 A1 - Meyling, N.V. A1 - Navntoft, S. A1 - Eilenberg, J. N2 - Naturlig regulering af kålfluer er effektiv i økologisk dyrkede hvidkålsparceller. Økologiske dyrkningssystemer med lavt input og høj strukturel kompleksitet skaber gode livsbetingelser for en række nyttedyr. Mellemafgrøder af foregående sæsons grøngødning gavner de store arter, mens små løbe- og rovbiller bliver tilgodeset i et økologisk system med bar jord mellem afgrøderækkerne. Y1 - 2010/03// TI - Økologisk dyrkning af hvidkål fremmer biodiversitet og naturlig regulering af skadedyr ER - TY - GEN AV - public PB - ICROFS International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/16988/ EP - 5 ID - orgprints16988 N2 - Natural regulation of cabbage root flies works well in experimental organic cropping systems of white cabbage. Low input and complex organic systems benefit functional biodiversity by providing good living conditions to several groups of natural enemies. Intercropped green manure benefits large predators while small predatory beetles favour low input organic systems with bare soil between crop rows. SP - 4 A1 - Meyling, N.V. A1 - Navntoft, S. A1 - Eilenberg, J. Y1 - 2010/02// TI - Organic farming systems benefit biodiversity and natural pest regulation in white cabbage ER - TY - CONF N2 - Entomopathogenic fungi infect a wide array of insects from most orders and they are among the natural enemies that contribute to the regulation of insect populations. However, only a limited number of studies have focused on the impact of fungal pathogens on populations of non-pest insects. Effects of entomopathogenic fungi on non-pest host populations should receive more attention based on the increasing interest in conservation biological control. In this strategy, founded on competition theory, non-pest host populations adjacent to cropping systems will in principle affect pest populations through shared natural enemies. We present examples of selected non-pest host-fungus systems from temperate ecosystems that are relevant for the expected ecosystem service provided by entomopathogenic fungi. Predators are among the non-pest hosts that are infected by fungi. Recent advances in our understanding of the effect of pathogens on the behaviour of predators may shed light on the significance of entomopathogenic fungi for the regulation of predator populations. We discuss what we can learn about host-pathogen interactions from behavioural ecology and which life history parameters in the host that may be important for the impacts of fungal pathogens on their host populations. A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen Y1 - 2008/// TI - Entomopathogenic fungi infecting non-pest insects: Implications for ecosystem services and relevance of behavioural ecology AV - public KW - Apparent competition; conservation biological control; density and trait mediated effects UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14152/ ID - orgprints14152 ER - TY - GEN EP - 155 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11196/ ID - orgprints11196 KW - Pest management; natural enemies; entomopathogens; biological control AV - restricted PB - Elsevier Inc Y1 - 2007/11// TI - Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: potential for conservation biological control SP - 145 A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen N2 - It is increasingly recognized that the biodiversity in agroecosystems deliver significant ecosystem services to agricultural production such as biological control of pests. Entomopathogenic fungi, specifically the anamorphic taxa Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, Hypocreales (Ascomycota), are among the natural enemies of pests in agroecosystems and the fungi are candidates for future conservation biological control in temperate regions. Conservation biological control is a biological control strategy in which farming practices and environmental manipulations are adopted to enhance the living conditions for specific natural enemies of pests. However, in order to manipulate the environment for the benefit of populations of the entomopathogens, knowledge of fundamental aspects of the ecology of the fungi considered is necessary. This knowledge is still scarce despite the large bulk of recent research into inoculation and inundation biological control with these fungi. Here, we review the current knowledge of the ecology of indigenous populations of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in agroecosystems of temperate regions, primarily Europe and North America. We suggest anamorphic life cycles of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in these regions based on the literature of their natural occurrence and distribution in agroecosystems, population dynamics, and interactions with other organisms, environmental factors, and agronomical practices. ER - TY - GEN TI - Økologisk dyrkning fremmer den naturlige regulering af skadedyr Y1 - 2007/11// A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen N2 - Naturlige svampesygdomme, som hjælper med til at regulere skadedyr i grønsager, er hyppigere i økologiske dyrkningssystemer sammenlignet med konventionelle. Samtidig er der færre overvintrende kålfluepupper. Det viser de foreløbige resultater fra den første dyrkningssæson i FØJO III-projektet VegQure. UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/14189/ ID - orgprints14189 AV - public ER - TY - GEN KW - Biologisk bekæmpelse AV - public PB - CUL - Centrum för Uthålligt Landbruk UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/11199/ ID - orgprints11199 EP - 20 N2 - Det er et vigtigt mål i økologisk jordbrug at inddrage skadedyrenes naturlige fjender i reguleringen af skadedyrpopulationer. En vigtig gruppe af disse fjender er insekternes naturligt forekommende svampesygdomme, som blandt andet findes i jorden. Danske studier viser, at landbrugslandet rummer en stor diversitet af disse svampe, og det er en fremtidig udfordring at udnytte denne diversitet i regulering af skadedyrspopulationer. SP - 18 A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen Y1 - 2007/// TI - Diversitet af insekternes svampesygdomme i økologisk jordbrug - hvorledes kan den øges? ER - TY - GEN TI - Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production Y1 - 2013/01// A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Navntoft, Søren A1 - Philipsen, Holger A1 - Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen SP - 183 N2 - Population dynamics of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum in three different organic and one conventional cabbage cropping systems were evaluated over 3 years. Oviposition was reduced over time, but not affected by organic farming practice. Pupal production was reduced in all organic systems compared to the conventional system in all years, but pupal parasitation rates were similar among systems. More predators of fly eggs were present in the organic system O2. Reduced larval survival rates in the organic systems may be result of increased natural enemy activity and plant effects. EP - 189 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/43871/ ID - orgprints43871 AV - restricted ER - TY - GEN TI - Below- and aboveground abundance and distribution of fungal entomopathogens in experimental conventional and organic cropping systems Y1 - 2011/11/10/ A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. A1 - Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen SP - 180 N2 - The below- and aboveground communities of fungal entomopathogens (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) were investigated in an experimental conventional and organic vegetable cropping system over two seasons in Denmark. The experimental design allowed for evaluating differences between farming practices in the occurrence of soil-borne fungal entomopathogens and as natural infections aboveground in arthropod hosts. Belowground, Metarhizium anisopliae dominated the agricultural field with Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium flavoviride and Isaria fumosorosea being present at lower frequencies. Abundances of M. anisopliae were not different between conventional and organic soils. Aboveground, B. bassiana was the most common fungal entomopathogen in arthropod host cadavers. Infections of M. flavoviride, Isaria farinosa and Gibellula spp. were also recorded. Most mycosed cadavers were recovered in August and September from conventionally farmed plots. Cadaver sizes ranged from 1.9 mm to 23.6 mm with means of 3.7 mm to 4.1 mm. Among host functional groups, predators dominated (47% - 63%) over herbivores, parasitoids and nectar-feeders. No occurrence of M. anisopliae was recorded among >200 mycosed cadavers aboveground. The results therefore suggest that M. anisopliae is not involved in direct below- and aboveground interactions in the investigated agroecosystem. Conservation biological control strategies targeting M. anisopliae should thus be solely for controlling soil-dwelling pests in temperate regions as this fungus is unlikely naturally to infect aboveground hosts in the agroecosytem. ID - orgprints19680 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19680/ EP - 186 AV - public ER - TY - UNPB TI - Variable effects of organic farming systems on ground beetle abundance and diversity Y1 - 2011/// N2 - Organic farming should support high levels of biodiversity and rely on biological pest control by natural enemies. Management of organic systems must comply with specific regulations, but within this frame management is not clearly defined. In experimental cabbage fields we studied ground beetle abundance and diversity in three different organic farming systems (O1, O2, and O3). All systems complied with regulations for organic production, but relied on either high (O1) or low (O2 and O3) external input of nutrients. The systems O2 and O3 also included green manures, and in O3 strips of green manure were left between crop rows. A conventional system was included as control. Only organic systems O2 and O3 showed benefits for ground beetles, but in different ways. Abundance of all ground beetle species was highest in May in O2, while O3 supported the highest abundance of habitat specialists with preferences for field margins reflecting the conservation of green manure strips. The ground beetle community of O3 was most diverse characterized by highest number of species and evenness (equitability among species). Organically farmed fields can therefore be designed to promote specific predators or high ground beetle diversity at the field scale by implementing different management practices. A1 - Navntoft, S. A1 - Thorup-Kristensen, K. A1 - Eilenberg, J. A1 - Kristensen, K. A1 - Meyling, N.V. SP - 1 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19303/ ID - orgprints19303 EP - 30 AV - restricted ER - TY - GEN N2 - "Biological agriculture" is a synonym for organic farming, but the term was developed independently from ?biological control?. Therefore, it cannot be taken for granted that all methods of biological control are acceptable or even a first choice in organic farming. In this chapter, we explore the attitude of organic farming towards methods of biological control. Although organic farming has become popular during the last decade, organic farms are still a minority in all countries. Furthermore there is a lack of profound knowledge about the regulatory framework for organic farming (i.e. public regulations and private standards). Therefore, we will firstly give a brief introduction to organic farming. SP - 27 A1 - Speiser, Bernhard A1 - Wyss, Eric A1 - Maurer, Veronika Y1 - 2006/// TI - Biological Control in Organic Production: First choice or last option? KW - organic farming KW - biological control KW - IFOAM KW - EU-Öko-Verordnung KW - Ektoparasitenkontrolle KW - Endoparasitenkontrolle KW - Biocontrol AV - restricted PB - Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/8357/ ID - orgprints8357 EP - 46 ER - TY - UNPB AV - restricted EP - UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22838/ ID - orgprints22838 SP - A1 - Steinwender, B.M. A1 - Enkerli, J. A1 - Widmer, F. A1 - Bidochka, M. A1 - Eilenberg, J. A1 - Kristensen, H.L. A1 - Meyling, N.V. N2 - Isolation of Metarhizium spp. from root systems of different crops: Are specific genotypes associated with certain plants? Y1 - 2013/// TI - Isolation of Metarhizium spp. from root systems of different crops: Are specific genotypes associated with certain plants? ER - TY - GEN AV - public EP - 115 UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/19302/ ID - orgprints19302 A1 - Steinwender, Bernhardt M. A1 - Enkerli, Jürg A1 - Widmer, Franco A1 - Eilenberg, Jørgen A1 - Meyling, Nicolai V. SP - 113 N2 - Entomopathogenic fungal isolates identified by morphology as Metarhizium anisopliae may belong to different species when identified by molecular characters. We isolated Metarhizium spp. from an experimental agricultural field under both conventional and organic farming regimes using Tenebrio molitor as bait insect to assess the molecular diversity within the soil. Isolates were analyzed using DNA sequencing and applying SSR markers. Within the former M. anisopliae lineage, we found M. brunneum (86.3%), M. robertsii (11.3%) and M. majus (3.4%) in the soil samples. Several genotypes of each species were identified based on SSR markers. Differences in abundance of the species and their genotypes suggest different adaptations to the soil environment of the agricultural field. There were no effects of conventinal or organic farming regimes on diversity of the fungi. TI - Molecular diversity of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage in an agricultural field Y1 - 2011/06// ER -