2024-03-29T13:59:21Z
https://orgprints.org/cgi/oai2
oai:orgprints.org:21
2014-07-24T09:48:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D37666F6F64:327365637572697479
7375626A656374733D316F7267616E696373
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21/
Ecology of the ochratoxin A producing Penicillium verrucosum: Occurrence in field soil and grain with special attention to farming system and on-farm drying practices
Elmholt, Susanne
Crop health, quality, protection
Food security, food quality and human health
"Organics" in general
Farming Systems
Production systems
Soil biology
Mycotoxin contamination of organically grown cereals has been a growing concern during recent years, one of the most important being ochratoxin A (OTA). In countries with a temperate, humid climate, OTA is produced by Penicillium verrucosum and it is crucial to focus on the fungus to obviate problems. This paper presents results to elucidate different aspects of the ecology of P. verrucosum. In a survey of differently farmed soils, P. verrucosum was found in 11 out of 65 soils (35% of the organically and 7% of the conventionally cultivated), these being the first reports of its natural occurrence in soil. Except for two soils it was found with low frequencies (100-300 cfu g dry soil-1), and the results point to home grown seed as a potential risk of soil contamination. In a survey of organically grown grain, P. verrucosum was found in 51% of the recently combined and not yet dried grain samples (60% of the rye and 53% of the wheat samples). This confirms that early contamination does take place and increases the demand for proper grain handling during drying and storage. Three case studies were performed at organic farms with different storage facilities. The results showed very clearly that there is no general risk of OTA contamination in organically cultivated grain. Within the same year, major differences between the farms were found and these differences were reproduced during three growing seasons. It therefore seems likely that an organic farming system, as such, does not present problems in relation to OTA contamination. It is, rather, certain management practices that are inappropriate and these management practices may be more prevalent in organic farming. This assumption is discussed in relation to home grown seed, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, exclusion of pesticides, and drying and storage facilities.
2003
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/21/1/21.pdf
Elmholt, Susanne (2003) Ecology of the ochratoxin A producing Penicillium verrucosum: Occurrence in field soil and grain with special attention to farming system and on-farm drying practices. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 20, pp. 311-337.
oai:orgprints.org:29
2010-04-12T07:27:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:706F737468617276657374
7375626A656374733D37666F6F64:327365637572697479
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/29/
Production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites by Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti on common laboratory media and a soil organic matter agar: An ecological interpretation
Hestbjerg, Helle
Nielsen, Kristian F.
Thrane, Ulf
Elmholt, Susanne
Post harvest management and techniques
Food security, food quality and human health
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Soil biology
Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti were characterized with regard to production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites. Results following growth on laboratory media are interpreted with the aim of increasing the understanding of fungal metabolism in the field environment. While trichothecene production was detected for 94 of 102 F. culmorum isolates, only eight of 57 F. equiseti isolates were positive. Profiles of secondary metabolites were compared following growth on Yeast Extract Sucrose agar (YES), Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) and an agar medium, prepared from Soil Organic Matter (SOM), which was included to simulate growth conditions in soil. SOM supported the production of chrysogine by F. culmorum. The two species utilized the media differently. F. culmorum produced zearalenone (ZEA) on YES, whereas some F. equiseti isolates produced ZEA on PSA. Other F. equiseti isolates produced equisetin. These differences may reflect that F. culmorum depends on a pathogenic life style while F. equiseti has a more saprotrophic mode of existence.
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/29/1/Production_of_trichothecenes_and_other_secondary_metabolites_by_Fusarium_culmorum_and_F._equiseti_.pdf
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/29/2/helle_h_paper_JAFC.pdf
Hestbjerg, Helle; Nielsen, Kristian F.; Thrane, Ulf and Elmholt, Susanne (2002) Production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites by Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti on common laboratory media and a soil organic matter agar: An ecological interpretation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50 (26), pp. 7593-7599.
oai:orgprints.org:31
2014-07-24T10:02:02Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/31/
Effect of Water Regime on Aggregate-tensile Strength, Rupture Energy, and Friability
Munkholm, Lars J.
Kay, Bev D.
Soil quality
The effect of water regime on aggregate-tensile strength, rupture energy, and friability index was studied in two experiments on sandy loam soils (Glossic Phaeozem/WRB 1998). In Exp. 1, soil from a long-term, 5-yr crop rotation receiving animal manure (dairy farm and grass, DFG) was compared with a soil (continuous cereal crop, CCC), which had grown almost continuous cereals and not received animal manure. In Exp. 2, soil from compacted plots (PAC) and uncompacted reference plots (REF) was sampled. The soil was air-dried and separated into four aggregate-size classes (i.e., 1–2, 2–4, 4–8, and 8–16 mm). Aggregate-tensile strength and rupture energy were measured on air-dry aggregates and on aggregates adjusted to -10, -30, -100, -350 kPa, and -166 MPa pressure potential. Soil friability index was estimated from the tensile strength or specific rupture energy results. Aggregate density was determined on 2- to 4-, 4- to 8-, and 8- to 16-mm aggregates. The CCC soil displayed a greater increase in strength and specific rupture energy with increased dryness than the DFG counterpart. This may be related to differences in organic matter content and dispersible clay. Generally, the relationship between tensile strength or specific-rupture energy and pressure potential could be described by a power function. However, the rupture energy results could not be fitted by a power function for the Exp. 2 soils. The Exp. 2 soils differed in the stress–strain relationship, i.e., the compacted soil displayed the highest Young modulus, (Y/ ) in all cases. Maximum values of the friability index were found between -10 and -100 kPa.
Soil Science Society of America
2002-05
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
text/html
en
/id/eprint/31/1/SSSAJ_--_Munkholm_and_Kay_66_%283%29_702.htm
Munkholm, Lars J. and Kay, Bev D. (2002) Effect of Water Regime on Aggregate-tensile Strength, Rupture Energy, and Friability. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, pp. 702-709.
oai:orgprints.org:36
2010-04-12T07:27:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/36/
Tensile strength of soil cores in relation to aggregate strength, soil fragmentation and pore characteristics
Munkholm, Lars
Schjønning, Per
Kay, Bev D.
Soil quality
Tensile failure of soil is desirable in tillage. Soil tensile strength estimates most often are obtained from compression tests of dry aggregates. As tillage is performed under moist conditions, it would be highly relevant to measure tensile strength at high water contents.
Plough-layer soil was sampled in a compacted soil (PAC) and in a non-compacted reference soil (REF). Tensile strength was measured in a new direct tension test using undisturbed soil cores (4.45 cm in diameter and 5.00 cm in height) adjusted to either -50 or -100 hPa matric potential. The air-filled pore space, a, was determined from water retention measurements. Air permeability, Ka, was determined at -30, -100 and -300 hPa matric potentials and from these measurements an index of pore organization (PO=Ka/a) was calculated. Soil behaviour in the field was evaluated at approximately -300 hPa matric potential by measuring soil strength using the torsional shear box method and soil fragmentation using a simple soil drop test.
The direct tensile strength results showed that the PAC soil had significantly higher tensile strength than the REF soil (e.g. 3.2 and 2.0 kPa, respectively at -100 hPa matric potential). This finding was in accordance with the aggregate tensile strength results and also agreed well with soil fragmentation in the field (i.e. geometric mean diameter (GMD) equal to 38.7 and 14.2 mm, respectively, for PAC and REF samples dropped from 75 cm height). The tensile strengths of the soil cores were close to the predicted values determined from the aggregate tensile strength results. The energy input in the soil drop test (i.e. approximately 8.9 J kg-1 dry soil) was low in comparison with the energy input in tillage but high compared with the specific rupture energy of soil aggregates (e.g. 0.4 and 0.3 J kg-1, respectively for PAC and REF aggregates adjusted to -100 hPa matric potential). The relatively poor fragmentation in the soil drop test indicated that a substantial amount of the energy input was stored as volumetric strain energy and/or lost to processes such as plastic deformation. The tensile strength of soil cores was negatively correlated to the macroporosity of the soil, whereas the ease of soil fragmentation was positively correlated to PO.
2002-02
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/36/1/nymanus.pdf
Munkholm, Lars; Schjønning, Per and Kay, Bev D. (2002) Tensile strength of soil cores in relation to aggregate strength, soil fragmentation and pore characteristics. Soil and Tillage Research, 64 (1-2), pp. 125-135.
oai:orgprints.org:39
2010-04-12T07:27:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/39/
Non-inversion tillage effects on soil mechanical properties of a humid sandy loam
Munkholm, Lars J.
Schjønning, Per
Rasmussen, Karl J.
Soil quality
Optimisation of soil tilth is of paramount importance in organic plant production in order to enhance crop growth. Non-inversion and reduced tillage systems are often claimed to be preferable for organic farming. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early stage effects of converting a mouldboard-ploughed soil to a non-inversion tillage system. A multi-level experimental strategy including in situ, on-site and laboratory methods was followed in order to relate quantitative measures of soil physical properties directly to soil behaviour in the field. A non-inversion deep soil loosening (0¯35 cm) tillage system (NINV) was compared to a conventional mouldboard ploughing and harrowing tillage system (CONV). The experimental site was located on an organically managed sandy loam soil. The tillage treatments were applied to plots in two fields (B3 and B4) at the experimental site. Limited numbers of measurements were performed in the B3 field during the 1997¯1999 growing seasons. A more comprehensive programme was carried out in the B4 field in May and September 1998. A root-restricting plough pan was detected in the CONV treated soil. The NINV treatment effectively loosened the plough pan resulting in a visibly improved soil structure and a decrease in soil strength. The penetration resistance in the plough pan was reduced from about 1800 kPa in CONV to less than 1000 kPa in NINV when measured at field capacity. The loosening of the plough pan was still evident after 2 years without tillage operations in a perennial grass/clover crop. The topsoil of the CONV treatment had a more desirable tilth than that of the NINV treatment, which had higher soil strength at the 7¯14 cm depth. In accordance with this, the CONV treated topsoil fragmented more readily than the NINV soil in the field. The laboratory measurements on soil from the September sampling showed that the NINV treatment had lower friability index (i.e., friability index of 0.16 and 0.22 for NINV and CONV, respectively) and higher tensile strength of air-dry aggregates. The differences in topsoil tilth were not eliminated by natural soil meliorating processes during the growing season. This paper discusses the early stage effects of converting to non-inversion tillage. A number of years of continued treatment may be required before beneficial effects of non-inversion tillage are manifested in improved topsoil tilth.
2001-10
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/39/1/manus.pdf
Munkholm, Lars J.; Schjønning, Per and Rasmussen, Karl J. (2001) Non-inversion tillage effects on soil mechanical properties of a humid sandy loam. Soil and Tillage Research, 62 (1-2), pp. 1-14.
oai:orgprints.org:40
2014-07-24T10:24:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/40/
Soil quality aspects of humid sandy loams as influenced by organic and conventional long-term management
Schjønning, Per
Elmholt, Susanne
Munkholm, Lars J.
Debosz, Kasia
Composting and manuring
Soil quality
Crop combinations and interactions
Soil tillage
Farming Systems
Soil biology
The development of low-input farming systems requires knowledge of the extent to which management characteristics influence the soil as a habitat for micro-organisms and a medium for plant growth. This paper presents a study of long-term effects of organically and conventionally cultivated systems on a range of soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics in Denmark. Seven soils were included, falling into three groups (I¯III). Each group consists of an organically managed soil (Org) referenced by one or two conventionally managed soils (Conv) with the same soil type (sandy loam) and pedological history. All organically managed soils were dairy farm soils (H), which had been organically managed for 46, 47 and 40 years, respectively. They had forage crop rotations and received animal manure. The conventional soils were either dairy farm soils or soils grown to annual cash crops (P). Undisturbed core samples were used for assessing dry bulk density and water retention. Undisturbed cubic samples were used for assessing wet stability of macro-aggregates, clay dispersibility, microbial biomass C, -glucosidase activity, ergosterol, and the abundance of different groups of fungi. Penetration resistance and ease of soil fragmentation were measured in the field. The quantifying methods were supplemented by a visual inspection of soil structure of the top 30 cm soil in the field. Irrespective of agricultural system, the use of tractors and heavy machinery had caused compaction of the subsoil in the form of a dense pan below ploughing depth. In group I, the H-soils were heavily trafficked and this overshadowed the long-term effects of the diversified crop rotations and animal manure applications on the physical parameters. Generally, the results highlight the paramount influence of soil tillage and traffic in agriculture. Further, the results confirm the positive effects of organic manures and diversified crop rotations on soil quality aspects. Microbial biomass C was found to be higher in organically than in conventionally managed dairy farm soils, and appeared to correlate linearly to the volume of 0.2¯3.0 m pores (`protective' pore space). The simple model did, however, not explain a lower microbial biomass for two soils dressed only with synthetic fertilisers. The results further indicated that the contribution of the different biotic mechanisms responsible for macro-aggregation varied from soil to soil. The results revealed promising correlations between quantitative scientific laboratory methods and descriptive methods in the field.
2002-03
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/40/1/manus1.pdf
Schjønning, Per; Elmholt, Susanne; Munkholm, Lars J. and Debosz, Kasia (2002) Soil quality aspects of humid sandy loams as influenced by organic and conventional long-term management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88 (3), pp. 195-214.
oai:orgprints.org:44
2014-07-24T10:31:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/44/
Modelling soil pore characteristics from measurements of air exchange: the long-term effects of fertilization and crop rotation
Schjønning, P.
Munkholm, L.J.
Moldrup, P.
Jakobsen, O.H.
Soil quality
Soil biology
Long-term cultivation of soils for arable crops and without application of organic manure is thought to reduce the soil quality for crop production. We studied the porosity of two sandy loam soils from organic dairy farms with a ley cropping system and compared them with a conventionally managed dairy farm growing arable crops only and an arable soil receiving only mineral fertilizers, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention characteristics, air diffusivity and air permeability were determined in the plough layer of the soil.
The soil of one of the organic dairy farms contained many more earthworm burrows and had a significantly larger hydraulic conductivity than the counterpart soil of the conventionally managed dairy farm. In other respects, these two soils were much alike. The soil of the other organically managed dairy farm was less dense and had a larger volume of pores >30 m than the arable soil receiving only mineral fertilizers. A tube model was used to combine the air exchange measurements in a description of the soil pores. The pore system of the mineral fertilized soil consisted of continuous arterial pores with only a small volume of blocked and marginal pores embedded in the soil matrix next to the arterial pores. The porosity of the counterpart organic dairy farm soil had a considerable volume of blocked and especially marginal pores. The complexity of the latter was considered beneficial for local aeration in the soil and for derived soil properties such as fragmentation on tillage.
2002-06
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/44/1/manus2.pdf
Schjønning, P.; Munkholm, L.J.; Moldrup, P. and Jakobsen, O.H. (2002) Modelling soil pore characteristics from measurements of air exchange: the long-term effects of fertilization and crop rotation. European Journal of Soil Science, 53 (2), pp. 331-339.
oai:orgprints.org:49
2010-04-12T07:27:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/49/
Biotic and abiotic binding and bonding mechanisms in soils with long-term differences in management
Elmholt, Susanne
Munkholm, Lars J.
Debosz, Kasia
Schjønning, Per
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil biology
During the last decades Denmark has experienced a growing interest in low-input farming systems like organic farming. These systems rely on a high soil fertility to maintain nutrient availability and plant health. Soil aggregation contributes to this fertility, because it is crucial to soil porosity, aeration and infiltration of water. This paper reports a study of two pairs of differently managed, neighboring fields. The aim was to elucidate long-term effects of the different farming systems on physical and biological variables with influence on bonding and binding mechanisms of soil aggregation. Each pair consists of an organically grown dairy farm soil, based on a forage crop rotation system, including grass (Org-FCS(G)) and a conventionally managed soil. One of the conventional farms has a forage crop rotation with annual cash crops and no grass (Conv-FCS(NG)) and one has been grown continuously with small grain cereals and rape (Conv-CCS). Our results indicate that the Org-FCS(G) soils stimulate biotic soil aggregating agents as measured by extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and hyphal length measurements, respectively. Generally, the Conv-CCS soil, which relies exclusively on synthetic fertilisers and cereal production, offered poor conditions for the biotic binding and bonding agents. Nevertheless this soil contained a large amount of stable macro-aggregates. This is explained by the physical results, which indicated that the strong macro-aggregation was due to clay dispersion and cementation processes rather than to biotic processes.
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Elmholt, Susanne
Stenberg, Bo
Grønlund, Arne
Nuutinen, V.
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/49/1/manus3ny.pdf
Elmholt, Susanne; Munkholm, Lars J.; Debosz, Kasia and Schjønning, Per (2000) Biotic and abiotic binding and bonding mechanisms in soils with long-term differences in management. In: Elmholt, Susanne; Stenberg, Bo; Grønlund, Arne and Nuutinen, V. (Eds.) DIAS report, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 38, pp. 53-62.
oai:orgprints.org:51
2010-04-12T07:27:13Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/51/
Multi-level assessment of soil quality – linking reductionistic and holistic methodologies
Schjønning, Per
Munkholm, Lars J.
Debosz, Kasia
Elmholt, Susanne
Soil quality
Research methodology and philosophy
Soil quality is often used as a qualitative, general term. However, quantification is an important feature of the scientific approach to nature. On the other hand, addressing specific soil parameters as indicators of soil quality includes a reduction of the whole soil system. Therefore, results obtained by specialized methodologies ought to be evaluated by methods integrating the soil characteristics in situ. In this presentation, results are given from an investigation of the tilth of two differently managed loamy soils. One of the soils had been managed for decades with a forage crop system (labeled FCS), which included fertilization with farmyard manure, while the other had been grown with a continuous cereal system (labeled CCS), receiving no input of organic matter. In the field, the structure of the top 30-cm soil layer was described visually (spade analysis) and by studying the fragmentation behavior (soil drop test). Further, the field measurements included determination of soil strength by a torsional shear box method. In the laboratory, shear strength was determined on bulk soil sampled in metal cylinders, and tensile strength was estimated from crushing tests of individual, differently sized aggregates. The FCS soil appeared porous, with crumbs as structural units, while the CCS soil was compact with blocks as structural units. The soil drop test yielded the highest degree of fragmentation for the FCS soil. The torsional shear box method showed the CCS soil to have the highest bulk soil strength. This was confirmed by the laboratory shear annulus method. Finally, the tensile strength measurements revealed a much higher strength of 8-16, 4-8 and 2-4 mm dry aggregates from the CCS soil as compared to the FCS soil, while 1-2 mm aggregates were strongest in the FCS soil. This indicates a higher friability for the FCS soil, which is in accordance with the soil behavior in the field tests. In conclusion, the quality of the FCS soil – as evaluated by its mechanical behavior – was found to be higher than that of the CCS soil. An important result is the good correlation between the integrating field methods and the differentiating laboratory methods. This means that the quantifying, reductionistic scientific approach is not conflicting with the ‘holistic’ descriptions in the field.
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Elmholt, Susanne
Stenberg, Bo
Grønlund, Arne
Nuutinen, V.
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/51/1/manus4.pdf
Schjønning, Per; Munkholm, Lars J.; Debosz, Kasia and Elmholt, Susanne (2000) Multi-level assessment of soil quality – linking reductionistic and holistic methodologies. In: Elmholt, Susanne; Stenberg, Bo; Grønlund, Arne and Nuutinen, V. (Eds.) DIAS Report, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 38, pp. 43-52.
oai:orgprints.org:52
2020-04-27T12:42:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/52/
Soil structure dynamics: Effects of management and water content
Munkholm, Lars J.
Schjønning, Per
Elmholt, Susanne
Soil quality
Production systems
Research methodology and philosophy
Soil tillage
Soil biology
A review is given of the last 5 years research on soil structure dynamics carried out at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The studies were initiated as part of a large programme focussing on the development of organic farming in Denmark. In organic farming a healthy and living soil is highly valued. Holistic thinking is also a key element in the organic farming concept. In order to integrate a holistic thinking in our soil structure research a multidisciplinary approach was adapted that integrated soil physics, chemistry and microbiology. In addition, soil structure was studied at different levels from undisturbed “whole soil” in the field to specialized reductionistic studies using size separated or remoulded soil in the laboratory. In a recent project our aim was to study long-term effects of different management strategies on soil mechanical and pore system characteristics. Our aim was also to be able to relate these soil tilth characteristics to abiotic and biotic soil structure forming and stabilizing processes. Results regarding the long-term effect of crop rotation and manure application are presented together with results regarding the short-term effect of tillage and traffic. Lastly, hypothesis and objectives of our running project is presented.
2002
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/52/1/canada.pdf
Munkholm, Lars J.; Schjønning, Per and Elmholt, Susanne (2002) Soil structure dynamics: Effects of management and water content. Paper at: Advances in Soil Structure Research workshop, Prince Edward Island, Canada, July 7-9 2002.
oai:orgprints.org:56
2010-04-12T07:27:13Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:346D6574686F6473
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D746865736973
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/56/
Soil Fragmentation and Friability. Effects of Soil Water and Soil Management
Munkholm, Lars J.
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil tillage
Specific methods
Soil biology
Soil fragmentation is a primary aim in most tillage operations in order to create a soil environment favourable for crop establishment and growth. Soils vary around the world from those exhibiting a self-mulching nature to those of a hardsetting nature. These extremes have been reported for Australian and other tropical and subtropical soils. In humid temperate climates, soil tillage is generally needed in order to produce a favourable environment for crop establishment and growth. The ease of preparing a favourable arable layer depends on complex interactions between climate, soil and the tillage implement. Especially soil water affects soil strength and fragmentation properties and thereby the ease of preparing a suitable arable layer. Soil management affects soil fragmentation and friability indirectly through effects on soil structure formation and stabilization and directly through the influence of soil tillage and traffic. The overall purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of soil fragmentation and friability as affected by soil management and soil water regime. The reaction of the soil upon tillage was evaluated within the concept of soil tilth as defined by Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) "the physical condition of soil as related to its ease of tillage, fitness as a seedbed, and its impedance to seedling emergence and root penetration".
The study involved soils from two case studies, the Askov long-term experiment on animal manure and mineral fertilizers, a field experiment with non-inversion tillage and a field experiment on compaction and intensive tillage. All the soils included in the study were humid sandy loams predominantly developed on Weichselian glacial moraine deposits. The soils were classified as Oxy aquic Agriudolls/Glossic Phaeozems according to Soil Taxonomy/WRB except for the Askov soil that was classified as Ultic Hapludalfs/Dystric Luvisols according to Soil Taxonomy/WRB. For all soils the clay content ranged from about 12 to 21 g per 100g-1 and soil organic matter ranged from 1.8 to 3.9 g 100g-1. The case studies included two long-term forage cropping system soils with a grass ley in the crop rotation (DFG(1) and DFG(2)), which were compared with a neighbouring counterpart. DFG(1) was compared with a forage cropping system soil without grass ley in the crop rotation (i.e., only annual crops), labelled DFA, whereas DFG(2) was compared with a continuously cash cropped soil with very low input of organic matter (no animal manure and straw removed), labelled CCC. An unfertilized (UNF), animal manured (AM) and a mineral fertilized (NPK) soil was included from the Askov long-term experiment on animal manure and mineral fertilizers established in 1894. The tillage experiment included a non-inversion tilled soil, labelled NINV, (non-inversion subsoil loosening to 35 cm depth and seedbed preparation with rotovator) and a conventionally tilled soil, labelled CONV, (mouldboard ploughing to 22 cm and secondary tine cultivation). The experiment on soil compaction and intensive tillage involved two "extreme" tillage and traffic treatments and a reference treatment (REF). The extreme treatments were soil compaction (PAC) and intensive tillage (INT) that were performed on wet soil just after spring ploughing and prior to seedbed preparation. The field experiments on non-inversion tillage, and soil compaction and intensive tillage were both conducted at the organically managed Rugballegård Research Station.
Ease of tillage is commonly extrapolated from measurement of tensile strength in a compression test using air-dry or oven-dry aggregates. This procedure may lead to erroneous conclusion on soil behaviour of moist soil in the field. Therefore a multi-level analytical strategy was followed, i.e., soil fragmentation and friability were characterized using qualitative and quantitative in situ, on-field and laboratory methods.
Soil fragmentation and friability were assessed in the field qualitatively by visual examination and quantitatively by employing a simple drop-shatter fragmentation test, denoted soil drop test. The energy input in the soil drop test was low in comparison with the energy input in typical seedbed cultivation. However, the soil drop test was sensitive enough to display significant differences between treatments in most cases. In the laboratory soil fragmentation and friability were evaluated by measuring tensile strength and specific rupture energy on field-sampled aggregates. In general, tensile strength was determined on air-dry aggregates and in some cases on aggregates adjusted to pressure potentials in the range -100 hPa to -166 MPa (air-dry). In addition, a direct tension test was developed to measure tensile strength of moist soil without making assumptions on the mode of failure. Undisturbed field-sampled soil cores were used in the test. The method was applicable at high matric potentials (-50 and -100 hPa) but not at -300 hPa. The direct tension test results corresponded well with the predicted values determined from the indirect measurements of aggregate tensile strength.
In general, a fairly good agreement was found between the different methods in the hierarchy of methods applied. This indicates that sophisticated laboratory methods for assessing soil strength and fragmentation characteristics may well be used for evaluating soil behaviour under conditions prevailing in the field at the time of tillage. Nevertheless, it is recommended that laboratory methods are evaluated by using simple field methods at times and soil conditions appropriate for tillage.
The friability index showed in general a low sensitivity to long- and short-term differences in soil management. However, a clear effect of soil water was found, i.e. maximum friability index values at -300 to -1000 hPa pressure potential.
The effect of soil water on tensile strength and specific rupture energy of aggregates and on estimation of friability was investigated. As expected the study revealed the paramount influence of soil water. Interactions between soil water regime and treatment were found for cropping system soils (DFG(2) vs. CCC) and the fertilization treatments (UNF, NPK and AM) but not for the compaction treatments (PAC vs. REF). It was concluded that it might be hazardous to characterize soil fragmentation and friability properties of different treatments based on measurements at a single pressure potential and significant influence of pore characteristics was detected. Macroporosity was found to correlate to tensile strength and friability index. However, a clear correlation between tensile strength properties and pore geometry characteristics (e.g. tortuousity and continuity) was not shown. This may be due to large small-scale variations in these properties, i.e. the samples for tensile strength determination were taken next to the samples for pore characterization.
Marked long-term effects of cropping systems and fertilization were found. For two neighbouring soils with a high input of organic matter, poorer soil mechanical characteristics were found for a soil with grass in the rotation (DFG(1)) than for a soil solely grown with annual crops (mainly cereals). This difference in strength and friability characteristics may be related to a higher amount of biological structural binding and bonding agents in the soil with grass included in the rotation. Two soils with high inputs of organic matter (DFG(2) and AM) displayed more desirable aggregate strength and soil fragmentation characteristics than their counterparts (CCC and UNF, respectively) receiving low inputs of organic matter. Evidence suggests that cementation of dispersed clay was a determining factor for the stronger increase in aggregate tensile strength with increased dryness (decreased pressure potential) found for the CCC and UNF soils receiving low inputs of organic matter compared with DFG(2) and AM.
An early-stage effect of non-inversion tillage treatment (NINV) resulted in a poorer soil tilth in the topsoil layer (i.e., higher soil strength and lower ease of fragmentation and friability index) than for a conventionally mouldboard ploughed soil (CONV). Surprisingly, the effect of tillage on topsoil tilth was clearer by the end of the growing season in September than in May. This indicates that natural soil processes occurring during the growing season were not able eliminate the differences between the primary tillage treatments.
Soil compaction (PAC) resulted in strongly increased aggregate tensile strength at all the investigated water regimes (i.e., pressure potentials: -100 hPa to -166 MPa) in comparison with a reference treatment (REF). Surprisingly, soil compaction did not significantly affect the specific rupture energy of the aggregates. This was related to a clear difference in the stress-strain relationship for the soils. Aggregates from the compacted soil failed at higher stress but at lower strain than aggregates from the reference soil (i.e., higher Young modulus, (Y/()). This was characteristic for all size-classes and at all pressure potentials.
The results obtained in this study indicate that the prediction of soil fragmentation from tensile strength properties of soil elements may be very complex. We need more basic understanding of the fragmentation of "unconfined" soil at the different size-scales (aggregates to bulk soil) and the correlation between the different scales in order to be able to predict soil fragmentation in tillage (mainly superficial tillage) from a priori information. More specifically, the role of soil biology and soil water and pore characteristics needs to be studied in further detail.
The development of new methods and the application of well-know methods to quantify soil fragmentation and friability of soil at conditions similar to soil conditions at tillage (including water content) has been a primary aim in this thesis. However, there is still a strong need to develop new methods and modify existing methods to quantify soil fragmentation and friability under controlled conditions.
This study shows that soil compaction and intensive tillage significantly influence soil fragmentation and friability. Increasingly heavier machinery and - to some extent - more intensive seedbed preparation (PTO-driven implements) are being used in Danish agriculture. A thorough evaluation of this development on soil fragmentation and friability is needed. Furthermore, the accumulated knowledge of soil fragmentation and tensile failure in soil ought to be implemented in the design of new tillage implements.
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
2002
Thesis
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/56/1/Lars_samle_syntese.pdf
Munkholm, Lars J. (2002) Soil Fragmentation and Friability. Effects of Soil Water and Soil Management. Thesis, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Department of Crop Physiology and Soil Science. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences.
oai:orgprints.org:57
2010-04-12T07:27:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/57/
Non-inverting Tillage: Early-Stage Effects on Soil Mechanical Behaviour
Munkholm, Lars J
Schjønning, Per
Rasmussen, Karl J
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Organic farmers often claim positive effects of non-inverting and reduced tillage systems. There is a need of quantifying tilth characteristics in the former plough layer of soil converted to such tillage systems. A non-inverting tillage system (NINV) was tested in a field experiment conducted on a Danish sandy loam soil. It included deep loosening and shallow intensive cultivation and was compared to a conventional ploughing-harrowing tillage system (CONV).
A hierarchical analytical procedure was applied in studies of soil fragmentation and soil strength characteristics for the 7-14 cm soil layer. A visual description was carried out and ease of fragmentation was evaluated in the field using a soil drop test. Soil strength was measured in the field with a cone penetrometer and a torsional shear box method, and in the laboratory using an annulus shear strength method. Tensile strength was determined in the laboratory on field-sampled aggregates.
The CONV treated soil displayed a higher ease of fragmentation in the field in May as well as in September. In general, aggregates from the NINV treated soil were stronger than aggregates from the CONV treatment. The soils had similar friability indices in May. In September, however, a higher friability index was found for the CONV treated soil (k=0.22 and 0.16, respectively for CONV and NINV). The NINV treated soil also displayed the highest soil strength.
The soil tilth was evaluated to be best in the CONV treated soil. Supposed meliorating actions during the growing season did not eliminate the differences between the treatments.
Morrison, J.E.
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/57/1/Istro.pdf
Munkholm, Lars J; Schjønning, Per and Rasmussen, Karl J (2000) Non-inverting Tillage: Early-Stage Effects on Soil Mechanical Behaviour. In: Morrison, J.E. (Ed.) CD-ROM: Proceedings 15th ISTRO Conference, Texas, June 2000, pp. 1-10. [Unpublished]
oai:orgprints.org:61
2014-07-24T10:40:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/61/
Soil mechanical behaviour of sandy loams in a temperate climate: case studies on long-term effects of fertilization and crop rotation.
Munkholm, Lars J.
Schjønning, Per
Petersen, Carsten T.
Composting and manuring
Soil quality
Production systems
Crop combinations and interactions
Soil tillage
Farming Systems
Two case studies on Danish sandy loams investigated long-term effects of fertilization and crop rotation. Case Study 1 compared a diversely cropped organically farmed soil (DFG(1)) with a conventionally farmed soil predominantly growing annual crops (DFA), both receiving animal manure. In Case Study 2, a diversely cropped organically managed soil DFG(2)) receiving animal manure was compared with an almost exclusively cereal cropped conventionally farmed soil receiving no animal manure (CCC). A multi-level experimental strategy was followed to compare integrating field methods with specialized laboratory methods. Ease of tillage was described in the field and characterized using a drop shatter field test and by measuring aggregate tensile strength. Fitness as a seedbed was characterised visually in the field and from the drop shatter test. Impedance to seedling emergence and root penetration was evaluated by measuring bulk soil shear strength. For Case Study 1, soil tilth was better for the DFA soil than for the DFG(1) soil (i.e. lower soil strength and higher ease of fragmentation and friability index for DFA). However, a crumbly structure and a moderate bulk density suggested that the DFG(1) soil was also a favourable medium for plant growth. For Case Study 2, the CCC soil had a lower organic matter content, higher bulk density, higher soil strength, and lower ease of fragmentation in comparison with the DFG(2) soil.
2001
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/61/1/Soil_mechanical.pdf
Munkholm, Lars J.; Schjønning, Per and Petersen, Carsten T. (2001) Soil mechanical behaviour of sandy loams in a temperate climate: case studies on long-term effects of fertilization and crop rotation. Soil Use and Management, 17, pp. 269-277.
oai:orgprints.org:107
2021-11-12T07:46:55Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
74797065733D626F6F6B
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/107/
Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones
Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian
Magid, Jacob
Jensen, Lars Stoumann
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Production systems
The review deals with the effects of nitrogen catch crops or green manures on the N dynamics of agricultural systems. The mechanisms of their effects are discussed, and it is discussed how they can be used to achieve the agricultural and environmental goals of N management.
Elsevier
2003
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/107/4/107.pdf
Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian; Magid, Jacob and Jensen, Lars Stoumann (2003) Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones. Elsevier, .
oai:orgprints.org:127
2010-04-12T07:27:15Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:35766567657461626C6573
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/127/
Catch Crops in Organic Farming Systems without Livestock Husbandry - Model Simulations
Müller, Dr. Torsten
Magid, Dr. Jakob
Jensen, Dr. Lars Stoumann
Nielsen, Dr. Niels Erik
Thorup-Kristensen, Dr. Kristian
Nutrient turnover
Production systems
Crop combinations and interactions
Vegetables
Soil biology
During the last years, an increasing number of stockless farms in Europe converted to organic farming practice without re-establishing a livestock. Due to the lack of animal manure as a nutrient input, the relocation and the external input of nutrients is limited in those organic cropping systems. The introduction of a one-year green manure fallow in a 4-year crop rotation, including clover-grass mixtures as a green manure crop is the classical strategy to solve at least some of the problems related to the missing livestock. The development of new crop rotations, including an extended use of catch crops and annual green manure (legumes) may be another possibility avoiding the economical loss during the fallow year.
Modelling of the C and N turnover in the soil-plant-atmosphere system using the soil-plant-atmosphere model DAISY is one of the tools used for the development of new organic crop rotations. In this paper, we will present simulations based on a field experiment with incorporation of different catch crops.
An important factor for the development of new crop rotations for stockless organic farming systems is the expected N mineralisation and immobilisation after incorporation of the plant materials. Therefore, special emphasise will be put on the simulation of N-mineralisation/-immobilisation and of soil microbial biomass N. Furthermore, particulate organic matter C and N as an indicator of remaining plant material under decomposition will be investigated.
International Union of Soil Science
Kheoruenromme, Dr. Irb
2002
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/127/1/0830.pdf
Müller, Dr. Torsten; Magid, Dr. Jakob; Jensen, Dr. Lars Stoumann; Nielsen, Dr. Niels Erik and Thorup-Kristensen, Dr. Kristian (2002) Catch Crops in Organic Farming Systems without Livestock Husbandry - Model Simulations. In: Kheoruenromme, Dr. Irb (Ed.) Conference Transactions, International Union of Soil Science, 830.1-830.9.
oai:orgprints.org:167
2010-04-12T07:27:17Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/167/
Estimating legume N2 fixation in a grass-clover mixture of grazed organic cropping systems using two 15N methods.
Vinther, Finn P.
Jensen, Erik S.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
The input of N through symbiotic N2 fixation (SNF) in grass-clover mixtures was determined in an organic cropping system for grazing during three years. The mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was established by undersowing in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maintained subsequently for two production years. Dinitrogen fixation was determined using the 15N isotope dilution techniques and two labelling procedures. Using either pre-labelling of the soil with immobilisation of the 15N by addition of a carbon source before establishment of the grass-clover mixture or adding the 15N labelled ammonium to the established crop, resulted in similar estimates of the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (pNdfa). However, the average coefficient of variance of the pNdfa values were significantly lower with the pre-labelling immobilisation method. The proportion of fixed N in the clover varied between 0.70 and 0.99 with the lowest values in the beginning and at the end of the growing season. The total amount of N fixed in the above-ground plant parts of the grass-clover mixture varied between 10.0 and 23.5 g N m-2 yr-1. The total input from N2 fixation in the rotation was between 30 and 50 g N m-2 yr-1 (above-ground plant parts only). This variation could be ascribed to differences in climatic conditions during the three years. The amount of N in grass-clover residues incorporated in the soil after the second production year ranged between 19.6 and 29.6 g N m-2, of which 52-66% was estimated to be derived from fixation. The amount of atmospherically derived N actually entering the soil in the grazed cropping system is discussed.
2000
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/167/2/vinther_and_Jensen_2000.pdf
Vinther, Finn P. and Jensen, Erik S. (2000) Estimating legume N2 fixation in a grass-clover mixture of grazed organic cropping systems using two 15N methods. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 78, pp. 139-147.
oai:orgprints.org:172
2010-04-12T07:27:17Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/172/
Spatial variability of symbiotic N2 fixation in grass-white clover pastures estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method and the natural 15N abundance method
Hansen, Jacob P.
Vinther, Finn P.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
Aiming at estimating the spatial variability in N2 fixation, and to evaluate the appropriateness of the 15N isotope dilution (ID) method and the natural 15N abundance (NA) method in reflecting spatial variability under the influence of cattle grazing, the symbiotic N2 fixation in grass-white clover mixture was studied. At the Foulum site, where the ID method was used, differences in the climatic conditions between the two years of investigations caused a considerable difference in plant growth rates and proportion of clover. Consequently, the total N2 fixation in ungrazed reference plots was significantly less in 1998 than in 1997, being 5.9 and 12.5 g N m-2, respectively. In both years there was a wide range in concentration of inorganic N in the soil with coefficients of variance of approximately 60 – 190% for ammonium and 70 – 340% for nitrate. Significant negative correlations between pNdfa, determined by the ID method, and the log-transformed values of inorganic N and total N in grass were found. The NA method was applied on 3 nearby commercial dairy farms. They also showed high coefficients of variation. The coefficient of variance for NO3--N ranged from 37% to 282% and for NH4+-N from 29% to 237%. Average estimates of pNdfa values, which in the NA method were calculated using apparent B values ranging from –2.10 to –2.59‰, were generally lower (0.7 – 0.87) for these farms than for the Foulum site (0.89 – 0.95) using the ID method. For the NA method the d15N values, i.e. deviation in 15N concentration from atmospheric N2, ranged from -7.0 to 5.7‰ for the grass N, which in several cases was lower than for clover N. Due to this high variability of the d15N values, probably caused by deposition and plant assimilation of 15N depleted urinary N in the pastures, the NA method was marginal for accurate determination of pNdfa. Consequently no significant correlation between the pNdfa determined by this method, and the log-transformed values of inorganic N in soil or total N in grass were found.
2001
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/172/1/Hansen_og_Vinther_2001.pdf
Hansen, Jacob P. and Vinther, Finn P. (2001) Spatial variability of symbiotic N2 fixation in grass-white clover pastures estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method and the natural 15N abundance method. Plant and Soil (230), pp. 257-266.
oai:orgprints.org:180
2022-01-28T10:58:25Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/180/
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and N-transfer in a
grass-white clover mixture
Vinther, Finn P.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
Symbiotic N2 fixation (SNF) and transfer of fixed N from clover to grass in a grass-white clover mixture was measured during two years using 15N isotope dilution techniques. White clover derived from 87 to 99% of its N from the atmosphere. The total SNF ranged from 150 to 277 kg N ha-1 yr-1, which corresponded to 34-45 mg N fixed per gram of white clover dry weight. The transfer of fixed N from clover to grass corresponded to approximately 10 kg N ha-1 yr-1.
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/180/1/N-fix_poster_Aalborg_2000.pdf
Vinther, Finn P. (2000) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and N-transfer in a grass-white clover mixture. In: Grassland Science in Europe, 5, pp. 415-417.
oai:orgprints.org:184
2010-04-12T07:27:18Z
oai:orgprints.org:185
2010-04-12T07:27:18Z
oai:orgprints.org:186
2012-10-29T11:51:45Z
oai:orgprints.org:187
2012-11-08T12:57:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/187/
Effect of different levels of collembolan grazing on interspecific competition between microfungi, decomposition of organic matter and bio-availability of nitrogen
Bach, Lisbet
Jørgensen, Helene B
Axelsen, Jørgen
Soil biology
The effect of selective grazing by a collembolan (Folsomia fimetaria) on the reproduction and ability to degrade wheat straw by 2 species of microfungi was measured. The experiment was performed with 3 different grazing pressures and a control without grazing. The 3 grazing pressures correspond to an initial density of 10.000, 20.000 or 100.000 collembolans/m2. The density cannot however be directly related to a field density, because the soil column was only approximately 2 cm high.
Results show that the most preferred fungus to F. fimetaria, Alternaria infectoria, were only affected in terms of reproduction at the highest grazing pressure of 30 collembolans (as initial density). Both respiration rates and the content of bio-available nitrogen in the microcosms containing A. infectoria either alone or in competition with Mucor hiemalis, at all grazing pressures, showed that the fungus was very resilient to grazing.
M. hiemalis reproduced most, respired most and retained most bio-available nitrogen at a grazing pressure of 6 F. fimetaria (initial density) compared to 3 or 30 collembolans as initial density. Apart from this there was no effect of collembolan grazing on reproduction.
The results suggest that A. infectoria and M. hiemalis are able to avoid competition in this study, as a result of different ecological strategies.
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/187/2/187.pdf
Bach, Lisbet; Jørgensen, Helene B and Axelsen, Jørgen (2002) Effect of different levels of collembolan grazing on interspecific competition between microfungi, decomposition of organic matter and bio-availability of nitrogen. , , . [Completed]
oai:orgprints.org:188
2010-04-12T07:27:18Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3977656564
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D7265706F7274
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/188/
Jordbearbejdning i økologisk jordbrug – pløjedybde og ikke-vendende jordløsning [Soil tillage in organic farming – ploughing depth and non-inversion deep tillage]
Schjønning, Per
Rasmussen, Karl J.
Munkholm, Lars J.
Nielsen, Peter S.
Soil quality
Weed management
Soil tillage
Soil biology
I perioden 1996 til 2000 gennemførtes et markforsøg med forskellige jordbearbejdnings-systemer på Den økologiske Forsøgsstation Rugballegaard. Forsøgsarealet blev omlagt til økologisk drift i forbindelse med projektets start i 1996. Undersøgelserne gennemførtes i et fem-marks skifte, der ligeledes blev kørt ind i forbindelse med projektet. Det drejer sig om et såkaldt blandet sædskifte med byg/ært m. udlæg, 1. års kløvergræs, 2. års kløvergræs, havre og vinterhvede. Forsøget blev anlagt i fem marker (B1-B5), hvilket indebærer, at alle skiftets afgrøder blev dyrket hvert år.
Fire forskellige jordbearbejdningssystemer blev undersøgt i et randomiseret blokforsøg med 4 blokke. De fire behandlinger omfattede to systemer med pløjning, nemlig led A med 20 cm pløjedybde og led B med 10-12 cm pløjedybde; hertil kom to systemer (C og D) med ikke-vendende løsning af jorden til 35-40 cm dybde. Til dette formål blev opbygget et specielt ud-styr i forbindelse med projektet. Der blev dog anvendt kommercielt tilgængelige gåsefod-stænder fra det tyske firma Dutzi. Disse blev monteret på en svær bulle, der også gav mulig-hed for ophængning af en Howard tandfræser. På denne var der monteret løftehitch, hvori en konventionel Nordsten slæbeskær-såmaskine kunne monteres. Forsøgsled C (’fuld’ Dutzi) omfattede en bearbejdning med hele denne ’ekvipage’ i én arbejdsgang, mens der i led D (’delt’ Dutzi) blev gennemført en separat bearbejdning med Dutzi-tænderne efterfulgt af så-ning med tandfræser og såmaskine. Omlægning af græsmarken skete for alle systemer med traditionel pløjning til 20 cm dybde.
Anvendelsen af Dutzi-udstyret krævede meget stor trækkraft og der var ikke nævneværdig mindskelse af dette ved at anvende løsnetænderne separat. Jordløsningen var i både C og D meget effektiv og gav anledning til en markant mindskelse af den mekaniske modstand i jordlaget fra ca. 20 til ca. 35 cm dybde, hvor der på arealet generelt fandtes en kompakt pløje-sål. Effekten på den mekaniske modstand i jorden viste sig at vedvare i minimum 2 år. Den ændrede jordfysiske tilstand gav forbedrede betingelser for bl.a. rodvækst og knoldbakterier (Rhizobium).
De undersøgte bearbejdningsmetoder gav ikke entydige ændringer i ukrudtstrykket. Generelt (for alle bearbejdninger) var der problemer med at styre ukrudtet i vinterhveden. En tendens til forøget ukrudtstryk i udlægsmarken efter Dutzi-behandling i forhold til pløjning gav ikke øgede problemer, idet forskellen udlignede sig ved høst af dæksæden som helsæd. Der var heller ikke entydige tendenser i bearbejdningernes indflydelse på udbyttet af afgrøderne. Der var en tendens til, at Dutzi-løsning gav et lidt højere råprotein-indhold i helsæds- og kløver-græsudbyttet end pløjning.
Både Dutzi-bearbejdningen og den overfladiske pløjning må betragtes som realistiske mulig-heder i et økologisk sædskifte som det undersøgte. En sikker konklusion om systemernes suc-ces vil kræve undersøgelser gennem mere end en rotation. Desuden kan resultaterne tænkes at være anderledes i andre sædskifter.
Ploven vil fortsat være nødvendig i mange økologiske jordbrug p.g.a. behovet for at nedmulde flerårige afgrøder og halm-rig staldgødning mm. I stedet for fuld overgang til ikke-vendende jordløsning, forekommer det realistisk at reducere pløjedybden til det mindst mulige og fore-tage en evt. påkrævet mekanisk løsning af dybere jordlag med maskinel, der bryder jorden op til den ønskede dybde uden at vende den. Her er Dutzi-tænderne (separat eller i forbindelse med et kombisæt) én af flere muligheder.
Der bør gennemføres forsøgsserier på forskellige jordtyper, hvor forskellige systemer testes med henblik på optimering af jordstruktur og biodiversitet i jorden, udbyttets størrelse og kvalitet, ukrudtsbekæmpelse samt med henblik på minimering af arbejdstid og forbrug af fos-silt brændstof. Sådanne undersøgelser bør dække de vigtigste kombinationer af jordtype, sæd-skifte og gødskningsstrategi mm. og gennemføres i så langt et tidsrum, at det er muligt at vur-dere de nævnte succeskriterier efter en nødvendig overgangsfase.
2002-11
Report
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/188/1/djfm82.pdf
Schjønning, Per; Rasmussen, Karl J.; Munkholm, Lars J. and Nielsen, Peter S. (2002) Jordbearbejdning i økologisk jordbrug – pløjedybde og ikke-vendende jordløsning [Soil tillage in organic farming – ploughing depth and non-inversion deep tillage]. DJF Rapport, Markbrug, no. 82. Danish Institute of Agricultural Science , Department of Crop Physiology and Soil Science.
oai:orgprints.org:210
2010-04-12T07:27:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
74797065733D746865736973
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/210/
Forbedring af jordkvaliteten efter jordpakning - er løsning løsningen?
Grossmann, Cand. agro. Freya
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Soil
Dette speciale beskæftiger sig med jordkvalitet i relation til jordpakning og jordløsninger. Opgavens kapitel 2 behandler definitioner på bæredygtighed og jordkvalitet, og giver tre forskergruppers bud på modelleringer. Modellerne er dog konceptuelle, idet de kun svært kan omsættes til matematiske modeller baseret på data fra praktisk landbrug. Larson og Pierce (1991) opstiller dog et forslag til hvilke målemetoder der skal anvendes i praksis for at undersøge jordkvaliteten. Omfanget af måle-arbejdet gør det realistisk at anvende metoderne i markskala, mens det er urealistisk på regionalt, nationalt og internationalt plan.
På det internationale plan er der til gengæld udviklet et indeks kaldet GLASOD, der kortlægger omfanget af menneskeskabt jorddegradering. Indekset er i dag det første overblik over problemerne med faldende jordkvalitet i global skala, og anvendes bl.a. som baggrundsmateriale for den nyligt fremlagte EU-strategi og i udkastet til en muldkonvention i FN-regi, der også præsenteres i kapitel 2. GLASOD har dog en del begrænsninger: Forskningen foregår kun i lille målestok og er derfor ikke velegnet for national skala. Derudover viser resultaterne kun de dårlige nyheder, hvilket er utilstrækkeligt til at vurdere jordens sande tilstand. Det er derfor nødvendigt med en lang række yderligere undersøgelser for at kunne fastsætte konkrete politikker på området.
Pga. kompleksiteten i problemet er det blevet besluttet at begrænse sig til fire overordnede degrade-ringstyper: Vand- og vinderosion samt fysisk og kemisk forringelse. Resultaterne indeholder også en vis visuel overdrivelse, idet hver polygon, der ikke er 100% stabil, viser en degraderingsfarve selvom kun 1-5% er påvirket, og så baseres data på fem klasser i stedet for på procenter.
Endvidere baserer resultaterne sig på ekspertvurderinger, hvormed de er kvalitative og (potentielt) subjektive, hvilket også er tilfældet for alle de definitioner og modeller der er præsenteret i afsnittet.
I kapitel 3 gås der i dybden med jordpakning, som er en af de væsentligste årsager til jorddegrade-ring i moderne landbrugsproduktion.
Jordpakning opstår, når tung trafik på jordoverfladen presser jorden porerne sammen, og problemet er stigende med vand- og lerindhold samt antallet af overkørsler, ligesom hjultype, aksel- og dæk-tryk har betydning.
De største traktorer har i dag akseltryk på op mod 20 tons, mejetærskere har ofte akseltryk over 50 tons, ligesom gyllevogne også skaber væsentlig jordpakning. Traktorer med et akseltryk på blot 5 tons kan give strukturskader ned til 35 cm. Pakningen er på sin vis proportional med akseltrykket, men jorden opnår en vis maksimalpakning, der så igen kan øges, hvis der sker overkørsel med tun-gere maskiner.
Endvidere muliggør de større maskiner trafik og jordbearbejdning på tidspunkter, hvor jorden er allermest sårbar overfor påvirkning, nemlig i forårs- og efterårsmånederne.
Jordens egenskaber opdeles traditionelt i fysiske, kemiske og biologiske faktorer, og ved jordpak-ning er det i første omgang de fysiske der påvirkes, idet der sker en forskydning i porevolumen, hvilket påvirker volumendensiteten, penetreringsmodstanden og jordstyrken, og dermed jordens infiltrationsevne, vandholdningskapacitet og dræning. Forskydningen i porevolumen bevirker også, at rodvækstmodstanden øges, luftskiftet og optagelsen af næringsstoffer nedsættes og at dette resul-terer i nedsatte udbytter, ligesom planternes skudsætning påvirkes negativt.
Mange organismer bebor jorden, og påvirker kvaliteten gennem deres livsprocesser. Deres aktivitet nedsættes betydeligt som følge af jordpakning pga. ændringen i luft- og vandindholdet. De er afgø-rende for jordens omsætning af organisk materiale, frigivelsen af næringsstoffer og for kvælstoffik-sering, og dermed er særligt det økologiske jordbrug påvirket af pakning.
Da jordpakning i væsentlig grad forringer jordens dyrkningsmæssige kvalitet, er det nærliggende at undersøge naturens evne til at genoprette skaderne. Flere forsøg påviser dog, at strukturskaderne varer i over 5-7 år, og det er derfor nødvendigt at undersøge forskellige mekaniske jordløsningers effekt på jorden og udbyttet. I afsnit 4 er der præsenteret forsøg hvor der har været anvendt grubbe-re, double-diggere og paraplove, som alle er udbredte i det mekaniserede landbrug, samt et forsøg med Dutzi-løsning i et økologisk sædskifte under danske forhold.
Endvidere er der præsenteret et forsøg med gennemgravning af jorden til 90 cm med en traktortruk-ken skraber, hvilket har givet væsentlige udbyttefremgang i forskellige grøntsager, kartofler og bønner, og forsøg med forskellige gravemaskiner, der dog viser uregelmæssige resultater på udbyt-tesiden.
I forbindelse med opgavens udførsel blev der også udført et forsøg med jordløsninger på Højbakke-gård. De undersøgte jordløsninger var grubning med en entandet grubber og dybdegravning til 90 cm med en rendegraver. Pløjning blev anvendt som reference.
Der blev som udgangspunkt anvendt to afgrøder i forsøget: Olieræddike og byg, men pga. ræddi-kens dårlige fremspiring blev den erstattet af vinterraps.
Dybdegravning gav som forventet den bedste løsning, målt i forhold til penetreringsmodstand, og stemte overens med litteraturen. Grubning gav en lavere penetreringsmodstand end pløjning i D30 og om foråret endvidere i D60. Målingerne på penetreringsmodstanden i foråret viste en tendens til, at grubberen løsnede mest i midten af parcellen, mens forskellene havde udlignet sig for efterårsmå-lingerne, idet effekten af grubberen i D60 og D90 var ophørt.
Trods det at gravningen gav den bedste løsning i dybden, gav metoden problemer med at etablere et godt såbed, hvorfor fremspiringen af olieræddike blev reduceret.
Der var en tendens til en dårligere fremspiring i de gravede parceller, mens de grubbede parceller havde den højeste fremspiringsprocent. Forskellene var dog ikke store nok til at være signifikante. Fremspiringen influerede også på reflektansmålingerne (figur 5.6.a.), hvor grubning fra starten af vækstsæsonen havde den højeste værdi efterfulgt af pløjning, der havde den næsthøjeste fremspi-ring.
Efter 54 dage lagde de gravede parceller afstand til grubningen, der til gengæld blev indhentet af pløjning i slutningen af måleperioden (81 dage), og trods den uens fremspiring gav alle parceller omtrent det samme udbytte.
De pløjede parceller havde den højeste tusindkornsvægt, mens denne ikke varierede for de løsnede. De løsnede parceller havde derfor enten flere planter (som grubning) eller også satte planterne flere aks. Dette synes at være tilfældet for de gravede parceller, der trods det lavere plantetal i starten af vækstperioden, nåede op på samme reflektansniveau med de pløjede og grubbede efter 54 dage. Dette viser, at de havde lige stor bladmasse/fotosynteseaktivitet på dette tidspunkt. Endvidere må de nødvendigvis have haft flere kerner pr. m2 end de pløjede parceller, der havde den højeste kerne-vægt.
For byg var der en sammenhæng mellem reflektans og udbytter, således at der ikke ved nogle af metoderne viste sig forskelle mellem jordbehandlingerne.
På baggrund af reflektansmålingerne kan konkluderes, at jordløsningerne har en positiv indflydelse på væksten af raps, og reflektansen blev fundet til at være afhængig af penetreringsmodstanden, således at en stigning på 1 MPa i penetreringsmodstanden gav en reduktion på 1,26 i reflektans.
Da der ikke var nogen forskelle mellem forårs- og efterårsmålingerne, kan det endvidere konklude-res, at hverken byg eller raps ikke viste nogen jordløsnende egenskaber over dyrkningssæsonen.
DJVB
2002-06
Thesis
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/210/1/endelig_version.doc
Grossmann, Cand. agro. Freya (2002) Forbedring af jordkvaliteten efter jordpakning - er løsning løsningen? Thesis, KVL , Sektion for Økologisk Jordbrug. DJVB.
oai:orgprints.org:302
2021-01-13T13:09:09Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/302/
Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau
Mäder, Paul
Fliessbach, Andreas
Dubois, David
Gunst, Lucie
Fried, Padruot
Niggli, Urs
Farming Systems
Soil biology
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Soil quality
Um die Effektivität landwirtschaftlicher Anbausysteme zu beurteilen, bedarf es eines Verständnisses der Agrarökosysteme. Eine 21-jährige Studie ergab 20 Prozent geringere Erträge bei ökologischen Anbausystemen gegenüber konventionellen, obgleich der Einsatz von Düngemitteln und Energie um 34 bis 53 Prozent und der von Pestiziden um 97 Prozent geringer war. Wahrscheinlich führen die erhöhte Bodenfruchtbarkeit und die größere biologische Vielfalt in den ökologischen Versuchsparzellen dazu, dass diese Systeme weniger auf Zufuhr von außen angewiesen sind.
Stiftung Oekologie & Landbau
2002-07
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/302/1/maeder-et-al-2002-oel-dok-science.pdf
Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padruot and Niggli, Urs (2002) Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau. [Soil fertilty and biodiversity in organic farming.] Oekologie & Landbau, 124, pp. 12-16.
oai:orgprints.org:305
2021-01-12T14:24:58Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/305/
Carbon Source Utilization by Microbial Communities in Soils under Organic and Conventional Farming Practice
Fliessbach, Andreas
Mäder, Paul
Farming Systems
Soil biology
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
In a long-term field trial in which organic and conventional agricultural systems were compared since 1978 we analyzed soil microbial biomass, microbial activity and substrate utilization patterns by the Biolog GN microplates. Microbial biomass and the Cmic -to-Corg ratio was distinctly higher in organic plots whilst the metabolic quotient qCO2 as an indicator of the energy requirement of soil microorganisms was lower. Substrate utilization profiles were affected by the different lon-term treatments, but also indicated differences of short-term effects like crop and soil management steps.
Springer-Verlag Berlin
Insam, Heribert
Rangger, Andrea
1997
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/305/1/Submeco_1997.pdf
Fliessbach, Andreas and Mäder, Paul (1997) Carbon Source Utilization by Microbial Communities in Soils under Organic and Conventional Farming Practice. In: Insam, Heribert and Rangger, Andrea (Eds.) Microbial Communities - Functional versus Structural Approaches. Springer-Verlag Berlin, pp. 109-120.
oai:orgprints.org:333
2010-04-12T07:27:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/333/
Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover
Christensen, B.T.
Soil quality
Physical fractionation is used increasingly to study the turnover of organic matter in soil. This essay links the methods of fractionation to concepts of turnover by defining levels of structural and functional complexity that refer to experimentally verifiable pools of organic matter in the soil.
Physical fractionation according to size and density of soil particles emphasizes the importance of interactions between organic and inorganic soil components in the turnover of organic matter. It allows the separation of free and occluded uncomplexed organic matter and of primary and secondary organomineral complexes. This methodological approach recognizes that the overall regulation of decomposer activity is through the structure of soil, which determines gas exchange, the availability of substrates and water, and the transport of solutes.
Results from physical fractionations suggest three levels of structural and functional complexity in the turnover of organic matter in soil. Primary organomineral complexes isolated from fully dispersed soil account for the primary level of complexity. The clay, silt and sand sized complexes are seen as the basic units in soil, surface reactions between substrates, organisms and minerals being main regulatory mechanisms. Secondary complexes reflect the degree of aggregation of primary organomineral complexes and refer to the second level of complexity. Physical protection of uncomplexed organic matter and soil organisms and the creation of gas and moisture gradients are emergent features regulating the turnover at this level of complexity. The structurally intact soil (the soil in situ) constitutes the third level of complexity. This integrates the effects of primary and secondary complexes. Emergent structural features associated with this level are resource islands, macropores, roots, mesofauna, tillage and soil compaction, the corresponding functional features being related to the transport and exchange of solutes and gasses, and the spatial distribution and comminution of litters and uncomplexed organic matter. Thus, a thorough understanding of the turnover and storage of organic matter in soil can be acquired only by considering all levels of complexity in the decomposition subsystem.
2001-09
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/333/1/Physical_fractionation_orgprints.pdf
Christensen, B.T. (2001) Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover. European Journal of Soil Science, 52 (3), pp. 345-353.
oai:orgprints.org:337
2010-04-12T07:27:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/337/
Isolation and characterization of labile organic phosphorus pools in soils from the Askov long-term field experiments
Guggenberger, Georg
Christensen, Bent T.
Rubæk, Gitte H.
Soil quality
Labile soil organic phosphorus (Po) plays a crucial role in plant P nutrition and in environmental eutrophication. This paper discusses recent studies on the nature of labile soil Po and its response to different fertilization practices. Soil material was obtained from the Askov long-term experiment on animal manure and mineral fertilizers. Our analytical approach combined a macroporous anion exchange resin to isolate labile Po and 31P NMR spectroscopy to assess the chemical composition and origin of NaOH-extractable Po. The analyses were carried out on fine earth (<2 mm) and particle-size fractions. The results suggest that the resin extraction isolates an active pool of soil Po that consists primarily of microbially-derived compounds. The size of the active Po pool reflects seasonal variations and P fertilization. However, the source of added P (NPK vs. animal manure) appears to have only little influence on the labile Po. Our results further suggest that most of the active soil Po is associated with clay sized separates (<2 μm), indicating this fraction being important in the short-term turnover of Po.
2000
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/337/1/Organic_phosphorus_pools.pdf
Guggenberger, Georg; Christensen, Bent T. and Rubæk, Gitte H. (2000) Isolation and characterization of labile organic phosphorus pools in soils from the Askov long-term field experiments. Journal of Plant Nutrition & Soil Science, 163 (1), pp. 151-155.
oai:orgprints.org:339
2010-04-12T07:27:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/339/
Hvad forstås ved begrebet jordens frugtbarhed
Christensen, Bent T.
Soil quality
Jordens frugtbarhed afhænger af et komplekst samspil mellem naturgivne og menneskeskabte forhold. En karakterisering af jordens frugtbarhed kræver bestemmelse af flere nøgleparametres udvikling over tid. Begrebet jordens frugtbarhed kan meningsfyldt defineres som jordens evne til vedvarende at understøtte en landbrugsmæssig planteproduktion, der er forsvarlig med hensyn til omfang, kvalitet, rentabilitet og påvirkning af det omgivende miljø. Jordens frugtbarhed vil således være påvirket af driftsform og planteproduktionens teknologiske og økonomiske rammer.
2000-12
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/339/1/Jordens_frugtbarhed.pdf
Christensen, Bent T. (2000) Hvad forstås ved begrebet jordens frugtbarhed. Tidsskrift for Landøkonomi, 187 (4), pp. 276-279.
oai:orgprints.org:424
2014-06-25T08:31:19Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/424/
Soil organic matter and soil quality - lessons learned from long-term experiments at Askov and Rothamsted
Christensen, B.T.
Johnston, A.E.
Soil quality
The various elements of an arable cropping system, such as crop type and cultivar, soil tillage, crop protection measures, use of mineral fertilizers and animal manure, crop-residue disposal, and addition of town-derived organic refuses all interact in a complex manner with basic soil properties (texture and mineralogy), and this interaction determines the general productivity of the cropping system. The same elements also influence soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, some more than others. The SOM holds large pools of organically bound plant nutrients, which, through mineralization, may become available for crop uptake or loss from the soil-plant system through leaching or gaseous losses. Additionally, SOM is important to both soil structure and the potential for soil erosion, to sorption of mobile plant nutrients and retention of pesticides, and to the CO2 balance between agroecosystems and the atmosphere. Thus SOM levels and turnover rates are intimately linked to soil properties of importance in maintaining an economically and environmentally sustainable agricultural production, and thereby also to soil quality.
Based on results from long-term field experiments conducted at Askov and Rothamsted experimental stations, we present in this chapter some of the lessons learned in relation to the role of SOM. We focus on the effects of cropping, applications of mineral fertilizers and animal manure, and crop-residue disposal on SOM levels, and on the effect of SOM on crop yields and certain soil properties. The presentation is by no means exhaustive but exemplifies the research potential of long-term experiments.
Elsevier Science
Gregorich, E.G.
Carter, M.R.
1997
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/424/1/Soil_organic_matter_and_quality.pdf
Christensen, B.T. and Johnston, A.E. (1997) Soil organic matter and soil quality - lessons learned from long-term experiments at Askov and Rothamsted. In: Gregorich, E.G. and Carter, M.R. (Eds.) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Developments in soil science, no. 25. Elsevier Science, pp. 399-430.
oai:orgprints.org:483
2010-04-12T07:27:30Z
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/483/
Er kamme et alternativ til pløjning?
Bugge Henriksen, Christian
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil tillage
På Landbohøskolen arbejder vi med et alternativt jordbearbejdningssystem, hvor man i stedet for at pløje hypper jorden op i kamme om efteråret. Opsætning af kamme hvor det øverste jordlag lægges ind i kammen er en langt mere skånsom jordbehandling end pløjning hvor jorden vendes rundt. I forhold til andre former for pløjefri dyrkning har kamme den umiddelbare fordel, at de giver bedre mulighed for at indarbejde husdyrgødning og afgrøderester i jorden, ligesom de giver bedre mulighed for at bekæmpe ukrudtet mekanisk. Vores foreløbige resultater viser desuden at kamme rummer muligheder for at reducere udvaskningen af kvælstof og øge omsætningen af organisk stof.
I det nystartede projekt (CARMINA) undersøger vi mulighederne for at få dyrknings-systemer med kamme til at fungere i praksis. I forskellige markforsøg undersøger vi effekten af at kombinere kamme og fangafgrøder, placering af efterårsudbragt husdyrgødning i kammen samt dybe jordløsninger i dyrkningssystemer med kamme.
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/483/1/SEMINAR2000.pdf
Bugge Henriksen, Christian (2000) Er kamme et alternativ til pløjning? Speech at: Det Kgl. Danske Landhusholdningsselskabs Akademiråds efterårsseminar, Foulum, Denmark, November 8. 2000.
oai:orgprints.org:484
2010-04-12T07:27:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/484/
Kamme - et alternativ til pløjning?
Christian Bugge, Henriksen
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Crop husbandry
På Landbohøjskolen arbejder vi på at udvikle et jordbearbejdningssystem, der er tænkt som et alternativ til pløjning. Det er baseret på kamme. Systemet er inspireret af Kemink Exact Jordbehandlingssystemet, som kendetegnes ved kamme, faste kørespor og dybe jordløsninger.
Det Kgl. Danske Landhusholdningsselskab
P. Dam, Hans
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/484/1/KAMME.pdf
Christian Bugge, Henriksen (2000) Kamme - et alternativ til pløjning? In: P. Dam, Hans (Ed.) Tidsskrift for Landøkonomi, Det Kgl. Danske Landhusholdningsselskab, 187 (4), pp. 311-314.
oai:orgprints.org:545
2021-01-12T11:12:37Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/545/
Mineralization and microbial assimilation of 14C-labeled straw in soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems
Fliessbach, Andreas
Mäder, Paul
Niggli, Urs
Production systems
Soil biology
An incubation experiment on straw decomposition was carried out with soils from a long-term field trial at Therwil, Switzerland. Two conventional agricultural systems, one with (CONFYM) and one without manure, an organic system managed according to bio-dynamic farming practice (BIODYN) and an unfertilized control were compared. CONFYM received stacked manure and an additional mineral fertilizer. BIODYN received composted farmyard manure and no mineral fertilizers. Both systems received the same amount of manure based on 1.4 livestock units haˇ1. The aim of the investigation was to explain the large differences in soil microbial biomass and activity between the systems, especially between the manured soils. Di€erences in microbial C-utilization effciency were suggested to be the main reason. We followed the decomposition of 14C-labeled plant material over a period of 177 days under controled incubation conditions. Prior to incubation, microbial biomass was 75% higher and qCO2 up to 43% lower in the BIODYN soil than in the conventional soils. At the end of the incubation period, 58% of the applied plant material was mineralized to CO2 in the BIODYN soil compared to 50% in the other soils. This difference became signifcant 2 weeks after application of plant material and is suggested to be due to decomposition of more recalcitrant compounds. After addition of plant material, the increase of microbial biomass in the unmanured systems was higher than in the manured systems, but with a higher loss rate thereafter. The amount of 14C incorporated into Cmic as related to 14CO2 evolved was markedly higher in the BIODYN soil. The results support the hypothesis that agricultural measures applied to the BIODYN system invoke a higher efciency of the soil microbial community with respect to substrate use for growth.
Elsevier
2000
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/545/1/fliessbach-et-all-2000-microbial-assimilation.pdf
Fliessbach, Andreas; Mäder, Paul and Niggli, Urs (2000) Mineralization and microbial assimilation of 14C-labeled straw in soils of organic and conventional agricultural systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 32, pp. 1131-1139.
oai:orgprints.org:547
2010-04-12T07:27:32Z
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D70726F6A656374
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/547/
Projekt Oekologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (POEB)
Hampl, Ulrich
Soil
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Mit dem Ziel, ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftungsverfahren zu erforschen, zu demonstrieren, und das erarbeitete Wissen in Praxis und Beratung weiterzugeben, wurde 1994 in der Nähe von Mainz das auf zehn Jahre angelegte Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung gestartet. Das Projekt wird hauptsächlich durch das Land Rheinland-Pfalz finanziert und gemeinsam von der Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau (SÖL), Bad Dürkheim und der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz (LPP), Mainz durchgeführt.
1994
Project description
NonPeerReviewed
text/html
en
/id/eprint/547/1/poeb_ueber_e.html
{Project} Projekt Oekologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (POEB). Runs 1994 - 2004. Project Leader(s): Hampl, Ulrich, Stiftung Oekologie und Landbau (SOEL) .
oai:orgprints.org:551
2010-04-12T07:27:32Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/551/
Efterafgrøder med mange formål
Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian
Nutrient turnover
Production systems
Soil biology
Short article about the use of catch crops for many purposes in organic farming.
2003
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/551/1/efterafgr_klumme.pdf
Thorup-Kristensen, Kristian (2003) Efterafgrøder med mange formål. Økologisk Jordbrug, 2003, 23 (285), p. 6.
oai:orgprints.org:573
2024-01-17T13:42:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:35656D697373696F6E73
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/573/
Organic Agriculture and the Environment
Alfoeldi, Thomas
Fliessbach, Andreas
Geier, Uwe
Kilcher, Lukas
Niggli, Urs
Pfiffner, Lukas
Stolze, Matthias
Willer, Helga
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Soil quality
Air and water emissions
Conclusion of chapter 2: "Organic Farming and the Environment"
7 Conclusion
The findings of this study show that organic farming provides a wide range of environmental services. The main results may be summarised as follows:
1. Organic matter content is usually higher in organically managed soils indicating a higher fertility and stability of organic soils, thus reducing the risk of erosion.
2. Organically farmed soils have significantly higher biological activity and a higher total mass of micro-organisms. As a consequence of the higher activity of micro-organisms, in organically managed soils nutrients are recycled faster and soil structure is improved.
3. Organic farming poses no risk of ground and surface water pollution through synthetic pesticides. Nitrate leaching rates per hectare are significantly lower in organic farming compared to conventional farming systems.
4. With respect to energy consumption organic farming is performing better than conventional farming on a per hectare scale.
5. The diversity of cultivated species and of agricultural genetic resources is higher in organic farming.
6. Floral and faunal biodiversity on organic land is higher than on conventional land. Furthermore a higher number of endangered and rare species are present.
7. Organic farming offers vast food resources for beneficial arthropods and birds, thus contributing to natural pest control.
8. With respect to pollinators we concluded that organic farming contributes to their conservation and survival, as organic farming does not use synthetic chemical pesticides or herbicides and enhances ecosystem diversity.
9. Organic farming systems have positive effects on ecosystem diversity and can thus contribute to positive landscape development. Combining semi-natural habitats with organic farming results in synergistic effects on agricultural land and thus contributes to species richness.
10. Organic farming enables ecosystems to better adjust to the effects of climate change and offers a major potential to reduce the emissions of agricultural greenhouse gases.
11. Organic agricultural strategies comprises recycling of organic matter and tightening internal nutrient cycles, thus contributing to carbon sequestration.
12. Organic farming techniques bear potentials to improve soil fertility, soil structure and moisture retention capacity and thus provide solutions to the problems associated with desertification.
As a final assessment we conclude that organic farming leads to more favourable conditions at all environmental levels. Organic farming counteracts resource depletion (water, energy, nutrients), contributes positively to the problems associated with climate change and desertification and can help to maintain and enhance biodiversity at a global scale.
Scientific evidence of the environmental benefits of organic farming for the Southern hemisphere is rare, but from many practical experiences may be assumed that the points listed above also apply to the tropics and subtropics. More research on the environmental services and benefits of organic farming in this part of the world is urgently needed.
Abstract of Full Publication "Organic agriculture, environment and food security"
Organic agriculture is defined as an environmentally and socially sensitive food supply system. This publication examines its many facets, looking at the contribution of organic agriculture to ecological health, international markets and local food security. It builds on empirical experiences throughout the world and analyses the prospects for a wider adoption of organic agriculture. Numerous scenarios depicted in this publication represent the millions of people from all social and economic backgrounds who have adopted this new agrarian ethic on the integrity of food. An introduction to the general concepts of organic agriculture includes an overview of its agronomic, economic, social and institutional performance. Further, the publication presents scientific evidence of the impact of organic agriculture on environmental goods and services and offers an evaluation of its possible contribution to the implementation of international environmental agreements. It also reviews the current status, trends and prospective development of certified organic agriculture production and trade. The important contribution of resource-poor peasants and indigenous farmers to non-certified organic agriculture is highlighted and reviewed. Specific examples of how organic agriculture improves agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods are presented, along with lessons for scaling up positive experiences. The emerging sector of organic aquaculture is described, and its potential is discussed. Finally, case studies from Brazil, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Thailand and Uganda show how traditional knowledge, social mobilization and agro-ecological approaches have been used to restore degraded natural resources while producing food. The small farmers who seek fully integrated food systems are given recognition throughout the publication. They, along with the consumers who are creating market-based incentives for ecological management of agricultural systems, are at the centre of the “organic movement”. The publication discusses the weakness of institutional support for nurturing existing knowledge and exchange in organic agriculture, support that could further enhance organic agriculture’s positive impact on the natural and human environments.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation (FAO), Rome
El-Hage Scialabba, Nadia
Caroline, Hattam
2002
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
text/html
en
/id/eprint/573/1/y4137e02.htm
rtf
en
/id/eprint/573/2/alfoeldi-et-al-2002-oa-and-environment.doc
Alfoeldi, Thomas; Fliessbach, Andreas; Geier, Uwe; Kilcher, Lukas; Niggli, Urs; Pfiffner, Lukas; Stolze, Matthias and Willer, Helga (2002) Organic Agriculture and the Environment. In: El-Hage Scialabba, Nadia and Caroline, Hattam (Eds.) Organic agriculture, environment and food security. Environment and Natural Resources Series, no. 4. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation (FAO), Rome, chapter 2.
oai:orgprints.org:603
2010-04-12T07:27:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/603/
Wie die Humusentwicklung langfristig sichern?
Raupp, Dr Joachim
Production systems
Soil biology
Composting and manuring
The article underlines the importance of humus maintenance in organic farming and describes some important agronomic tools to achieve it based on long-term field experiments. The particular role of farmyard manure is discussed compared to other fertilizers. Effects of different crop rotation systems and of biodynamic preparations are also described.
Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau (SÖL), Bad Dürkheim
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/603/1/oela02.pdf
Raupp, Dr Joachim (2002) Wie die Humusentwicklung langfristig sichern? Ökologie & Landbau (4), pp. 9-11.
oai:orgprints.org:635
2010-04-12T07:27:36Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/635/
Manure fertilization for soil organic matter maintenance and its effects upon crops and the environment, evaluated in a long-term trial
Raupp, Dr Joachim
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
Composting and manuring
The effects upon soil organic matter and crop yield of applying farmyard manure, both with and without biodynamic preparations, as compared to treatments receiving mineral fertilizer (and straw) have been studied in a field trial starting in 1980. The site has a sandy orthic luvisol, 590 mm precipitation per year and 9.5̊ C annual mean temperature. Since 1985/86, crop rotation is red clover, spring wheat, potatoes and winter rye. Soil organic matter (SOM) content in the topsoil has been found to be higher with manure than with mineral fertilization. The highest SOM content of 1.00 % Corg has been observed in the treatment with biodynamic preparations. Increasing applications gave higher SOM contents only with manure, but not with mineral fertilization. SOM levels in all treatments have been fairly constant for more than 10 years. Crop yield does not show the same pattern as SOM content. Winter rye has 33 % higher yields (37.7 instead of 28.3 dt ha-1) and potatoes have 10 % higher yields (271 instead of 247 dt ha-1) with mineral as compared to manure fertilization. Spring wheat has the same yield with all types of fertilizer (approx. 40 dt ha-1). Biodynamic preparations increased potato yields by 15 dt ha-1 (6%) on average over all years. In spring wheat yield stability is greater, i.e. fluctuation over the years is smaller, with manure than with mineral fertilization.
CABI Publishing
Rees, PhD R.M.
Ball, PhD B.C.
Campbell, PhD C.D.
Watson, PhD C.A.
2001
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/635/1/0851994652Ch4.10.pdf
Raupp, Dr Joachim (2001) Manure fertilization for soil organic matter maintenance and its effects upon crops and the environment, evaluated in a long-term trial. In: Rees, PhD R.M.; Ball, PhD B.C.; Campbell, PhD C.D. and Watson, PhD C.A. (Eds.) Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter. CABI Publishing, chapter 4.10, pp. 301-308.
oai:orgprints.org:643
2010-04-12T07:27:36Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:726F6F7463726F7073
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:35766567657461626C6573
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D37666F6F64:327365637572697479
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:37706C616E746272656564
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:346D6574686F6473
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D7265706F7274
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/643/
Arbeitsbericht 2002 [Annual Report 2002]
Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung e.V., DE-Darmstadt
Root crops
Vegetables
Crop health, quality, protection
Composting and manuring
Food security, food quality and human health
Soil quality
Breeding, genetics and propagation
Specific methods
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Dokumentation der Forschungsprojekte u.a. Aktivitäten am IBDF in 2002.
2003
Report
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/643/1/ibdf02.pdf
Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung e.V., DE-Darmstadt (2003) Arbeitsbericht 2002 [Annual Report 2002]. Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung, Darmstadt e.V. .
oai:orgprints.org:644
2010-04-12T07:27:36Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:726F6F7463726F7073
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:35766567657461626C6573
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D37666F6F64:327365637572697479
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:37706C616E746272656564
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D7265706F7274
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/644/
Arbeitsbericht 2001 [Annual report 2001]
Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung e.V., DE-Darmstadt
Root crops
Vegetables
Crop health, quality, protection
Farming Systems
Composting and manuring
Soil quality
Nutrient turnover
Food security, food quality and human health
Breeding, genetics and propagation
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Dokumentation der Forschungsaktivitäten des Instituts für Biologisch-Dynmische Forschung e.V. im Jahr 2001.
2002
Report
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/644/1/ibdf_01.pdf
Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung e.V., DE-Darmstadt (2002) Arbeitsbericht 2001 [Annual report 2001]. Institut für Biologisch-Dynamische Forschung e.V., Darmstadt .
oai:orgprints.org:678
2010-04-12T07:27:37Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:346D6574686F6473:32696E64696361746F7273
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:39656475636174696F6E:357472616E73666572
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:346D6574686F6473
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D626F6F6B
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/678/
Bodenbearbeitung und Bodengesundheit. Zwischenergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung in Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rheinhessen, Rheinland-Pfalz) [Soil cultivation and soil health - first results of the project "ecological soil management" (POEB) in Woerrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate/Germany)]
Soil quality
Indicators and other value-laden measures
Soil tillage
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Technology transfer
Specific methods
Soil biology
Das Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) dient der Erforschung und Demonstration von Bodenbewirtschaftungsverfahren, die die Erhaltung des Gleichgewichtes und die ökologischen Funktionsfähigkeit von Agrarökosystemen über unsere Generation hinaus gewährleisten sollen.
1. Methoden
Die komplexen Zusammenhänge des Ökosystems Boden sind nach wie vor nur zu einem Bruchteil erforscht, erschweren Messungen und Interpretationen. Deshalb war die Entwicklung von Methoden zur komplexen Bodenbeurteilung von Anfang an eine der wichtigsten Projektaufgaben.
Zentral war die Modifizierung der Spatendiagnose nach GÖRBING zur wissenschaftlich auswertbaren Erweiterten Spatendiagnose durch Andrea Beste im Zuge ihrer Dissertation (BESTE 2002) Auch die methodische Fortentwicklung von Verfahren zur Mesofauna-Erfassung ist ein Beitrag des Projekts zur wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung über Bodenleben in ökologisch bewirtschafteten Ackerböden. (KUSSEL in SOEL 1995-2000).
2. Niederschläge und Temperatur
Im üblicherweise sommertrockenen Rheinhessen waren in den ersten sechs Jahren sehr große Klimaschwankungen zu verzeichnen: Das bisher feuchteste Jahr war 1995 mit 648 mm Niederschlag, während im bisher trockensten Jahr 1997 436 mm Niederschlag gemessen wurde. Im kältesten Jahr 1996 betrug die Temperatur 7,9°C im Mittel, während das wärmste Jahr 1999 die Durchschnittstemperatur von 10,7°C aufwies.
3. Erträge
Die Erträge waren zu Versuchsbeginn nach vorheriger intensiver konventioneller Bewirtschaftung noch sehr hoch (Winterweizen über 60dt/ha), sanken dann aber ohne jegliche Düngung (außer Gründüngung) sehr schnell auf mittlere Werte des ökologischen Anbaus.
Die konsequent nichtwendende Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Schichtengrubber zeigt vor allem bei den Sommerkulturen eine Tendenz zu niedrigeren Erträgen im Vergleich zu Schichtenpflug und Pflug. Die Ursache wird im höheren Samenunkrautdruck dieser konservierenden Bodenbearbeitung vermutet, wie es bei nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung bekannt ist.
Der eigentliche Untersuchungs- und Demonstrationsgegenstand des Projektes ist jedoch nicht die Ertragsoptimierung, sondern die langfristige Sicherung der Bodengesundheit durch ökologische Anbauverfahren.
4. Auswirkungen auf den Boden
4.1 Beikrautflora
OESAU und EYSEL dokumentieren bis zu 20% höhere Deckungsgrade durch Beikräuter bei den nichtwendenden Bearbeitungsverfahren.
Hierzu geben die bisherigen Ergebnisse verschiedener Untersuchungen Auskunft. OESAU dokumentiert die Erhöhung der Artenvielfalt der Beikrautflora durch eine Steigerung von 35 Arten bei Projektbeginn auf 80 Arten im Jahre 2000. Dies stellt eine für Rheinhessen ungewöhnlich hohe Anzahl dar, wo die typischen Werte bei sieben bis zehn Arten pro Ackerfläche liegen.
Die Art der Bodenbearbeitung beeinflusst die Anzahl der Arten von Beikräutern nicht signifikant.
4.2 Bodenchemie, Bodenbiologie und Bodenphysik
Die bodenchemischen Parameter zeigen wie erwartet im bisherigen Versuchszeitraum keine großen Veränderungen. Mit Ausnahme des zunehmenden Kohlenstoffgehalts, der eine Humusvermehrung bei reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung anzeigt, verändern sich die pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphor- und Kaligehalte kaum. Eine vorsichtige Nährstoffbilanzrechnung von EMMERLING (2002 in diesem Band) ergibt eine ausgeglichene Stickstoffbilanz sowie eine P-Abfuhr unter 15 kg/ha/a sowie eine K-Abfuhr von ca. 20 kg/ha/a.
Deutlich wirkt sich jedoch die Variation der Grundbodenbearbeitung auf bodenbiologische Parameter aus: Bezogen auf die gesamte Krume ermittelt EMMERLING (2002, in diesem Band) nach sechs Versuchsjahren zwischen sieben und zehn Prozent höhere Gehalte an mikrobieller Biomasse sowie um sechs bis acht Prozent erhöhte Aktivitäten der Bodenmikroorganismen. Auch LENZ (1999) ermittelt höhere mikrobielle Aktivitäten bei nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung.
Interessanterweise lässt sich sogar eine Erhöhung des Humusgehalts in der Ackerkrume bei reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung signifikant nachweisen (EMMERLING 2002 in diesem Band).
Die größeren Bodenlebewesen reagieren ebenfalls deutlich mit einer höheren Individuenzahl auf flach- bzw. nichtwendende Bodenbearbeitung: Die Abundanzen der Regenwürmer und auch die Individuenanzahl der Mesofauna nehmen zu, je weniger der Boden gewendet wird. HEIBER (in Vorbereitung) konstatiert eine höhere Fraßaktivität der Mesofauna bei nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung.
Die bodenphysikalischen Werte, die sich in der Erweiterten Spatendiagnose zu einem abgerundeten Bild des Bodenzustands formen, bestätigen ebenfalls die bodenschonende Wirkung von flach- bzw. nichtwendenden Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren: Die Schichtengrubbervarianten ergeben eine deutlich höhere Stabilität der Bodenaggregate (Krümelstabilität) im Schlämmtest mit Wasser, was vermutlich auf die Lebendverbauung durch Mikroorganismen zurückzuführen ist (HAMPL ET AL 2001). Ein gleichmäßigerer Anstieg der Abscherwiderstände in der Tiefe sowie höhere Infiltrationsraten von Wasser unterstreichen diese strukturkonservierende Wirkung von nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung (VOIGT 1998).
4.5 Spross- und Wurzelentwicklung
Untersuchungen zu Spross- und Wurzelentwicklung der Kultur- und Gründüngungspflanzen sollen das Zusammenspiel Boden-Bodenleben-Pflanzen dokumentieren. PLÜMER (2002, in diesem Band) stellt tendenziell höhere Wurzeldichten bei reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung fest.
5. Ausblick
Die Untersuchungen der restlichen Projektphase sollen die Dokumentation der Bodenentwicklung komplettieren und Entscheidungshilfen für den Einsatz von Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren liefern.
Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz
Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2002
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/678/1/678-hampl-u-2002-poeb-zwischenbericht.pdf
Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz and Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim (Eds.) (2002) Bodenbearbeitung und Bodengesundheit. Zwischenergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung in Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rheinhessen, Rheinland-Pfalz) [Soil cultivation and soil health - first results of the project "ecological soil management" (POEB) in Woerrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate/Germany)]. Schriftenreihe der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz, no. 13. Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim.
oai:orgprints.org:688
2010-04-12T07:27:37Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/688/
Untersuchungen zur Wurzeldynamik in einer fünfgliedrigen Ackerfruchtfolge bei wendender und nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Landbau - Erste Ergebnisse
Plümer, Tanja
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Soil biology
Seit der Vegetationsperiode 1998/1999 werden Untersuchungen zur Durchwurzelung des Bodens und des Bodengefüges auf den Versuchsflächen des „Projektes Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung“ durchgeführt. Dabei sind eventuelle Unterschiede durch die drei Bearbeitungsvarianten Pflug, Schichtenpflug und Schichtengrubber von zentralem Interesse. Es stellt sich weiterhin die Frage, inwieweit die Grünbrache und Zwischenfrüchte, die nach Ernte der Hauptkulturfrüchte folgen, durch ihre Wurzelleistung den Boden regenerieren und vermehrt mit Energie versorgen.
Die Wurzelleistung der Grüngemenge innerhalb der Fruchtfolge mit ihrer Auswirkung auf die Bodenstruktur kann durch die angewandten Methoden (Erweiterte Spatendiagnose nach HAMPL & KUSSEL (1994), Bohrkernbruchmethode nach HELLRIEGEL, Wurzelbonitur auf Grundlage der Arbeiten von A. BESTE (1996) und G. BÖCK (1997)) dokumentiert werden. Eine Verbesserung der Wurzelleistung durch konservierende Bodenbearbeitungsmethoden (Schichtenpflug, Schichtengrubber) deutet sich an. Eine differenzierte Interpretation der Auswirkungen der Bodenbearbeitungsmethoden auf die Wurzeldynamik wird erst nach Auswertung aller Ergebnisse möglich sein.
Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2002
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/688/1/pluemer-t-2002-poeb-wurzel.pdf
Plümer, Tanja (2002) Untersuchungen zur Wurzeldynamik in einer fünfgliedrigen Ackerfruchtfolge bei wendender und nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Landbau - Erste Ergebnisse. In: Bodenbearbeitung und Bodengesundheit. Zwischenergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung in Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rheinhessen, Rheinland-Pfalz). Schriftenreihe der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz Mainz, no. 13 (2002). Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim, pp. 84-104.
oai:orgprints.org:711
2010-04-12T07:27:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/711/
Wie muss Boden bewirtschaftet werden, damit seine ökologische Funktionsfähigkeit langfristig erhalten bleibt? [How does soil need to be managed to maintain its long-term ecological functioning?]
Beste, Andrea
Soil quality
Der Beitrag diskutiert die Nachhaltigkeit der Bodennutzung. Ausgehend von den verschiedenen Funktionen von Boden (Lebensraumfunktion, Regelungsfunktion, Produktionsfunktion, Trägerfunktion, Kulturfunktion) werden Maßnahmen zur Förderung einer gesunden Bodenstruktur im ökologischen Landbau (Fruchtfolgen, Düngung, mechanische Bodenbearbeitung) dargestellt.
1999
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/711/1/beste-a-1999-gaytaler.pdf
Beste, Andrea (1999) Wie muss Boden bewirtschaftet werden, damit seine ökologische Funktionsfähigkeit langfristig erhalten bleibt? [How does soil need to be managed to maintain its long-term ecological functioning?]. In: Positionen und Vorschläge, 3. Gaytaler Gespräche. Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in der Region. Die Rolle des Bodens.
oai:orgprints.org:712
2015-06-09T11:48:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67:34736F6369616C
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/712/
Ernährungssicherung durch ökologische und sozialverträgliche Bodennutzung [Securing adequate food supply by ecologically and socially responsible
land use]
Beste, Andrea
Soil quality
Social aspects
Der Beitrag setzt die Notwendigkeit einer ökologisch nachhaltigen Nutzung des Bodens in Zusammenhang mit der Frage nach der Sozialverträglichkeit der Verfügungsgewalt und der Nutzung von Boden. Auch bei einer ökologischen Agrarwirtschaft muss die Frage beachtet werden "Wer produziert auf welcher Fläche für wen?"
Die Kaufkraft und Nachfrage für Nahrungsmittel im Norden ist so mächtig, und der europäische oder nordamerikanische Markt so attraktiv, dass inzwischen auch dem ökologischen Landbau die Gefahr droht, dem Wohlstandskolonialismus zu verfallen. Der Markt für ökologisch produzierte Lebensmittel boomt in Europa. Einerseits ist die Kaufkraft ökologisch eingestellter Menschen im Norden sicher eine durchaus nützliche Hilfe für kleine Projekte im Süden, aber ein Festhalten an der (kolonial verwurzelten) Exportorientierung von größeren Anbauprojekten in Entwicklungsländern (nicht umsonst oft Rohstoffländer genannt) schreibt eine Bodennutzung fest, die dem Nahrungsmittelbedarf der Bevölkerung vor Ort nicht zugute kommt. Die ungerecht verteilte Bodennutzung stellt einen wesentlichen Anteil des Hunger- und Landfluchtproblems.
Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
Lünzer, Immo
1999
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/712/1/beste-a-1999-oel.pdf
Beste, Andrea (1999) Ernährungssicherung durch ökologische und sozialverträgliche Bodennutzung [Securing adequate food supply by ecologically and socially responsible land use]. Ökologie & Landbau, 1999, 4/1999 (112), pp. 40-42.
oai:orgprints.org:715
2010-04-12T07:27:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/715/
Maintaining ecological soil functions - techniques in organic farming systems
Beste, Andrea
Soil quality
The ecological soil functions (e.g. habitat and living space, production and utilization, ecological regulation) have to be taken into account and maintained by farming systems. Organic farming systems can provide for this by using suitable crop rotations, manure management methods and tillage techniques.
Korean Society of Organic Agriculture
Korean Society of Organic Agriculture
2000
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/715/1/beste-a-2000-korea.pdf
Beste, Andrea (2000) Maintaining ecological soil functions - techniques in organic farming systems. In: Korean Society of Organic Agriculture (Ed.) Proceedings Conference of Korean Organic Agriculture, Seoul, Korean Society of Organic Agriculture, p. 143.
oai:orgprints.org:716
2010-04-12T07:27:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:346D6574686F6473
74797065733D746865736973
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/716/
Weiterentwicklung und Erprobung der Spatendiagnose als Feldmethode zur Bestimmung ökologisch wichtiger Gefügeeigenschaften landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden [Further Development and Improvement of Spade Diagnosis as Field Method for the Evaluation of Ecological Significant Structure Parameters of Soils under Agricultural Management]
Beste, Andrea
Soil quality
Specific methods
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Vorschlag gemacht, das Bodengefüge aufgrund seiner nach aktuellem Forschungsstand bekannten, vielfältigen Verknüpfung mit der Lebensraum-, Regelungs-, und Produktionsfunktion als geeigneten Indikator für die ökologische Funktionsfähigkeit des Bodens heranzuziehen. Mit der Erweiterten Spatendiagnose nach HAMPL/KUSSEL (ESD) wird eine aus der GÖRBING-Spatendiagnose entwickelte, einfache, wissenschaftlich besser auswertbare Version der Gefügezustandsbeurteilung mit dem Spaten vorgestellt, die den Empfehlungen der ISCO (Internationale Gesellschaft für Bodenschutz) in Bezug auf leichte Vermittelbarkeit und geringen technischen Aufwand sehr nahe kommt. Das Forschungsziel der Arbeit ist es, die Aussagekraft der in der ESD zur Anwendung kommenden Methoden hinsichtlich bewirtschaftungsbedingter Auswirkungen auf den Bodenzustand zu überprüfen.
Die ESD umfaßt eine Gefügebonitur, einen einfachen Aggregatstabilitätstest, die Zählung der Wurzeldichte im Unterboden mittels Schablone, die Ermittlung von Bodenfeuchte, Porenvolumen bzw. Lagerungsdichte mit Hilfe von Stechzylindern sowie die Messung des Abscherwiderstands. Boniturmethoden, denen nach aktuellem Forschungsstand wünschenswerte Gefügezustände als Maßstab zugrunde liegen, werden auf diese Weise (qualitativ, aber quantifizierbar) mit der Messung bodenphysikalischer Kennwerte (quantitativ) kombiniert.
Aktuell angewandte Methoden der Messung der Aggregatstabilität können nicht zwischen biologischer und verdichtungsbedingter Stabilität von Aggregaten unterscheiden. Dies kann zu fehlerhaften Schlußfolgerungen über die Funktionsfähigkeit der Böden führen. Mit der zusätzlichen Durchführung von Bonituren der Aggregatmorphologie der Mesostruktur soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Zusammenhang zwischen biologisch bedingter oder verdichtungsbedingter Aggregatstabilität, der Bildung ackerbaulich wertvoller Aggregatformen(schwammartig, porös - Krümel) und dem Gefügezustand differenziert herausgearbeitet werden.
Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin
2003-05
Thesis
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/716/1/beste-a-2002-diss-de.pdf
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/716/2/beste-a-2002-diss-en.pdf
Beste, Andrea (2003) Weiterentwicklung und Erprobung der Spatendiagnose als Feldmethode zur Bestimmung ökologisch wichtiger Gefügeeigenschaften landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden [Further Development and Improvement of Spade Diagnosis as Field Method for the Evaluation of Ecological Significant Structure Parameters of Soils under Agricultural Management]. Thesis, Justus-von-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung. Schriftenreihe Agrarwissenschaft, no. 11. Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin.
oai:orgprints.org:721
2010-04-12T07:27:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:39656475636174696F6E:357472616E73666572
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
74797065733D626F6F6B
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/721/
Bodenschutz in der Landwirtschaft: Einfache Bodenbeurteilung für Praxis, Beratung und Forschung
Beste, Andrea
Hampl, Ulrich
Kussel, Norbert
Soil quality
Technology transfer
Soil
Nach einer kurzen Einführung zur aktuellen Gefährdung der Böden in den durch eine industrielle Landwirtschaft geprägten Ländern folgt ein methodischer Teil. In diesem wird nach einer kurzen bodenkundlichen Grundlageneinführung erklärt, wie verschiedene Merkmale des Bodens mit jeweils sowohl einfachsten Schätzmethoden als auch auswertbaren Boniturmethoden zur Beurteilung des ökologischen Zustands herangezogen und ausgewertet werden können. Die Spatendiagnose spielt dabei eine besondere Rolle. Die Vorgehensweise wird genau erklärt und durch Beispiele veranschaulicht. Für die Einordnung der Ergebnisse werden Interpretationshilfen gegeben. Der Interessierte findet Empfehlungen zur weiterführenden Literatur. In einem dritten Teil finden sich Forschungsbeispiele und Erfahrensberichte aus der Beratung und der Praxis.
Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2001
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/721/1/kein-Dokument.pdf
Beste, Andrea; Hampl, Ulrich and Kussel, Norbert (2001) Bodenschutz in der Landwirtschaft: Einfache Bodenbeurteilung für Praxis, Beratung und Forschung. [Soil conservation in agriculture: Simple soil evaluation for practice, extension and research.] Ökologische Konzepte, no. 101. Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim.
oai:orgprints.org:726
2010-04-12T07:27:40Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/726/
Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils. I. Physical characteristics of structurally disturbed and intact soils
Schjønning, P.
Thomsen, I.K.
Møberg, J.P.
de Jonge, H.
Kristensen, K.
B.T., Christensen
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
Soil type effects on organic matter turnover are most often ascribed directly to differences in soil clay content. Since soil texture determines the physical characteristics of soil, aggregation and water holding capacity may be more relevant to address in the search for controls of organic matter turnover. Most studies of microbial processes in soils are based on structurally disturbed soil, where the abiotic conditions for the microbial activity may be quite different from those in intact soils. In this study, basic physical characteristics were determined for structurally disturbed and intact soil samples from differently textured soils. Bulk soil was retrieved from 0–20 cm depth at six locations along a textural gradient in an arable field on Weichselian morainic deposits in Denmark. The samples (NA1 to NA6) ranged in clay from 11 to 45% and in silt from 7 to 15%. Clay and silt-sized organomineral complexes were isolated from NA2 soil by ultrasonic dispersion and sedimentation in water. The clay and silt fractions were added individually and in varying proportions to NA1 soil, providing three clay-amended (CL2, CL4 and CL6) and three silt-amended (SI2, SI4 and SI6) soils. All 12 soils were crushed in air dry state to <2 mm, mixed, re-moistened and exposed for 17 months to freeze/thaw and dry/wet cycles as well as tillage to induce regeneration of soil structure. Intact soil cores were then equilibrated at four water matric potentials on ceramic plates (-30, -100, -500 and -1500 hPa) and analyzed for volumetric water and air content, and air diffusivity and permeability. Cores of undisturbed, but recently tilled topsoil from each sampling location in the field (RE1 to RE6), were included as reference samples for the experimentally manipulated (disturbed) soils. The CEC of the soils was closely related to clay content. For the clay-amended soils, CEC also correlated to organic matter content. Cores of disturbed and undisturbed soils with <20% clay were similar in bulk density. At higher clay contents, disturbed soils were less dense than undisturbed ones. All SI soils and the NA1 soil showed similar pore space distribution, while clay-amended (CL) soils resembled their corresponding NA soils. In contrast to undisturbed RE soils, the disturbed NA, CL and SI soils had a much greater volume of large pores (>100 m). Air diffusivity and permeability measurements showed disturbed soils to have a less continuous and more tortuous pore system than undisturbed reference samples. Water-filled pore space at a critical level of air diffusion potential was significantly higher for undisturbed than for disturbed samples, especially in soils high in clay. Drop cone measurements showed disturbed soils to be structurally weaker than undisturbed ones. Intact and structurally disturbed soils were found to differ significantly in physical properties even after 17 months of soil structure regeneration. Water-filled pore space seems to reflect the potential of available water and aeration status to regulate aerobic microbial activity of structurally disturbed soil, but not of intact field soil.
Elsevier
1999
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/726/1/geoderma_99_I.pdf
Schjønning, P.; Thomsen, I.K.; Møberg, J.P.; de Jonge, H.; Kristensen, K. and B.T., Christensen (1999) Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils. I. Physical characteristics of structurally disturbed and intact soils. Geoderma, 89 (3-4), pp. 177-198.
oai:orgprints.org:727
2010-04-12T07:27:40Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/727/
Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils: II. Microbial activity as influenced by soil water regimes
Thomsen, I.K.
Schjønning, P.
Jensen, B.
Kristensen, K.
Christensen, B.T.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
To evaluate the effect of soil texture and soil water content on decomposition of organic carbon (OC), turnover of partially stabilized 14C-labelled ryegrass residues was studied at four matric potentials in twelve differently textured soils of similar origin and cropping history. Six soils were from a naturally occurring clay gradient and had 11, 16, 21, 31, 37 and 45% clay (termed NA1 to NA6). Three clay-amended soils (CL2, CL4, CL6) and three silt-amended soils (SI2, SI4, SI6) were prepared by adding clay or silt sized organomineral complexes extracted from the NA2 soil to a portion of the NA1 soil. After 14C-labelled ryegrass had decomposed for eight months under field-like conditions, soil cores were sampled, adjusted to four matric potentials (-30, -100, -500 and -1500 hPa) and incubated at 20°C for 15 weeks. The content of native soil organic carbon (SOC) in the NA soils was not related to texture. The SOC content increased with clay and silt in the CL and SI soils because of OC contained in the applied size separates. The relative CO2-evolution from CL and SI soils was lower than from the texturally corresponding NA soils, indicating a slower turnover of C supplied with the clay separate than of bulk OC. Differences in the decomposability of native SOC and residues of 14C-ryegrass were better explained by soil moisture parameters than by soil textural composition. Within each set of soils, evolution of CO2 from native SOC was highly correlated with the volumetric water content. The same was true for 14CO2-evolution, but correlations were significantly improved when 14CO2 was related to water retained in soil pores with diameters >0.2 m. This indicated that the water available for the turnover of residues from ryegrass and of native SOC was retained in different fractions of the pore volume. Our study suggested that water was the main factor in controlling turnover of SOC. Texture effects were indirect and expressed through soil structure which in turn defined the soil pore system and thus the ability of the soils to retain water of different availability to the decomposer organisms.
Elsevier
1999
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/727/1/geoderma_99_II.pdf
Thomsen, I.K.; Schjønning, P.; Jensen, B.; Kristensen, K. and Christensen, B.T. (1999) Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils: II. Microbial activity as influenced by soil water regimes. Geoderma, 89 (3-4), pp. 199-218.
oai:orgprints.org:728
2010-04-12T07:27:40Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/728/
Soil strength and soil pore characteristics for direct-drilled and ploughed soils
Schjønning, P.
Rasmussen, K.J.
Soil quality
Production systems
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Direct drilling has often been reported to increase density and strength and to affect pore continuity and tortuosity of the upper soil layers. In this study these aspects were studied for three texturally differing soils 4–6 years after initiation of continuous trials with direct drilling and mouldboard ploughing. The soils studied were a coarse sandy soil (Korntved, 5% clay), a sandy loam (Ballum, 8% clay) and a silty loam (Højer, 19% clay). The crop rotation at Korntved was spring barley and winter rye while at Ballum and Højer it was spring barley and winter wheat. Both crops were grown every year. All fields had been mouldboard ploughed for decades prior to the trial period. The ploughed treatment (PL) was imposed in the autumn and the seedbed preparation and drilling were performed with an S-tined seedbed harrow and a traditional drill. The direct drilled (DD) treatment received no tillage other than the drilling which was performed by a triple-disc drill. Straw and stubble were burned. In the 4th, 5th and 6th years of the trial period, minimally disturbed soil cores were taken from the 4 to 8, 14 to 18 and 24 to 28 cm depths, i.e. two horizons above the ploughing depth of 20 cm, and one horizon below this depth. Longer cores were sampled in the 18–27 cm depth in order to include this transition layer. Furthermore, in the 4th year of the trial period shear strength was measured in the field at 2-week intervals in the spring with a vane shear tester in the two upper layers mentioned. All samplings and measurements took place in the field grown with spring barley. In the laboratory air diffusivity and air permeability were measured at field-sampled water content and again when the soil cores were drained to a matric potential of -100 hPa. Cone penetration resistance was measured with a 2 mm diameter penetrometer. Separate core samples from the 14 to 18 cm depth of the Korntved and Højer soils were used for estimating soil cohesion and soil internal friction by a shear annulus method at field-sampled water content.
For all soils, DD increased soil bulk density in the two upper soil layers. The shear vane tester also generally estimated higher shear strength for the DD compared to the PL treatment. The shear annulus measurements in the laboratory revealed no differences between tillage treatments for the Korntved soil, while a tendency of higher cohesion and internal soil friction was found for the DD treatment on the Højer soil. The cone penetration measurements indicated a stronger top-soil and fewer high-strength soil elements in the 24–28 cm horizon for the DD than for the PL treatment. Generally the DD treatment had lower volume of macropores (i.e. pores>30 m) in the 4–8 and 14–18 cm depths than the PL treatment. This was reflected in reduced air diffusivities and air permeabilities for these horizons. An exception was the 14–18 cm depth of the Ballum soil, where increased air diffusivity and air permeability was measured at field-sampled water content. Continuity indices calculated from air diffusivity and air permeability measurements showed that the DD soil from the 4 to 8 and 14 to 18 cm depths had less continuous and more tortuous macropores than the ploughed soil.
Elsevier
2000
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/728/1/dirdrill2000.pdf
Schjønning, P. and Rasmussen, K.J. (2000) Soil strength and soil pore characteristics for direct-drilled and ploughed soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 57 (1-2), pp. 69-82.
oai:orgprints.org:729
2010-04-12T07:27:40Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/729/
Spatial and temporal effects of direct drilling on soil structure in the seedling environment
Munkholm, L.J.
Schjønning, P.
Rasmussen, K.J.
Tanderup, K.
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil tillage
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Despite more than 30 years of research and practical experience the interest in shallow tillage and especially direct drilling has remained low in Scandinavia. Excessive compaction of the topsoil layer is one of the major problems encountered when adapting shallow tillage and direct drilling in particular. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal and spatial effects of two different direct drilling techniques on bulk density and penetration resistance in the near seed environment. A sandy loam growing small grain cereals was followed during the first 3 years after conversion from conventional tillage to direct drilling to reveal short-term changes in soil structure. A field experiment with four blocks was conducted in 1999–2001 where a conventional mouldboard ploughing–harrowing system (PL) was compared with direct drilling performed by either a chisel coulter drill (DD-C) or a single disc drill (DD-D). Effects on density and penetration resistance were measured in the field after first, second and third year of crop establishment (T1, T2 and T3). Bulk density was determined at 0–100 mm depth using a dual probe gamma-ray transmission system. Penetration resistance was recorded in the field at 0–150 mm depth. At T2 column samples (diameter: 180 mm, height: 200 mm) were taken with the seed row through the centre. Penetration resistance was determined in these samples in a 10 mm×10 mm grid using a micropenetrometer (3 mm cone base diameter) at 0 to approximately 150 mm depth. Two samples from each treatment were analysed by a medical CT-scanner to determine spatial differences in bulk density. Irrespective of coulter type direct drilling gave a fast compaction of the arable layer below seeding depth when shifting from mouldboard ploughing to direct drilling. Soil strength was substantially higher already in the first year of direct drilling (i.e., maximum 0.4 and 1.2 MPa, for PL and DD-D/DD-C, respectively). Critical high penetration resistance (>2.0 MPa) and bulk density levels (>1.5 g cm-3) were reached at T2 and remained at the same level at T3. The DD-C direct drill produced a more favourable soil environment for crop establishment than the DD-D drill. A layer of approximately 40 mm loose granular soil above seeding depth and no indication of a direct compaction effect was found for the DD-C treatment. In contrast, the field as well as the laboratory results indicated a direct compacting effect for the DD-D drill. Despite the lack of direct compaction effect from the DD-C drill itself, evidence suggest that periodic non-inversion soil loosening of the lower part of the arable layer is needed on direct drilled sandy loam soil in a moist and cool climate.
Elsevier
2003
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/729/1/dirdrill2003.pdf
Munkholm, L.J.; Schjønning, P.; Rasmussen, K.J. and Tanderup, K. (2003) Spatial and temporal effects of direct drilling on soil structure in the seedling environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 71 (2), pp. 163-173.
oai:orgprints.org:750
2010-04-12T07:27:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/750/
Entwicklung und Inhalt der Kategorie „Bodenfruchtbarkeit“ (Development and Contents of the Category „ Soil Fertility“)
Köppen, Detloff
Soil quality
Seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts ist die Reproduktion der Bodenfruchtbarkeit eine zentrale Aufgabe für die agrarwissenschaftliche Forschung und Praxis mit einem ausgeprägten Gesellschafts- und Zeitbezug. In Durchsetzung von Strate-gien der nachhaltigen Landbewirtschaftung erschien eine Aktualisierung der Kategorie „Bodenfruchtbarkeit“ besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer Einordnung in das Agroökosystem erforderlich.
Die Ergebnisse der Literaturauswertung und -diskussion wurden auf der Grundla-ge von daraus abgeleiteten Thesen zum Funktions-, Struktur- und Systemaspekt der Bodenfruchtbarkeit in folgender Definition zusammengefaßt:
Bodenfruchtbarkeit ist ein Wirkungsgefüge, das sich als offenes dynamisches re-striktiv selbstregulierendes System in seiner Eignung für und durch die Bodennutzung auf der Grundlage natürlicher Standortfaktoren und Prozesse herausbildet und entwickelt, das mit Systemen gleicher, über- und untergeordneter Ebenen in Wechselwirkung steht und über seine durch die Umwelt geprägten nachhaltigen Wirkungen auf Boden und Kulturpflanzen unter Funktions,- Struktur- und Systemaspekten beurteilt werden kann.
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/750/1/koeppen-2002-bodenfruchtbarkeit.pdf
Köppen, Detloff (2002) Entwicklung und Inhalt der Kategorie „Bodenfruchtbarkeit“ (Development and Contents of the Category „ Soil Fertility“). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften ,, 2 (6), pp. 57-62.
oai:orgprints.org:757
2010-04-12T07:27:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/757/
Lichtangebot und Bodentemperatur in Winterroggen unterschiedlicher Bestandesdichte und deren Konsequenzen für die Stickstoffmineralisation
Raupp, Dr Joachim
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
According to literature reports farmyard manure application caused higher amounts of microbial activity in soils compared to mineral fertilizers. If lab tests have been carried out (e.g. enzyme activity, microbial biomass) results can be attributed to soil properties, as experimental conditions have been constant. With plots of a long-term field trial it has been studied whether organic or mineral fertilization has any effect on soil temperature (depending on different crop density in each treatment) and, by this way, also on N mineralization. Soil temperature was higher in organically than in minerally fertilized winter rye, but only on sunny days, not on cloudy ones. Differences have been measured to a soil depth of 15 cm. However, N mineralization did not differ significantly between fertilization treatments.
Hoffmann, PD Dr. H.
Müller, Dr. S.
1999
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/757/1/rawitabe.pdf
Raupp, Dr Joachim (1999) Lichtangebot und Bodentemperatur in Winterroggen unterschiedlicher Bestandesdichte und deren Konsequenzen für die Stickstoffmineralisation. In: Hoffmann, PD Dr. H. and Müller, Dr. S. (Eds.) Beiträge zur 5. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, pp. 217-223.
oai:orgprints.org:770
2010-04-12T07:27:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/770/
Fractions of particulate organic matter in soils depending upon farmyard manure and mineral fertilization
Raupp, Dr Joachim
Oltmanns, Meike
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
Composting and manuring
In a long-term fertilization trial particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated after 20 years of farmyard manure vs. mineral fertilization at different levels with the method of Meijboom et al. (1995). The organic matter was separated with sodium polytungstate (Magid et al., 1996; Six et al., 1999) into a light (p <1.13 g cm-3), medium (1.13-1.37 g cm-3) and heavy (p >1.37 g cm-3) fraction.
The organically fertilized plots had lower contents of the light fraction (0.73 - 0.78 g kg-1 dry matter on average of all fields) compared to the mineral treatment (0.95 g kg-1 TS). This gives a hint that organic residues are decomposed faster in the manure fertilized soil, according to the higher biological activity found earlier in this treatment. The heavy fraction of POM showed the same distribution as the Corg values being higher with manure fertilization (10.7 - 11.5 g kg-1 dm) than with mineral fertilizer (7.8 g kg-1).
2002
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/770/1/rai02po.pdf
Raupp, Dr Joachim and Oltmanns, Meike (2002) Fractions of particulate organic matter in soils depending upon farmyard manure and mineral fertilization. In: Proceedings 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress, p. 25.
oai:orgprints.org:771
2010-04-12T07:27:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/771/
Unterschiedlich aktive C-Pools im Boden: Corg, POS, CO2. 2. Vergleich der Parameter und Methoden zur Beurteilung der Bewirtschaftung
Raupp, Joachim
Oltmanns, Meike
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
Composting and manuring
Description and assessment of soil organic matter are usually based on either stock parameters (e.g. Corg, carbon soluble in hot water, particulate organic matter fractions, humic acids, humins etc.) or activity parameters like soil respiration, microbial biomass (CFE, SIR), enzyme activities, Biolog® analysis, incubation tests. Each parameter describes a specific part of soil organic carbon and specific turnover processes in the complex action of carbon mobilization / immobilization. With 3 selected parameters: organic carbon content (Corg), particulate organic matter content (POM) and carbon dioxide development after re-wetting of air-dried soil samples (CO2 flush in 24 h) and their results obtained in a long-term fertilization trial the pros and cons of the parameters and their analytical methods are discussed in order to show how meaningful they are for evaluating cultivation methods.
The results are presented in detail in another contribution at this conference. Compared to mineral fertilization composted farmyard manure gave higher contents of Corg and heavy fraction of POM, lower contents of light fraction of POM and more intensive CO2 flushes. Therefore, the organic treatment showed better results both with long-term C pools and with short-term activity. A number of literature findings confirm our results.
The advantage of the parameters Corg and CO2 flush is their simple and cheap analytical methods. Compared to that determining POM is relatively time and cost intensive. While CO2 flush is an indicator of microbial biomass and mineralization, the more general parameter Corg hardly allows for specific conclusions. As being quite different the light and heavy fraction of POM reflect not only an ample spectrum of soil biological processes, but allow also for deeper investigations with each material.
As regards the key aspects of organic farming (e.g. effects of manure and other organic fertilizers, crop rotations, long-term effects, supply of nutrients) all 3 parameters considered here are of significance depending on each particular question.
Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für ökologischen Landbau
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/771/1/rowi03b.pdf
Raupp, Joachim and Oltmanns, Meike (2003) Unterschiedlich aktive C-Pools im Boden: Corg, POS, CO2. 2. Vergleich der Parameter und Methoden zur Beurteilung der Bewirtschaftung. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für ökologischen Landbau, pp. 13-16.
oai:orgprints.org:802
2010-04-12T07:27:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:35656D697373696F6E73
74797065733D626F6F6B
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/802/
Ackerbausysteme im ökologischen Landbau: Untersuchungen zur Nmin-, N2O-N- und NH2-N-Dynamik sowie Rückschlüsse zur Anbau-Optimierung
Beckmann, Uta
Kolbe, Hartmut
Model, Annett
Russow, Rolf
Composting and manuring
Production systems
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Air and water emissions
Die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft war in den letzten Jahrzehnten gekennzeichnet durch einen beispiellosen Anstieg des Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteleinsatzes sowie durch entsprechend starke Ertragssteigerungen. Die damit verbundenen nachteiligen Umweltwirkungen auf Wasser, Boden und Atmosphäre führten einerseits zur Suche nach Optimierungsstrategien und andererseits zu erhöhten Anstrengungen bei der Prüfung alternativer Bewirtschaftungsformen.
Zur Prüfung von Ackerbausystemen des ökologischen Landbaus wurden ab dem Jahr 1992 komplexe Dauerversuche angelegt. Es wurden Verfahren von viehlosen sowie von viehhaltenden Betrieben simuliert. In den Versuchen wurden außerdem eine stark unterschiedliche Düngungshöhe mit verschiedenen organischen Düngemitteln sowie differenzierte anbautechnische und vegetationsbegleitende Maßnahmen berücksichtigt. Die Anbauverfahren wurden sowohl in ihren kurzzeitigen Auswirkungen auf Nährstoffdynamik, Ertrag und Produktqualität der Kulturarten als auch in ihren langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Nährstoffbilanzen der Fruchtfolgen sowie auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit geprüft.
Diese Veröffentlichung dokumentiert die komplexen Dauerversuche, mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist, pflanzenbauliche Optimalvarianten zu ermitteln, die eine dauerhafte Anwendung ermöglichen.
Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin
2002
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/802/1/kein-Dokument.pdf
Beckmann, Uta; Kolbe, Hartmut; Model, Annett and Russow, Rolf (2002) Ackerbausysteme im ökologischen Landbau: Untersuchungen zur Nmin-, N2O-N- und NH2-N-Dynamik sowie Rückschlüsse zur Anbau-Optimierung. [Arable organic farming systems: study on the dynamics of nitrogen mineralisation and demineralisation and conclusions for improving methods of cultivation.] Initiativen zum Umweltschutz, no. 35. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin.
oai:orgprints.org:908
2010-04-12T07:27:49Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:726F6F7463726F7073
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/908/
Zwanzig Jahre Langzeit-Düngungsversuch
Raupp, Joachim
Nutrient turnover
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Soil biology
Root crops
Soil quality
Composting and manuring
1980 begann am Institut für biologisch-dynamische Forschung in Darmstadt ein Düngungsversuch, der eigentlich als Vierjahresprojekt gedacht war. Aufschlussreiche Ergebnisse und immer wieder neue Fragestellungen führten dazu, dass dieser Versuch auch nach nunmehr zwanzig Jahren weitergeführt wird.
Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau (SÖL), Bad Dürkheim
2001
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/908/1/oela01.pdf
Raupp, Joachim (2001) Zwanzig Jahre Langzeit-Düngungsversuch. Ökologie & Landbau (2/2001), pp. 29-31.
oai:orgprints.org:922
2015-06-09T11:47:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/922/
Das Problem mit dem Wasser ist ein Bodenproblem
Beste, Andrea
Soil quality
Soil
Die Aufwendungen für Überschwemmungsschutz, Erosionsschutz und eine aufwändige Wasseraufbereitung aufgrund des Verlustes der Funktionsfähigkeit unserer Böden erreichen inzwischen volkswirtschaftliche Kosten, die zeigen, dass eine reine Ertragsorientierung der Landwirtschaft in der Gesamtbilanz für unsere Gesellschaft so nicht nur ökologisch, sondern auch ökonomisch nicht akzeptabel ist. Ziel muss es sein, mit der Förderung natürlicher Potenziale das landwirtschaftliche Ökosystem sinnvoller und energiesparender zu nutzen und gleichzeitig Umweltbelastungen und gesellschaftliche Folgekosten zu vermeiden. Der ökologische Landbau liefert dafür in der Praxis erprobte und inzwischen auch wissenschaftlich bestätigte Beispiele, doch dieser Zusammenhang wird bisher wenig thematisiert.
Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2002
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/922/1/922-beste-a-2002-wasser.pdf
Beste, Andrea (2002) Das Problem mit dem Wasser ist ein Bodenproblem. [The water problem is a soil problem.] Ökologie & Landbau, 2002, 124 (4/2002), pp. 24-26.
oai:orgprints.org:932
2010-07-01T12:03:44Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/932/
Einflüsse der Rhizodeposition von Körnerleguminosen auf den Umsatz ihrer Residuen im Boden
Mayer, Jochen
Buegger, Franz
Jensen, Erik Steen
Schloter, Michael
Heß, Jürgen
Nutrient turnover
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Soil biology
Fazit:
Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Bedeutung des NdfR* als ein wesentlicher Faktor für die N-Dynamik nach Körnerleguminosen. Der NdfR wird hauptsächlich als mikrobielle Residualmasse im Boden immobilisiert und bildet damit einen labilen Pool der organischen Bodensubstanz. Die Rhizodeposition von Körnerleguminosen beeinflusst, vermutlich über Interaktionen mit den Bodenmikroorganismen, den anschließenden Umsatz ihrer Residuen. Das Ausmaß dieser Wirkungen ist pflanzenartspezifisch und wahrscheinlich durch die Menge und Zusammensetzung der Rhizodeposition bestimmt. Zur Optimierung ökologischer Pflanzenbausysteme muss das Verständnis dieser Prozesse weiter vertieft werden.
* Nach der Ernte der oberirdischen Pflanzenteile zur Reife der Pflanzen wurden aus dem Boden alle sichtbaren Wurzeln von Hand entfernt und der verbleibende pflanzenbürtige N als N-Rhizodeposition (NdfR) definiert.
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/932/1/mayer-2003-rhizodeposition-koernerleguminosen.pdf
Mayer, Jochen; Buegger, Franz; Jensen, Erik Steen; Schloter, Michael and Heß, Jürgen (2003) Einflüsse der Rhizodeposition von Körnerleguminosen auf den Umsatz ihrer Residuen im Boden. [Rhizodeposition effects of grain legumes on the turnover of its crop residues.] In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, pp. 5-8.
oai:orgprints.org:977
2010-04-12T07:27:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:706F737468617276657374
7375626A656374733D37666F6F64:327365637572697479
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/977/
Kan OTA-dannende lagersvampe inficere kornet i marken?
Elmholt, Susanne
Krogh Mortensen, Gerda
Post harvest management and techniques
Food security, food quality and human health
Farming Systems
Soil biology
Artiklen beskriver risiko for OTA dannelse ved brug af inficeret udsæd samt resultater fra en undersøgelse af OTA nedbrydning i jord.
2003
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/977/1/fnytt24-26.pdf
Elmholt, Susanne and Krogh Mortensen, Gerda (2003) Kan OTA-dannende lagersvampe inficere kornet i marken? Forskningsnytt om økologisk landbruk i Norden, 2003 (1), pp. 18-20.
oai:orgprints.org:979
2010-04-12T07:27:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D70726F63656564696E6773
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/979/
Soil Stresses, Quality and Care
Elmholt, Susanne
Stenberg, Bo
Grønlund, Arne
nuutinen, Visa
Production systems
Research methodology and philosophy
Farming Systems
Composting and manuring
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Soil biology
NJF-seminar Soil Stresses, Quality and Care
Different people understand differently the word soil. The soil can be looked upon as a body of nature and a part of the landscape. To many people soil is the substrate for plant growth and a prerequisite for food production and wealth. A third and perhaps growingly important view is soil as the physical ground for housings, roads and industry.
Soil is important to the whole society, not only for the agricultural sector. Soil has important ecological functions as it interacts with the dead bedrock, the atmosphere, the water, and the living organisms. Important functions are:
Biomass producer and transformer
Geomembrane, filter and buffer
Habitat for living organisms
Raw material and building ground
Cultural heritage
Even if these important roles of soil are probably widely known, the world's soil resources are degraded at an alarming rate. This is well documented by for instance the World Resources Institute (http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/WSR/).
We need to care for our prime agricultural soils, soils which provide the green in urban areas, as well as soil resources in natural landscapes.
Soil and agricultural scientists have detailed knowledge of specific functions and processes in soil. Seminar topics in NJF’s Section 1 (Soils and fertilisers) in the recent years show that soil biology and ecology have been added to the previous production-related research such as tillage and fertilisation. We are now prepared to study the whole soil and we have to show that our knowledge concerns the society and not only the farmers and gardeners. We believe that the concept of soil quality will help us to improve our communication about soils and soil use. Politicians, authorities, and farmers need a soil quality classification that makes the choices between different soil uses and managements based on soil science. Such classifications have been used in agriculture for many years. However, it is necessary to develop them and relate the classification systems and parameters used to present-day problems and technology. It is also important to use in communication modern language, as less and less people have hands-on experience with soils in an agricultural context.
This seminar intended to elucidate and discuss the present knowledge and research that can help us assess the quality of soils and to identify key properties which may be used as indicators of soil health. The seminar showed that we possess the knowledge, and that we have a good base for the further work with the soil quality concept and its practical use.
On behalf of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists I will thank the organising committee for a well planned and conducted seminar.
Svein Skøien, Chairman, NJF Section Soil and Fertilisers
Danish Institute of Agricultural Research
Elmholt, Susanne
Stenberg, Bo
Grønlund, Arne
Nuutinen, Visa
2000
Proceedings
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/979/1/MailsamletDJFSE_rettet_Per_Bo.pdf
Elmholt, Susanne; Stenberg, Bo; Grønlund, Arne and Nuutinen, Visa (Eds.) (2000) Soil Stresses, Quality and Care. Danish Institute of Agricultural Research, DIAS Report, no. 38. Proceedings of Soil Stresses, Quality and Care. NJF Seminar 310, Ås, Norway, 10-12 April 2000.
oai:orgprints.org:1021
2010-07-08T09:51:29Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1021/
Austausch von Aminosäuren und Proteinen zwischen Pflanzen und Böden über die erdnahen Luftschichten [Exchange of amino acids and proteins between plants and soils through the air]
Scheller, Edwin
Cuendet, Catherine
Müller, Jens
Werren, Dagmar
Soil biology
Fazit: Es gibt einen Austausch bzw. Kreislauf von Aminosäuren und Proteinen zwischen dem Boden, Pflanzen und der Atmosphäre. Blütenpollen dominieren im Frühling die Proteingehalte in den erdnahnen Luftschichten, während in der übrigen Jahreszeit Böden und Pflanzen die Hauptquellen zu sein scheinen. Aminosäuren und Proteine der erdnahen Luftschichten werden durch Tau und Regen auf die Pflanzen und die Böden wieder niedergeschlagen. In der Luft werden sie von Mensch und Tiereingeatmet oder über die Schleimhäute aufgenommen. In einem Ökosystem besteht ein Stoffaustausch über die erdnahen Luftschichten zwischen den einzelnen Kompartimenten, über deren Bedeutung für Mensch, Tier und Pflanzenwachstum wir noch sehr wenig wissen.
Universität für Bodenkultur, Institut für ökologischen Landbau
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1021/1/scheller-2003-aminosaeuren-zw-pfanze-und-boden.pdf
Scheller, Edwin; Cuendet, Catherine; Müller, Jens and Werren, Dagmar (2003) Austausch von Aminosäuren und Proteinen zwischen Pflanzen und Böden über die erdnahen Luftschichten [Exchange of amino acids and proteins between plants and soils through the air]. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft., Universität für Bodenkultur, Institut für ökologischen Landbau, pp. 9-12.
oai:orgprints.org:1023
2010-04-12T07:27:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1023/
Mikrobiologische Indikatoren der Bodenfruchtbarkeit in einem Zweikulturen-Nutzungssystem
Raubuch, Markus
Pyttlik, Claudia
Jörgensen, Rainer Georg
Soil biology
In dieser Untersuchung wurden die Auswirkungen die C- und N-Mineralisation und die Rolle der mikrobiellen Biomasse als möglicher Stickstoffpuffer bzw. Zwischenspeicher in einem Zweikulturennutzungssystem erfasst. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung beziehen sich auf den pflanzenbaulichen Versuch von Graß und Scheffer 2002 auf der Hessischen Staatsdomäne Frankenhausen. Dabei sollte die Auswirkung von Bodenbearbeitungsmaßnahmen und Düngerapplikationen unterschiedlicher Intensität durch die monatlichen Erhebungen zur Erfassung des mikrobiell gebundenen Kohlen- und Stickstoffes, der C- und N-Mineralisationsleistung abgeschätzt werden. Da der Versuch zum Zeitpunkt der Tagungsanmeldung noch nicht abgeschlossen war, sind in dieser Kurzfassung nur die unvollständigen Datensätze enthalten.
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1023/1/raubuch-2003-bodenfruchtbarkeit.pdf
Raubuch, Markus; Pyttlik, Claudia and Jörgensen, Rainer Georg (2003) Mikrobiologische Indikatoren der Bodenfruchtbarkeit in einem Zweikulturen-Nutzungssystem. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, pp. 17-20.
oai:orgprints.org:1054
2010-04-12T07:27:56Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1054/
Halbzeitergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) [Results of the project ecological soil management (POEB) after five years]
Hampl, Ulrich
Soil quality
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Soil tillage
Soil biology
Soil
Mit dem Ziel, ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftungsverfahren zu erforschen, zu demonstrieren und das erarbeitete Wissen an die Praxis und Beratung weiterzugeben, wurde 1994 in Wörrstadt/Rheinhessen das Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) gestartet. Das auf zehn Jahre angelegte Projekt wird hauptsächlich durch das Land Rheinland-Pfalz finanziert und gemeinsam von der Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau und der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz, durchgeführt.
Bei dem Projekt werden regelmäßig erfasst:
– Textur, Gefüge und Durchwurzelbarkeit des Bodens;
– Luft- und Wasserhaushalt;
– Stoff-Flüsse im Boden;
– biologische Aktivität und biologische Vielfalt im Agrarökosystem.
Dabei werden vergleichend die Einflüsse einer intensiven, reduzierten und konservierenden Grundbodenbearbeitung (Pflug – Zweischichtenpflug – Schichtengrubber) untersucht.
Nach fünf Jahren lässt sich ein deutlicher Einfluss der variierten Grundbodenbearbeitung auf die Versuchsergebnisse feststellen.
Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2000
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1054/1/1054-hampl-u-2000-poeb-halbzeit.pdf
Hampl, Ulrich (2000) Halbzeitergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) [Results of the project ecological soil management (POEB) after five years]. Ökologie & Landbau, 115 (3/2000), pp. 36-37.
oai:orgprints.org:1073
2010-04-12T07:27:57Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1073/
Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) - Ergebnisse nach sieben Jahren [Project Ecological Soil Management - results after seven years]
Hampl, Ulrich
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Soil biology
Ziel des Projektes ist es, Daten über die bodenökologische Entwicklung bei ökologischem Ackerbau mit differenzierter Grundbodenbearbeitung zu gewinnen.
Mit Unterstützung durch das Land Rheinland-Pfalz konnte 1994 in Rheinhessen ein Langzeitversuch angelegt werden, wo in Form eines Demonstrationsversuches zwei Wiederholungen einer fünffeldrigen Ackerbaufruchtfolge installiert wurden. Die drei Gundbodenbearbeitungsvarianten Pflug, Zweischichtenpflug und Schichtengrubber wurden in ein Fruchtfolgesystem eingebaut, das durch Kombination von Grundbodenbearbeitung mit gezielten Gründüngungsverfahren (Grünbrache und Zwischenfruchtbau) Bodenverbesserung und Krumenstabilisierung bewirken soll. In Zusammenarbeit mit verschiedenen Hochschulen, Institutionen und Persönlichkeiten wird eine Reihe verschiedener Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dazu gehören neben der Ertragsermittlung die Nährstoffentwicklung, bodenphysikalische Werte (Erweiterte Spatendiagnose), Beikrautentwicklung sowie umfangreiche bodenbiologische Erhebungen (Regenwürmer, Mesofauna, Mikroflora).
Die konsequent nichtwendende Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Schichtengrubber zeigt insbesondere in den Sommerkulturen eine Tendenz zu niedrigeren Erträgen im Vergleich zu Schichtenpflug und Pflug. Es wird die Erhöhung der Artenvielfalt der Beikrautflora durch eine Steigerung von 35 Arten bei Projektbeginn auf 80 Arten im
Jahre 2000 dokumentiert. Die bodenchemische Parameter zeigen wie erwartet im bisherigen Versuchszeitraum keine großen Veränderungen. Mit Ausnahme des zunehmenden Kohlenstoffgehalts verändern sich die pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphor- und Kaligehalte kaum. Deutlich wirkt sich jedoch die Variation der Grundbodenbearbeitung auf bodenbiologische Parameter aus: Bezogen auf die gesamte Krume werden nach sechs Versuchsjahren zwischen 7 und 10% höhere Gehalte an mikrobieller Biomasse sowie um 6-8% erhöhte Aktivitäten der Bodenmikroorganismen. Die Abundanzen der Regenwürmer wie auch die Individuenanzahl und Fraßaktivität der Mesofauna nehmen deutlich zu, je weniger der Boden gewendet wird. Die bodenphysikalischen Werte, die sich in der Erweiterten Spatendiagnose zu einem abgerundeten Bild des Bodenzustands formen, zeigen ebenfalls die bodenschonende Wirkung von flach- bzw. nichtwendenden Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren: Die Schichtengrubbervarianten ergeben eine deutlich höhere Stabilität der Bodenaggregate (Krümelstabilität) im Schlämmtest mit Wasser, was vermutlich auf die Lebendverbauung durch Mikroorganismen zurückzuführen ist. Laufende Untersuchungen zur Sproß- und Wurzelentwicklung der Kultur- und Gründüngungspflanzen zeigen höhere Wurzeldichten bei reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung.
Universität für Bodenkultur - Institut für ökologischen Landbau, Wien
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1073/1/1073-hampl-u-2003-poeb-wien.pdf
Hampl, Ulrich (2003) Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung (PÖB) - Ergebnisse nach sieben Jahren [Project Ecological Soil Management - results after seven years]. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Universität für Bodenkultur - Institut für ökologischen Landbau, Wien, pp. 455-456.
oai:orgprints.org:1076
2010-04-12T07:27:57Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1076/
Untersuchungen zur Wurzeldynamik in einer fünfgliedrigen Ackerfruchtfolge bei wendender und nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Landbau - Erste Ergebnisse [Investigations on root dynamics of an organic five-year crop rotation with and without plough - first results]
Plümer, Tanja
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Seit der Vegetationsperiode 1998/1999 werden Untersuchungen zur Durchwurzelung des Bodens mit gleichzeitiger Betrachtung des Bodengefüges auf den Versuchsflächen des „Projektes Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung“ in Rheinhessen/Deutschland durchgeführt. Dabei stehen eventuelle Unterschiede durch die drei Bearbeitungsvarianten Pflug, Schichtenpflug und Schichtengrubber im zentralen Interesse. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Grünbrache und Zwischenfrucht, die nach Ernte der Hauptkulturfrüchte folgen, durch ihre Wurzelleistung den Boden regenerieren und vermehrt mit Energie versorgen.
Es werden im Laufe der Untersuchungen alle Parzellen der Versuchsfläche mit allen angebauten Früchten (Grünbrache, Zwischenfrucht, Winterroggen, Winterweizen und Braugerste) auf dem Eichenhof beprobt. Erbsen werden aufgrund hoher Verunkrautungsraten nicht herangezogen. Angewandte Methoden sind die Erweiterte Spatendiagnose nach HAMPL/KUSSEL und die Bohrkernbruchmethode nach HELLRIEGEL.
In der Grünbrache zeigen erste Ergebnisse in der Pflug-Variante eine schnellere Wurzelentwicklung mit erhöhten Wurzelzahlen. Die Bearbeitungsvarianten Schichtenpflug und Schichtengrubber holen im Laufe der Monate diesen Vorsprung auf und zeigen im Fortschreiten der Vegetationsperiode höhere Wurzelzahlen, so daß sich eine Verbesserung der Wurzelleistungen insgesamt durch konservierende Bearbeitung (Schichtenpflug und Schichtengrubber) anzudeuten scheint.
Institut für ökologischen Landbau - Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1076/1/1076-pluemer-t-2003-wurzeldynamik.pdf
Plümer, Tanja (2003) Untersuchungen zur Wurzeldynamik in einer fünfgliedrigen Ackerfruchtfolge bei wendender und nichtwendender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Landbau - Erste Ergebnisse [Investigations on root dynamics of an organic five-year crop rotation with and without plough - first results]. In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Institut für ökologischen Landbau - Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, pp. 457-458.
oai:orgprints.org:1272
2010-04-12T07:28:07Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1272/
Ökologischer Landbau auf leichten Böden - Ertragsparameter und Bodenfruchtbarkeitskennziffern aus dem Demonstrationsversuch Ackerbausysteme in Blumberg bei Berlin
Hoffmann, Heide
Hübner, W.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
In einem langzeit-Feldversuch in Blumerg (bei Berlin) wurden seit 1993 landwirtschaftliche Nutzungssysteme miteinander verglichen. Untersucht und verglichen wurde die Entwicklung der Erträge, der Nährstoffzustand und biologische Parameter der Sandböden unter konventioneller und biologischer Bewirtschaftung. 7 Jahre nach Versuchsbeginn waren die Erträge der konventionellen Variante um 27% höher als die in der biologischen Variante. Es wurden nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Nährstoffgehalten der Anbausysteme. Die potentielle Bodenfruchtbarkeit, die in einem Gefäßversuch untersucht wurde, schien im biologischen Wirtschaftssystem höher zu sein. Die Auswertung der biologischen Parameter steht noch aus.
Dr. Köster Verlag Berlin
Reents, H.-J.
2001
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1272/1/hoffmann-2001-bodenfruchtbarkeit-sandiger-boden.pdf
Hoffmann, Heide and Hübner, W. (2001) Ökologischer Landbau auf leichten Böden - Ertragsparameter und Bodenfruchtbarkeitskennziffern aus dem Demonstrationsversuch Ackerbausysteme in Blumberg bei Berlin. [Organic Agriculture on sandy ground.] In: Reents, H.-J. (Ed.) Beiträge zur 6. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, Dr. Köster Verlag Berlin, pp. 171-174.
oai:orgprints.org:1304
2010-04-12T07:28:08Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D746865736973
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1304/
Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen sowie der Dauer der ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza im Ökologischen Landbau
Gollner, Manfred
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Als AM (arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza) bezeichnet man eine Symbiose zwischen Bodenpilzen der Ordnung der Glomales und Gefäßpflanzen (Cormobionta). Mehr als 80% aller landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen bilden eine AM aus. Nur Vertreter der landwirtschaftlich relevanten Pflanzenfamilien der Kreuzblütler (Brassicaceae) und Gänsefußgewächse (Chenopodiaceae) bilden keine AM aus.
Der Ökologische Landbau (ÖL) lässt aufgrund der spezifischen Fruchtfolgen, Dünge- und Bodenbearbeitungsmaßnahmen sowie den Verzicht auf chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel ein höheres Besiedelungspotenzial der Böden durch AMP und einen höheren MBG der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen erwarten.
Während die Förderung des Edaphon im allgemeinen durch Anbaumaßnahmen im ÖL im Vergleich zum konventionellen Landbau nachgewiesen sind, liegen bisher keine Untersuchungen über die Auswirkungen spezifischer Anbaumaßnahmen auf die AM im ÖL vor.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher ackerbaulicher und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen (Fruchtfolge, Düngung, Bodenbearbeitung) im ÖL sowie der Dauer der Ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf den MBG von Getreide (v.a. Winterweizen).
Folgende landwirtschaftliche Kulturmaßnahmen zeigten eine signifikante Erhöhung des MBG der Wurzeln der untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen:
+ ein hoher Anteil an Leguminosen in der Vorfrucht sowie in der Fruchtfolge,
+ ein hoher Bodenbedeckungsgrad,
+ die Vermeidung von Schwarzbrache,
+ die Düngung mit Stallmist (Stallmistkompost oder Rottemist statt Gülle) sowie
+ eine nichtwendende, lockernde Bodenbearbeitung statt wendender Bodenbearbeitung (Grubber statt Pflug).
Zur Erhaltung eines hohen Kolonisationspotentials durch AMP sollte nach einer nichtmykotrophen immer eine mykotrophe Kulturpflanze in der Fruchtfolge stehen. Eine gut ausgeprägte AM dient der Erhöhung der P-Aufnahme des Phytosymbionten, der Erhöhung der Widerstandskraft gegenüber Wurzelpathogenen sowie der Erhöhung der Resistenz gegenüber abiotischen Stressfaktoren in landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssystemen. Die Förderung der AM kann dadurch zur Optimierung des Pflanzenwachstums und zur Sicherung der Erträge beitragen.
Um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Symbiose zwischen den landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen und den autochthonen AMP am Standort optimal zu fördern, sind die oben genannten landwirtschaftlichen Kulturmaßnahmen einzuhalten. Für ein weiteres Verständnis der Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Kulturmaßnahmen auf die AM sind die Untersuchungen auf weitere Kulturarten und im ÖL zugelassene Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmittel auszudehnen. Um detailliertere Aussagen zu den Auswirkungen der Fruchtfolgegestaltung auf die AM tätigen zu können, wäre eine längere Untersuchungsdauer (mindestens zwei ganze Rotationen) erforderlich, um v.a. unterschiedliche Witterungsbedingungen in den Versuchsjahren in der Interpretation berücksichtigen zu können. Weiters müssten zur Abdeckung der Breite der offenen Fragen in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis mehrere unterschiedliche Fruchtfolgen in unterschiedlichen Klimaräumen in die Untersuchung einbezogen werden. Diese Anforderungen können jedoch im Rahmen einer Dissertation durch die zeitliche Einschränkung und der begrenzten Arbeitsressourcen nicht erfüllt werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse stellen somit den Status quo der AM dar. Neben der Ausbildung einer effizienten AM spielen auch andere Faktoren wie die Versorgung mit Stickstoff und Wasser in der Er-tragsbildung und dem Proteingehalt im Korn von Getreide eine bedeutende Rolle. Zur Auswirkung der unterschiedlichen Dauer der Ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die AM liegen zur Zeit noch keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse vor.
In der Zukunft wird eine Verringerung des Eintrages an Agrochemikalien in die Kulturlandschaften im Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen Interesse stehen, dabei muss der Bedeutung der AM als wichtige Komponente einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft eine höhere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
2003-04
Thesis
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1304/1/1304-gollner-m-2003-dissertation.pdf
Gollner, Manfred (2003) Auswirkungen acker- und pflanzenbaulicher Maßnahmen sowie der Dauer der ökologischen Bewirtschaftung auf die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza im Ökologischen Landbau. [Effects of agronomic practices and duration of organic management on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in organic agriculture.] Thesis, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien , Institut für Ökologischen Landbau. .
oai:orgprints.org:1345
2010-04-12T07:28:10Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1345/
Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten auf den Besiedelungsgrad von Winterroggen (Secale cereale) durch arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze (AMP) unter den Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaues
Gollner, Manfred
Friedel, Jürgen
Freyer, Bernhard
Hampl, Ulrich
Soil tillage
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Problemstellung/Ziele:Die arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza ist eine Symbiose zwischen dem Grossteil der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen und bodenbürtigen Pilzen. Der heterotrophe Pilz erhält Assimilate von der autotrophen Pflanze, als Gegenleistung fördert der Pilz die Nährstoffaufnahme in die Pflanze und erhöht die Resistenz gegenüber phytopathogenen Mikroorganismen, die in einer Wachstumssteigerung der Pflanze resultieren können. In zahlreichen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass mechanische Bodenbearbeitung das Besiedelungspotenzial von landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen durch arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze (AMP) vermindert und die Effizienz des Myzels der AMP bei der Aufnahme von Phosphor mit steigender Intensität der Bodenbearbeitung abnimmt. Ziel der Untersuchungen war, die Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten auf den Mykorrhizabesiedelungsgrad von Winterroggen unter den Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaues festzustellen.
Hypothesen: Mit abnehmender Bodenbearbeitungsintensität (Pflug > Zweischichtenpflug > Schichtengrubber) nimmt das Kolonisationspotenzial mit AMP in den Böden zu. Dadurch erfolgt eine intensivere Kolonisation der Wurzeln der pflanzlichen Symbiosepartner.
Fazit: Der arbuskulären Mykorrhiza wird im Ökologischen Landbau eine relativ grosse Bedeutung bei der Ertragsbildung durch die landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen zugemessen. Bei der Auswahl der Bodenbearbeitungsgeräte sollte deshalb auch die Ausbildung einer arbuskulären Mykorrhiza beachtet werden. Lockernde Bodenbearbeitung (Schichtengrubber) bewirkte in der Untersuchung einen höheren Mykorrhizabesiedelungsgrad von Winterroggen im Vergleich zu wendender Bodenbearbeitung (Pflug, Schichtenpflug). Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte lockernder Bodenbearbeitung auf Praxisbetrieben nach Möglichkeit der Vorzug gegeben werden.
Institut für ökologischen Landbau - Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1345/1/1345-gollner-m-2003-bodenbearbeitung.pdf
Gollner, Manfred; Friedel, Jürgen; Freyer, Bernhard and Hampl, Ulrich (2003) Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten auf den Besiedelungsgrad von Winterroggen (Secale cereale) durch arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze (AMP) unter den Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaues. [Effects of different methods of soil cultivation on colonisation of winter rye (Secale cereale) with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) under the conditions of organic agriculture.] In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, Institut für ökologischen Landbau - Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, pp. 1-4.
oai:orgprints.org:1369
2010-04-12T07:28:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1369/
Eiweißstoffwechsel und Bodenfruchtbarkeit
Scheller, Edwin
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
Die Lebensprozesse im Boden werden in hohem Maße durch den Eiweißstoffwechsel getragen. Je ausgewogener und besser der Eiweißstoffwechsel, desto besser sind auch die Parameter der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Zudem scheint es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der durch die Kupferchloridkristallisation erfassbaren Produktqualität und dem Eiweißstoffwechsel im Boden zu geben. (aus: Bioland 1/2002)
Bioland Verlags GmbH, Mainz
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1369/1/1369-scheller-2001-eiwei%C3%9Fstoffwechsel-Bioland.pdf
Scheller, Edwin (2002) Eiweißstoffwechsel und Bodenfruchtbarkeit. [Protein metabolism and soil fertility.] Bioland, 1/2002, pp. 12-13.
oai:orgprints.org:1372
2010-04-12T07:28:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1372/
Composition of hydrolysable amino acids in soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass
Friedel, Jürgen K.
Scheller, Edwin
Nutrient turnover
Soil biology
We hydrolysed (6 M HC1) soll organic matter (SOM) from mineral top-soil horizons, litter, and the fraction rendered extractable by 0.5 M K2SO4 after Chloroform fumigation from eight soils under arable, grassland and forest use. covering a wide ränge of site conditions. Our aims were to quantify amino acid contents in the hydrolysate derived from whole soil. litter and soil microbial biomass, respectively. We also wanted to test if the pattern of hydrolysable amino acids of the whole soil is uniform irrespective of site conditions and land use. and if there i s a relation with the amino acid pattern of the respective soil microbial Community. The content of hydrolysable amino acids in the whole soil was higher in the soil samples from grassland and forest use than from arable land, and highly correlated with soil total N (N,) and total organic carbon (TOC) contents. About 28-50% of Nt was found as N in hydrolysable amino acids. This is in accordance with percentagcs reported for hydrolysable amino acid N in the literature. Much higher values found for amide/peptide N by 15N-NMR spectroscopy are presumably due to non-hydrolysable peptides in the SOM. Amino acids derived from the soil microbial biomass also had lowest contents in arable soils and were highly correlated with microbial N (Nmic) and C (Cmic) contents. About l-5% of TOC and 2-7% of N, were bound in soil micro-organisms. The percentage of 'microbial' amino acid-N in relation to hydrolysable amino acid-N in the whole soil ranged from l.4 to 5.l %. The pattern of hydrolysable amino acids in the whole soil and the litter was rather uniform irrespective of site conditions and land use. The pattern of microbial amino acids was much more variable. It was different from that in the whole soil in a principal component analysis and showed no consistent relationship with it. Soil pH values are presumably one major factor inducing the variability in the microbial amino acid pattern. An assimilation of the amino acid composition of litter to that found in mineral soil seems to occur already in the early stages of decomposition.
from: Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34:315-325, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Elsevier Science Ltd
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1372/1/kein-Dokument.pdf
Friedel, Jürgen K. and Scheller, Edwin (2002) Composition of hydrolysable amino acids in soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 34, pp. 315-325.
oai:orgprints.org:1373
2010-04-12T07:28:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1373/
Eiweißstoffwechsel im Boden und Humusaufbau
Scheller, Edwin
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Die Eiweißgehalte der Ernte- und Wurzelrückstände und ihre Bedeutung für den Eiweißumsatz im Boden und den Humusaufbau.
Verlag Lebendige Erde, Darmstadt
2002
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1373/1/1373-scheller-e-2002-eiweiss-le.pdf
Scheller, Edwin (2002) Eiweißstoffwechsel im Boden und Humusaufbau. [Protein metabolism in the soil and humification.] Lebendige Erde, 3/2002, pp. 40-43.
oai:orgprints.org:1467
2010-04-12T07:28:16Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:726F6F7463726F7073
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1467/
Integration von Umweltzielen in die Betriebsoptimierung im ökologischen Landbau – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen am Beispiel des Versuchsbetriebes Klostergut Scheyern
Meyer-Aurich, Andreas
Schuler, Johannes
Zander, Peter
Bachinger, Johann
Crop combinations and interactions
Root crops
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Am Beispiel der Reduzierung von Bodenerosion konnte modellhaft gezeigt werden, dass die Integration von Umweltzielen für einen integrierten Betrieb mit geringeren Opportunitätskosten verbunden ist, als dies bei dem ökologisch wirtschaftenden Betrieb der Fall ist. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit einer vielfältigen Fruchtfolge mit Zwischenfrüchten bzw. Untersaaten im ökologischen Landbau, ist das Erosionsrisiko im ökologisch wirtschaftenden Betrieb bereits ohne Auflagen deutlich niedriger, als die im integrierten Betrieb. Ein integrierter Betrieb ist in der Regel nur durch Zahlung von Prämien zu einer Berücksichtigung von Umweltzielen bereit. Diese Anreize werden dem ökologischen Landbau bereits durch die höheren Produktpreise sowie die Grundförderung gesetzt. Die dargestellten Zusammenhänge helfen aufzuzeigen, wie effizient Umweltziele erreicht werden können.
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Institut für Ökologischen Landbau
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1467/1/meyer-aurich-a-2003-umweltziele-betriebsoptimierung.pdf
Meyer-Aurich, Andreas; Schuler, Johannes; Zander, Peter and Bachinger, Johann (2003) Integration von Umweltzielen in die Betriebsoptimierung im ökologischen Landbau – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen am Beispiel des Versuchsbetriebes Klostergut Scheyern. [Integration of environmental aims in optimising operations in organic farming - Possibilities and limits on the pilot farm Klostergut Scheyern.] Paper at: 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Wien, 24.-26. Februar 2003.
oai:orgprints.org:1473
2010-04-12T07:28:16Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67:376275696C64696E6773
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1473/
Subsoil Compaction and Ways to Prevent It
Van den Akker, J.J.H.
Schjønning, P.
Buildings and machinery
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Soil biology
Subsoil compaction affects all aspects of soil quality, and contrary to topsoil compaction it is persistent. Natural alleviation processes such as wetting/drying, freezing/thawing and biological activity including root growth decrease rapidly with depth. In compacted soil, these alleviation processes are moreover diminished because root growth and biological activity are reduced and soil water contents remain higher in compacted than in well-structured soil. Wheel loads are still increasing and, in consequence, the extent and severity of subsoil compaction. Sustainable soil management requires the uncompromising criterion that no subsoil compaction can be accepted. Consequently, only field traffic with wheel loads lower than the carrying capacity of the subsoil is allowed. This implies that subsoil stress caused by wheel load should not exceed the strength of the subsoil. Therefore, this chapter emphasises the importance of soil strength and the calculation of soil stresses in the subsoil. One of the main constraints in using the carrying capacity concept proves to be the lack of data on soil strength. Existing recommended limits for wheel loads and inflation pressures are not adequate and can result in over or underestimating of allowable wheel loads and subsequent uneconomical solutions or subsoil compaction. Adequate drainage of soils is a prerequisite for reduced subsoil compaction. Mouldboard ploughing with all tractor wheels on the non-ploughed ‘land’ and umbilical systems for applying manure slurry are realistic options to reduce compaction. Controlled traffic systems that limit the wheeled area may be implemented by the use of wide span vehicles and by steering tractors along traffic lanes. Although we support such provisions, our chapter will advocate and focus primarily on adjusting wheel loads to the carrying capacity of the subsoils.
CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Schjønning, P.
Elmholt, S.
Christensen, B.T.
2004
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1473/1/Chapt10_tex_ref_tab_final.doc
source
en
/id/eprint/1473/2/Chapt10_fig_final.doc
Van den Akker, J.J.H. and Schjønning, P. (2004) Subsoil Compaction and Ways to Prevent It. In: Schjønning, P.; Elmholt, S. and Christensen, B.T. (Eds.) Managing Soil Quality: Challenges in Modern Agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, chapter 10, pp. 163-184.
oai:orgprints.org:1474
2022-03-10T14:43:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1474/
Management-induced Soil Structure Degradation: Organic Matter Depletion and Tillage
Kay, B.D.
Munkholm, L.J.
Production systems
Crop combinations and interactions
Crop health, quality, protection
Farming Systems
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Crop husbandry
Soil biology
Soil structure is an important element of soil quality since changes in structural characteristics can cause changes in the ability of soil to fulfil different functions and services. Emphasis in this chapter is placed on the role of soil structure in biological productivity of agroecosystems. Combinations of management practices in which the extent of the degradation of soil structure caused by one practice is balanced or exceeded by the extent of regeneration by other practices will help sustain the productivity of agroecosystems. Tillage and practices that change the organic matter (OM) content of soil are foremost among the many practices that influence soil structure. The links between management, OM content and soil structure and between tillage and soil structure are explored. The feasibility of defining management thresholds or soil quality indicator thresholds with respect to soil structure is assessed.
CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK
Schjønning, P.
Elmholt, S.
Christensen, B.T.
2004
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1474/2/Kay_et_Munkholm_2004.pdf
Kay, B.D. and Munkholm, L.J. (2004) Management-induced Soil Structure Degradation: Organic Matter Depletion and Tillage. In: Schjønning, P.; Elmholt, S. and Christensen, B.T. (Eds.) Managing Soil Quality: Challenges in Modern Agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, chapter 11, pp. 185-197.
oai:orgprints.org:1477
2010-04-12T07:28:16Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1477/
Mitigation of subsoil recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing. I. Soil response
Munkholm, L.J.
Schjønning, P.
Rüegg, K.
Pasture and forage crops
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Soil biology
Soil quality
Crop husbandry
Crop health, quality, protection
Crop combinations and interactions
Production systems
Soil tillage
Mechanically loosened subsoil has been shown to be prone to recompaction. We evaluated the degree of recompaction of a sandy loam mechanically loosened to a depth of 35 cm in 1997 and again in 1998. Perennial grass/clover was grown with limited traffic intensity in 1999 and 2000. The recompaction experiment was conducted in 2001 and 2002 when the soil was grown with oat and winter wheat, respectively. On-land ploughing was compared with traditional mouldboard ploughing with the tractor wheels in the furrow. In addition, the loosened plots were either light trafficked (<6 Mg axle load and <100 kPa inflation pressure) or heavy trafficked (10-18 Mg axle load and ~200 kPa inflation pressure), respectively. The soils loosened by non-inversion deep tillage (NINV) were referenced by a conventional ploughing-harrowing tillage system (CONV). The CONV treatment was modified in 2001, i.e. on-land ploughing and light traffic was applied instead of traditional ploughing and traffic. Penetration resistance and bulk density was recorded in the field. Undisturbed soil cores were taken in 1998, 1999 and 2002 from the 7-14 cm, 18-27 cm and 25-30 cm layer and used for measuring total porosity, macropores >30 μm and air permeability at –100 hPa matric potential. The results showed that on-land ploughing mitigated recompaction of the upper part of the subsoil. In contrast, only small differences between heavy and light traffic were observed. Mitigation of subsoil recompaction by primarily on-land ploughing was needed for the loosened NINV soil to produce an upper subsoil with similar – not better – pore characteristics than the non-loosened CONV soil 4 years after loosening. The structural conditions in the transition layer between plough layer and subsoil improved for the CONV soil from 1998 to 2002 as indicated by an almost doubling in air permeability. This was interpreted as being related to the growing of grass/clover ley in 1999 and 2000 combined with a shift from traditional tillage and traffic to on-land ploughing and light traffic when growing cereals in 2001 and 2002. Results on root growth and crop yield are reported in an adjoining paper.
2005
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1477/1/recomp_1_subm.doc
Munkholm, L.J.; Schjønning, P. and Rüegg, K. (2005) Mitigation of subsoil recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing. I. Soil response. Soil & Tillage Research (80), pp. 149-158.
oai:orgprints.org:1479
2010-04-12T07:28:16Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1479/
Mitigation of subsoil recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing. II: Root and yield response
Munkholm, L.J.
Schjønning, P.
Jørgensen, M.H.
Thorup-Kristensen, K.
Crop health, quality, protection
Pasture and forage crops
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Production systems
Soil biology
Soil quality
Crop husbandry
Soil tillage
Plough pans have been shown to severely hamper root development, limit rooting depth and reduce crop yields. We evaluated the effect of plough pan compaction on root and yield response for a winter wheat in a field trial conducted in two neighbouring fields (B3 and B4) on a sandy loam. Plots were mechanically loosened to a depth of 35 cm in 1997 (B3 and B4) and again in 1998 (only B4). Perennial grass/clover was grown with limited traffic intensity in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 for B3 and B4, respectively. The perennial grass/clover was ploughed under in spring 2000 (B3) and spring 2001 (B4) and oats established. After harvest of oats, winter wheat was established. Recompaction treatments were applied to the mechanically loosened plots in 2000 and 2000+2001 for B3 and B4, respectively. On-land ploughing was compared with traditional mouldboard ploughing with the tractor wheels in the furrow. In addition, the loosened plots were either heavy trafficked (10-18 Mg axle load and ~200 kPa inflation pressure) or light trafficked (<6 Mg axle load and <100 kPa inflation pressure). The loosened treatments were referenced by plots where the plough pan had not been mechanically loosened (CONV). Root growth of winter wheat was followed during both growing seasons applying the minirhizotron technique. In 2002 these measurements were supplemented with core sampling at around anthesis (June 11). Soil water content was followed during the 2002 growing season using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Grain yield and nitrogen content in grain were determined both years. An adjoining study showed that the combination of heavy traffic and traditional ploughing (NINV-TH) caused strong recompaction of loosened soil whereas the combination of light traffic and on-land ploughing produced moderate recompaction. This study showed that the NINV-TH treatment produced 7% lower yield than in the NINV-OL treatment in 2002, whereas no clear effect on crop yield was found in 2001. The NINV-TH and NINV-OL treatments showed mixed effect on root growth. Surprisingly, the non-loosened CONV treatment performed similar or even better than the NINV-OL treatment. The CONV treatment facilitated higher root intensity at depth and produced similar yield and N-uptake. The good performance of the CONV soil may be related to detrimental effects of subsoil loosening on rootability, favourable water supply in both experimental seasons, and improvements of the CONV plough pan structure through biological tillage during the experimental years. Our results suggest that mechanical subsoil loosening of humid sandy loams only is recommendable in case of very severe subsoil compaction. Natural alleviation of subsoil structure induced by changes in soil management may comprise a favourable alternative to mechanical subsoil loosening.
2005
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1479/1/recomp_2_subm.doc
Munkholm, L.J.; Schjønning, P.; Jørgensen, M.H. and Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2005) Mitigation of subsoil recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing. II: Root and yield response. Soil & Tillage Research (80), pp. 159-170.
oai:orgprints.org:1480
2010-04-12T07:28:17Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1480/
Mechanical subsoiling: Mitigation of recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing
Munkholm, L.J.
Schjønning, P.
Soil quality
Production systems
Crop combinations and interactions
Crop health, quality, protection
Soil tillage
Crop husbandry
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Plough pans have been shown to severely hamper root development, limit rooting depth and reduce crop yield. However, mechanically loosening of compacted subsoils often gives discouraging results. This has in many cases been related to a quick recompaction of the subsoil after loosening, as loosened subsoils are highly prone to recompaction. We evaluated the degree of recompaction of a mechanically loosened sandy loam. In addition, we studied the effect of plough pan compaction and subsoiling on root and yield response for a winter wheat crop. Plots were mechanically loosened to a depth of 35 cm in 1997 and again in 1998. Perennial grass/clover was grown with limited traffic intensity in 1999-2000. The perennial grass/clover was ploughed under in spring 2001 and oats established. Winter wheat was established in the autumn about a month after the harvest of oats. A recompaction experiment was conducted in 2001 and 2002 using the plots from the subsoiling experiment. On-land ploughing was compared with traditional mouldboard ploughing. In addition, the loosened plots were either heavy trafficked (>6 Mg axle load and high pressure tires) or light trafficked (<6 Mg axle load and <100 kPa inflation pressure). In this paper results from the combination of on-land ploughing and light traffic (NINV-OL) and the combination of traditional ploughing and heavy traffic (NINV-TH) will be presented. The loosened soils were referenced by a conventional ploughing-harrowing tillage system (CONV). The CONV soil was treated with on-land ploughing and light traffic from 2001 and experienced traditional ploughing for the last time in 1998. Penetration resistance was recorded in the field. Undisturbed soil cores were taken in 1999 and 2002 from the 18-27 and 25-30 cm layer and used for measuring porosity, air permeability, Ka, and pore continuity, PO, at –100 hPa matric potential. Root growth of winter wheat was followed during the growing season applying the minirhizotron technique and supplemented with core sampling at around anthesis (June 11). Grain yield was also determined. The results showed that the combination of on-land ploughing and light traffic mitigated recompaction of the upper subsoil. It was further found that the structural condition of the CONV plough pan was improved from 1999 to 2002. Ka,100 almost doubled for the 18-27 and 25-30 cm layers from 1999 to 2002. This suggest that the CONV plough pan had been biologically tilled resulting from high biological activity in the two years of grass ley (1999 and 2000) and a shift from traditional tillage and traffic to on-land ploughing and light traffic when growing cereals in 2001 and 2002. The CONV soil with a biologically ameliorated but still evident plough pan performed similar or better than the plough pan loosened and moderately recompacted NINV-OL soil. The CONV soil facilitated higher root intensity and produced similar yield. For instance, at around anthesis in 2002 (June 16), the fraction of grid frames at 94-104 cm depth with roots were 51, 31 and 14% for CONV, NINV-OL and NINV-TH, respectively. The deep rooting in CONV occurred despite root diameter data indicating that root growth was hampered in the plough pan layer of CONV and NINV-TH. Our results indicate that mechanical subsoiling may create even more constraints than benefits to crop development. Biological amelioration induced by appropriate changes in cropping system as well as tillage and traffic intensity comprise a favourable alternative to mechanical subsoiling for sandy loams with plough pan compaction.
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1480/1/ISTRO2003_pap.doc
Munkholm, L.J. and Schjønning, P. (2003) Mechanical subsoiling: Mitigation of recompaction by light traffic and on-land ploughing. In: Proceedings, 16th International Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (CD-ROM).
oai:orgprints.org:1508
2012-06-13T13:25:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1508/
Structural vulnerability of a sandy loam exposed to intensive tillage and traffic in wet conditions
Munkholm, L.J.
Schjønning, P.
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil tillage
Farming Systems
Crop husbandry
Sustainable soil management requires that the structural degradation is balanced or exceeded by regeneration. Our objective was to investigate the vulnerability of topsoil structure to stress exerted by intensive tillage or traffic. The study addressed the short-term stability to disturbance as well as the recovery (resilience) within a year. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design on a humid sandy loam in 1997-1999. Each year, either compaction from a heavy tractor (PAC) or puddling by intensive rotary cultivation (PUD) produced a severe impact on topsoil structure. The PAC and PUD treatments were carried out on wet soil in early spring. The mechanical treatments were referenced by plots (REF), which were left undisturbed until the soil had dried to a friable condition and ready for seedbed preparation. The PAC and PUD treatments were prepared for sowing at the same time as the reference plots. Penetration resistance was recorded in the spring of 1998 and 1999 to a depth of 200 mm. Soil was sampled from the 0-40 mm layer in May 1998 and in March, May and November 1999. The soil was air-dried and separated into four aggregate size fractions. The aggregates were subjected to tensile strength and density measurements. The penetration resistance in the 0-200 mm layer ranked in the order PAC>>PUD>REF. Both mechanical treatments significantly increased the density of 4-8 mm aggregates. One or two months after the mechanical treatments, they had increased tensile strength relative to REF by 44% and 33% in 1998 and by 13% and 33% in 1999 for the PAC and PUD treatments, respectively. Thus, our result showed substantial topsoil degradation when exposed to the PAC and PUD treatments, i.e. the sandy loam showed low stability. In November 1999, the PUD-treated aggregates were still markedly stronger than those found in the REF soil. Hence, the PUD-treated soil showed little resilience within a six-month summer period. There was no significant difference in aggregate tensile strength between the treatments in March 1999 after a winter with cycles of freezing and thawing and a mouldboard ploughing operation in early spring. Our results thus imply that soil degradation induced by soil compaction or intensive rotary cultivation early spring may reduce the ease of tillage in the following autumn whereas little residual effect can be expected in the following spring.
2004
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1508/1/Struct_vuln_subm.doc
Munkholm, L.J. and Schjønning, P. (2004) Structural vulnerability of a sandy loam exposed to intensive tillage and traffic in wet conditions. Soil & Tillage Research (79), pp. 79-85.
oai:orgprints.org:1535
2010-04-12T07:28:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D6B6E6F776C65646765:397265736561726368:3273797374656D73
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
74797065733D7265706F7274
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1535/
Ackerbausysteme im ökologischen Landbau
Beckmann, Uta
Kolbe, Hartmut
Model, Annett
Russow, Rolf
Nutrient turnover
Systems research and participatory research
Crop combinations and interactions
Production systems
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Composting and manuring
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen:
Auf einem Sandboden und einem Lößboden wurden in Sachsen ab dem Jahr 1992 komplexe Dauerversuche durchgeführt. Es wurden Verfahren von viehlosen (System Marktfruchtbau) sowie von viehhaltenden Betrieben (System Futterbau) in der Anbaufolge mit zweijährigem Leguminosengras, Sommerweizen und Mais simuliert. In den Versuchen wurden außerdem eine stark unterschiedliche Düngungshöhe mit verschiedenen organischen Düngemitteln sowie differenzierte anbautechnische und vegetationsbegleitende Maßnahmen berücksichtigt. Die Anbauverfahren wurden sowohl in ihren kurzzeitigen Auswirkungen auf Nährstoffdynamik (Nmin, gasförmige N-Emissionen), Ertrag und Produktqualität der Kulturarten als auch in ihren langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Nährstoffbilanzen der Fruchtfolgen sowie auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit geprüft.
Eine Beschreibung der Versuchsbedingungen, der angewandten Methoden sowie der Einzelergebnisse findet sich bei BECKMANN et al. (2001, 2002 - siehe https://orgprints.org/00000802/).
Inhalt:
1 VERGLEICH DER STANDORTE
1.1 ERGEBNISSE
1.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
2 VERGLEICH DER SYSTEME FUTTERBAU UND MARKTFRUCHT
2.1 ERGEBNISSE
2.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
3 VERGLEICH DER DÜNGEMITTELARTEN
3.1 ERGEBNISSE
3.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
4 VERGLEICH DER DÜNGUNGSINTENSITÄTEN
4.1 ERGEBNISSE
4.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
5 VERGLEICH DER VEGETATIONSBEGLEITENDEN MAßNAHMEN
5.1 ERGEBNISSE
5.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
6 VERGLEICH DER KULTURARTEN IN DER FRUCHTFOLGE
6.1 ERGEBNISSE
6.2 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN
7 HANDLUNGS- UND FORSCHUNGSBEDARF
2000
Report
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1535/1/Link-Volltext.htm
Beckmann, Uta; Kolbe, Hartmut; Model, Annett and Russow, Rolf (2000) Ackerbausysteme im ökologischen Landbau. [Organic arable farming systems.] Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Dresden .
oai:orgprints.org:1537
2010-04-12T07:28:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6A6F75726E616C70
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1537/
Short-term effects of tillage on mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soil
Kristensen, Hanne L.
Debosz, Kasia
McCarty, Greg W.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Soil biology
Tillage is known to decrease soil organic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) pools with negative consequences for soil quality. This decrease is thought partly to be caused by exposure of protected organic matter to microbial degradation by the disturbance of soil structure. Little is known, however, about the short-term effects of tillage on mineralization of N and C, and microbial activity. We studied the short-term effects of two types of tillage (conventional plough- and a non-inverting-tillage) on mineralization and microbial N and C pools in a sandy loam under organic plough-tillage management. The release of active and protected (inactive) N by tillage was further studied in the laboratory by use of 15N labelling of the active pool of soil N followed by simulation of tillage by sieving through a 2 mm sieve. Results showed that the two types of tillage as well as the simulation of tillage had very few effects on mineralization and microbial pools. The simulation of tillage caused, however, a small release of N from a pool which was otherwise protected against microbial degradation. The use of soil crushing for disruption of larger macroaggregates (>425 µm) and chloroform fumigation for perturbation of the microbial biomass increased the release from both active and protected N pools. The relative contribution from the protected N pool was, however, similar in the three treatments (22-27%), thus the pools subjected to mineralization were characterised by similar degree of protection. On the basis of isotopic composition the pools of N mineralised were indistinguishable. This suggests that the released N originated from the same pool, that is the soil microbial biomass. The study points to the microbial pool as the main source of labile N which may be released by tillage, and thus to its importance for sustained soil fertility in agricultural systems.
2003
Journal paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1537/1/Shortterm.pdf
Kristensen, Hanne L.; Debosz, Kasia and McCarty, Greg W. (2003) Short-term effects of tillage on mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, pp. 979-986.
oai:orgprints.org:1552
2010-04-12T07:28:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3977656564
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1552/
Jordbearbejdning
Schjønning, P.
Soil quality
Production systems
Weed management
Soil tillage
Crop health, quality, protection
Pasture and forage crops
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Økologisk jordbrug i Danmark har fokuseret meget lidt på jordbearbejdning og færdsel i marken. De traktorer og bearbejdningsmetoder, som en landmand har anvendt i det konventionelle landbrug, vil i langt de fleste tilfælde blive overført til det økologiske dyrkningssystem. Ved økologisk dyrkning skal jordens frugtbarhed fremmes mest muligt ved jordbearbejdningen. Pionerer indenfor den økologiske bevægelse hævder, at et system med minimal og helst ikke-vendende jordbearbejdning (altså uden pløjning) er at foretrække.
De seneste årtiers brug af stedse større traktorer og vogne i landbruget har forårsaget en pakning af jorden under pløjedybde. Pakningen skyldes dels kørsel med tunge traktorer og vogne; og dels hjulets påvirkning i furen ved pløjning (en pløjesål). En pakket underjord har vist sig skadelig på flere måder, herunder også på det endelige udbytte.
Danmarks JordbrugsForskning gennemførte 1996-2000 et forsøg med forskellig jordbearbejdning i et økologisk sædskifte på Rugballegaard. Undersøgelserne gennemførtes i et fem-marks skifte med byg/ært m. udlæg, 1. års kløvergræs, 2. års kløvergræs, havre og vinterhvede. Vi undersøgte tre principielt forskellige jordbearbejdningssystemer, nemlig traditionel pløjning til (i) 20 cm, til (ii) 10-12 cm pløjedybde samt (iii) ikke-vendende løsning af jorden til 35-40 cm dybde. Løsningen foregik med store gåsefodstænder (fabrikat Dutzi) monteret på en svær bulle, der også gav mulighed for ophængning af en Howard tandfræser og en konventionel Nordsten slæbeskær-såmaskine. Det vil sige, at jorden ikke blev vendt og at jordløsning, såbedstilberedning og såning skete i én arbejdsgang. Omlægning af græsmarken skete for alle systemer med traditionel pløjning til 20 cm dybde.
Anvendelsen af Dutzi-udstyret krævede meget stor trækkraft. Jordløsningen var meget effektiv og gav anledning til en markant mindskelse af den mekaniske modstand i jordlaget fra ca. 20 til ca. 35 cm dybde, hvor der på arealet generelt fandtes en kompakt pløjesål. Den ændrede jordfysiske tilstand resulterede i flere rødder og knoldbakterier (Rhizobium).
Der var ikke entydige tendenser i bearbejdningernes indflydelse på udbyttet af afgrøderne. Dutzi-løsning gav et lidt højere råprotein-indhold i helsæds- og kløvergræsudbyttet end pløjning. En tendens til forøget ukrudtstryk i udlægsmarken efter Dutzi-behandling i forhold til pløjning gav ikke øgede problemer, idet forskellen udlignede sig ved høst af dæksæden som helsæd.
Både Dutzi-bearbejdningen og den overfladiske pløjning må betragtes som realistiske muligheder i et økologisk sædskifte som det undersøgte. En sikker konklusion om systemernes succes vil kræve undersøgelser gennem mere end en rotation. Desuden kan resultaterne tænkes at være anderledes i andre sædskifter.
Ploven vil fortsat være nødvendig i mange økologiske jordbrug p.g.a. behovet for at nedmulde flerårige afgrøder og halm-rig staldgødning mm. I stedet for fuld overgang til ikke-vendende jordløsning, forekommer det realistisk at reducere pløjedybden til det mindst mulige og foretage en evt. påkrævet mekanisk løsning af dybere jordlag med maskinel, der bryder jorden op til den ønskede dybde uden at vende den. Her er Dutzi-tænderne (separat eller i forbindelse med et kombisæt) én af flere muligheder.
2003
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1552/1/Okoklumme.doc
Schjønning, P. (2003) Jordbearbejdning. [Soil tillage (in organic farming).] Økologisk Jordbrug, 2003 (281), p. 4.
oai:orgprints.org:1561
2010-04-12T07:28:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1561/
Jordens smuldreevne har stor betydning
Munkholm, L.J.
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Crop health, quality, protection
I et Ph.d. projekt undersøgtes effekter af dyrkning vandindhold og dyrkningssystem på jordens struktur i relation til jordbearbejdning. Ideelt set ønskes en let-smuldrende jord, hvor det er let at nedbryde de store uønskede knolde, men samtidig svært at pulverisere jorden. Et knoldet såbed kan give problem med for dårlig rod-jord kontakt, mens et for fint såbed kan give problemer med tilslemning af overfladen og vind- og vanderosion. Jordens smuldreevne har særlig stor betydning indenfor økologisk jordbrug, hvor en optimal planteetablering og gode betingelser for plantevækst er af fundamental betydning for afgrødens evne til at udnytte plantenæringsstoffer og vand, samt for afgrødens konkurrenceevne overfor ukrudt. Jordens smuldreevne afhænger af et komplekst samspil mellem klima, jord og jordbearbejdningsredskab. Særligt, spiller jordens vandindhold en væsentlig rolle. Våd jord er svær at smuldre (flyder ud, deformeres fremfor at smuldre), mens brydning af tør og hård jord kan kræve stor energitilførsel. Dyrkningen påvirker jordens smuldreevne direkte i form af jordbearbejdning og trafik samt indirekte gennem effekter på opbygning og stabilisering af jordstrukturen, der påvirkes af sædskifte og tilførsel af organisk stof.
2001
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1561/1/ljmklumme2.doc
Munkholm, L.J. (2001) Jordens smuldreevne har stor betydning. [Soil friability.] Økologisk Jordbrug, 2001 (244), p. 8.
oai:orgprints.org:1562
2010-04-12T07:28:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1562/
Genpakning af jord efter dybdeløsning
Munkholm, L.J.
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Mange års pløjning med traktorhjulet i furebunden samt færdsel med tunge maskiner har betydet, at skadelig pakning af underjorden er et udbredt og tiltagende problem i Danmark. Undersøgelser ved Danmarks JordbrugsForskning viser, at stort set alle danske jorde har et fortættet jordlag under pløjedybden - en såkaldt pløjesål. Mange steder er jorden også pakket længere ned som følge af kørsel med tunge maskiner. Alt andet lige er skadelig pakning et alvorligt problem under økologiske dyrkningsforhold, hvor det vigtigt at bibeholde og fremme en velfungerende og sund jord.
Der findes en bred vifte af redskaber, der forholdsvis effektivt løsner en pakket underjord, hvis løsningen vel at mærke foretages under tørre forhold. Alligevel viser de fleste forsøg, at dybdeløsning giver en svag og som regel kortvarig effekt på udbytte og jordstruktur. En væsentlig årsag til dette er formentlig, at der ikke er blevet taget hensyn til jordens øgede pakningsfølsomhed efter løsning. Udsættes for tung trafik eller uhensigtsmæssig jordbearbejdning kort efter løsning vil der let kunne ske en genpakning til mindst det oprindelige niveau. Genpakning forebygges dels ved hurtigt at få stabiliseret jordens struktur efter løsning og dels ved at anvende skånsom trafik og jordbearbejdning efter løsning. Dyrkning af flerårige afgrøder med et dybdegående rodsystem - som f.eks. lucerne eller kløvergræs til slæt - er det optimale i forhold til at stabilisere strukturen.
Nylige forsøg på økologisk dyrket jord viser, at en kombination af skånsom trafik og jordbearbejdning er nødvendig for at mindske genpakningen af jorden efter løsning til 35-40 cm dybde. I forsøgene var skånsom trafik defineret som trafik med dæktryk under 1 bar og akselbelastning under 6 tons. Skånsom jordbearbejdning bestod af on-land pløjning (dvs. pløjning med alle 4 traktorhjul på land) i stedet for traditionel pløjning. På en økologisk drevet grovsandet sandjord fandt vi, at jorden blev genpakket til det oprindelige niveau indenfor 2 år medmindre skånsom trafik og on-land pløjning blev praktiseret efter løsning. Efter den skånsomme praksis målte vi forøget roddybde og udbytte i forhold til en uløsnet reference med normal trafik. Roddybden steg med ca. 10 cm, hvilket har betydning i relation til vandingsbehov og næringsstofudnyttelse på en grovsandet jord (roddybde typisk <50 cm).
På lerjord ved den økologiske forsøgsstation Rugballegård har vi fundet lignende resultater. På lerjorden blev der dyrket en to-årig kløvergræs til slæt efter dybdeløsningen, hvilket stabiliserede jorden og modvirkede genpakning. Efterfølgende blev korn dyrket i to år, hvor kombinationer af trafikbelastning og on-land/traditionel pløjning blev undersøgt med henblik på at modvirke genpakning. Forsøget viste at on-land pløjning var påkrævet for at modvirke genopbygningen af en pløjesål i den løsnede jord. Ved traditionel pløjning skete der en hurtig genopbygning af pløjesålen.
Forsøgene viser således, at en vedvarende effekt af dybdeløsning forudsætter en omlægning til mere skånsom jordbearbejdning og trafik efter løsning. Undersøgelserne viser, at især overgang til on-land pløjning modvirker genopbygning af en rodhæmmende pløjesål.
2003
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1562/1/ljmklumme1.doc
Munkholm, L.J. (2003) Genpakning af jord efter dybdeløsning. [Recompaction of mechanically loosened subsoil.] Økologisk Jordbrug, 2003 (291), p. 6.
oai:orgprints.org:1577
2010-04-12T07:28:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:396C616E647363617065
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
74797065733D7265706F7274
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1577/
FØJOII-29: Nature Quality in Organic Farming. Midterm Status Report 2003
Fredshavn, Jesper
Tybirk, Knud
et al.
Nutrient turnover
Landscape and recreation
Soil biology
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
The work is organised in five work packages (WP 1-5, Table A1). Since the start in July 2001 the following work has been accomplished:
WP 1. Starting up seminar and the annual seminars have served as a successful platform for project planning and cross-cutting activities. The general project co-ordination and planning of field work and selection of case study areas has been stimulated both at these meetings and in separate meetings with the WP responsibles. The first cross-cutting (CC4) has been accomplished in close co-operation with WP 5 and all project scientists. A homepage for the project is now available.
WP 2. Eleven case areas with high concentration of organic farmers have been selected and 347 farmers have been interviewed. A database holding this information has been constructed. Organic farms show a regional specialisation similar to conventional farms. At the regional level organic farms are concentrated in counties with a higher share of dairy farms. Within counties however, there are important local differences with other factors involved. A GIS-based method for case-area delimitation in the PhD landscape study has been developed.
WP 3. Inventory data from 24 organic farms in two case areas with information on vegetation composition and arthropods has been analysed. New species for Denmark was found and arthropod indicators showed a good correlation to nature quality. Colonisation experiments showed that moss diversity is favoured by grazing and reduced by fertilisation. There was significantly higher plant diversity in hedges and field boundaries on organic farms than on traditional farms. This effect is evident after only 3-4 years of Organic Farming Period and further increased after 7 years
WP 4. Data from the same 24 organic farms and experimental fields of Foulum and Flakkebjerg has been collected in 2002 and 2003. Soil fauna diversity is influenced by soil type, tillage intensity and fertiliser use as well as crop and grazing history. In the experimental plots soil fauna and surface arthropods only showed little response to fertiliser use and catch crops. A 10x10-km landscape has been digitised in the ALMASS landscape model and appropriate scenarios and crop rotations are under construction.
WP 5. Results from the first project workshop (CC4) in 2002 on indicators for esthetical qualities show that a more professional use of the esthetical experience is difficult for many natural scientist. Serious illness has postponed work in 2003 but the final outcome of the work package is expected to be achieved.
2003-12
Report
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1577/1/1577.pdf
Fredshavn, Jesper; Tybirk, Knud and et al. (2003) FØJOII-29: Nature Quality in Organic Farming. Midterm Status Report 2003. National Environmental Research Institute , Dept. Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity.
oai:orgprints.org:1585
2010-04-12T07:28:22Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1585/
Jordkvalitet og dyrkningsmetoder
Schjønning, P.
Munkholm, L.J.
Elmholt, S.
Soil quality
Production systems
Crop health, quality, protection
Soil tillage
Farming Systems
Crop husbandry
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
Soil
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Ligesom der findes vandkvalitet, luftkvalitet og fødevarekvalitet, findes der jordkvalitet. Og jordens kvalitet hænger nøje sammen med dens struktur, f.eks. dens indhold af partikler og porer. Dette kapitel handler om, hvordan økologisk og konventionelt landbrug påvirker jordkvaliteten. På nogle områder er økologisk landbrug bedst, men ikke på alle.
Gads Forlag
Holmstrup, M.
2003
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1585/1/korrektur2_kap1.pdf
Schjønning, P.; Munkholm, L.J. and Elmholt, S. (2003) Jordkvalitet og dyrkningsmetoder. [Soil quality and management.] In: Holmstrup, M. (Ed.) Økologisk landbrug og naturen - gør økologisk landbrug en forskel for natur og miljø?. Miljøbiblioteket, no. 1. Gads Forlag, chapter 1, pp. 9-19.
oai:orgprints.org:1586
2010-04-12T07:28:22Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:33636F6D706F7374
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3977656564
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:38706C616E746865616C7468
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3170617374757265
7375626A656374733D35736F696C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1586/
Livet i jorden
Elmholt, S.
Holmstrup, M.
Composting and manuring
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Production systems
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Weed management
Soil tillage
Crop health, quality, protection
Crop husbandry
Soil biology
Pasture and forage crops
Soil
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
Når jordbundens mikroorganismer og smådyr har det godt, er jorden som regel også god at dyrke planter i. Og jordbundens levende organismer trives, hvis de får rigeligt med næring og fred og ro. Det første kan økologiske jorde levere, men på grund af mekanisk ukrudtsbehandling ofte ikke det sidste. En mindre del af de konventionelt dyrkede marker giver jordbundsorganismer lige så gode betingelser, så økologisk dyrkning er ikke en absolut betingelse for et godt jordliv.
Gads Forlag
Holmstrup, M.
2003
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1586/1/korrektur2_kap2.pdf
Elmholt, S. and Holmstrup, M. (2003) Livet i jorden. In: Holmstrup, M. (Ed.) Økologisk landbrug og naturen - gør økologisk landbrug en forskel for natur og miljø?. Miljøbiblioteket, no. 1. Gads Forlag, chapter 2, pp. 21-31.
oai:orgprints.org:1593
2014-11-14T10:21:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:3762696F646976657273697479
7375626A656374733D326661726D696E67
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1593/
Efterafgrøder og grøngødning giver masser af liv i jorden
Axelsen, Jørgen Aagaard
Soil quality
Production systems
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
Farming Systems
Soil biology
Artiklen omhandler observationer af meget høje tætheder af springhaler og mider i jorden efter ompløjning af forskellige slags grøngødning, samt meget høje tætheder af disse dyr i efterafgrøder i løbet af efteråret, vinteren og foråret.
2003
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
application/msword
da
/id/eprint/1593/1/Dokument.doc
Axelsen, Jørgen Aagaard (2003) Efterafgrøder og grøngødning giver masser af liv i jorden. [Nitrogen catch crops and green manuere causes a lot of life in the soil.] Tidsskriftet Praktisk Økologi, 2003 (6), pp. 18-19.
oai:orgprints.org:1611
2010-04-12T07:28:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1611/
Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural cropping systems
Nielsen, Otto
Soil biology
The ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes in relation to cruciferous crops has been studied in Denmark. The main objectives were to obtain information about nematode occurrence, host range and regulatory effect on insects. This included a range of studies in the field and in the laboratory.
In one set of experiment, cabbage fields were surveyed and Steinernema affine, S. bicornutum, S. intermedium and S. feltiae were isolated. The presence of nematodes was correlated to pupal numbers of the cabbage root fly, D. radicum. The conclusion was that the presence of nematodes at cabbage plants did not reduce the number of pupae.
Another approach was to quantify the proportion of larvae or pupae of D. radicum infected with entomopathogenic nematodes during the growing season. For that purpose a total of 6000 individuals were collected. Of these, only four isolates (S. feltiae) were obtained. This was in accordance with the above conclusion, that entomopathogenic nematodes under natural conditions only play a minor role in the mortality of D. radicum.
The nematode isolates were used in bioassays in the laboratory to test the ability of different insects to support nematode propagation. The main insects studied were the cabbage root fly and the pollen beetle, Meligethes spp.. Both insect species produced nematodes but only S. feltiaeisolates were successful in propagating in D. radicum.
Further experiments in the laboratory concentrated on insect behaviour in relation to nematodes, side effect on parasitoids and the effect of test arena size on insect mortality. The results from these experiments were used to extrapolate results obtained in the laboratory to field conditions. Selected results from one or more of these experiments and from the experiments mentioned above will be given.
2001
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1611/1/sipabstract.doc
Nielsen, Otto (2001) Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural cropping systems. In: Conference abstract book.
oai:orgprints.org:1660
2010-04-12T07:28:27Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:35656D697373696F6E73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1660/
Ausweitung des Ökolandbaus in Wassergewinnungsgebieten
Horstkötter, Martin
Soil quality
Air and water emissions
Im April 2001 wurde in Niedersachsen von der Bezirksregierung Braunschweig ein Projekt zur Ausweitung des Ökologischen Landbaus in Wassergewinnungsgebieten beauftragt. Die Projektlaufzeit beträgt zunächst 3 Jahre mit einer Verlängerungsoption auf 7 Jahre. Die Mittel stammen je zur Hälfte aus dem Proland-Programm der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und den Mitteln der Wasserentnahmegebühr des Landes Niedersachsen. Das Projektgebiet besteht aus den Gewinnungsgebieten in den Regierungsbezirken Hannover und Braunschweig sowie 13 Wassergewinnungsgebieten im Regierungsbezirk Lüneburg. Ziel des Projektes ist die nachhaltige Vergrößerung sowohl der Fläche als auch der Zahl der Betriebe, die nach den Vorschriften des Ökologischen Landbaus in Wassergewinnungsgebieten wirtschaften.
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Institut für Ökologischen Landbau
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1660/1/horstkoetter-m-2003-wassergewinnungsgebiete.pdf
Horstkötter, Martin (2003) Ausweitung des Ökolandbaus in Wassergewinnungsgebieten. [Expansion of Organic Farming in Drinking Water Drainage Areas.] Paper at: 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Wien, 24.-26. Februar 2003.
oai:orgprints.org:1699
2010-04-12T07:28:28Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3263726F70636F6D62
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1699/
Simulating Soil Organic Matter Transformations with the New Implementation of the Daisy Model
Petersen, Anders
Bruun, Sander
Jensen, Dr. Lars Stoumann
Hansen, Dr. Søren
Nutrient turnover
Production systems
Crop combinations and interactions
Soil biology
Daisy is a well-tested deterministic, dynamic soil-plant-atmosphere model, capable of simulating water balance, nitrogen balance and losses, development in soil organic matter and crop growth and production in crop rotations under alternate management strategies. Originally it was developed as a system of single models describing each process involved, but recently it has been developed into a framework, which can be used for implementation of several different models of each of the different processes. Thus, for example a number of different models for simulating soil water dynamics can be chosen depending on the purpose of the simulation and the availability of data for parameterisation.
The sub-model simulating soil organic matter is still a fixed component in the Daisy terminology. This means that there is currently only one model, which can be used to simulate soil organic matter transformations. However this sub-model can be changed considerably. Some examples are given.
INRA
Recous, Dr. S.
2001
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1699/1/DAISY_Poster_Reims.pdf
Petersen, Anders; Bruun, Sander; Jensen, Dr. Lars Stoumann and Hansen, Dr. Søren (2001) Simulating Soil Organic Matter Transformations with the New Implementation of the Daisy Model. In: Recous, Dr. S. (Ed.) Conference Transactions, INRA.
oai:orgprints.org:1736
2010-04-12T07:28:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1736/
Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung im Ökologischen Landbau: Einfluss auf Leistung und Struktur der Bodenmikroorganismengemeinschaft
Emmerling, C.
Gattinger, A.
Embacher, A.
Soil biology
Soil tillage
Problemstellung/Ziele: Im Projekt ‚Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung’ (PÖB) der Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürckheim, wird seit 1995 am Standort Rommersheim, Rheinhessen, eine differenzierte Grundbodenbearbeitung mit den Varianten Pflug (P), Zweischichtenpflug (LP) und Schichtengrubber (LC) durchgeführt. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, vertiefende Einsichten in die Reaktion der mikrobiellen Biomasse auf die differenzierte Bodenbearbeitung unter den besonderen Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaus zu erhalten.
Hypothesen: Eine reduzierte (LP) und konservierende (LC) Bodenbearbeitung führt im Vergleich zum Pflug (P) zu einer Anreicherung und Sequestrierung sowie einer qualitativen Modifikation von organischer Bodensubstanz und mikrobieller Biomasse. Die funktionelle und strukturelle Diversität der Bodenmikroorganismen-Gemeinschaft wird hierdurch ebenfalls modifiziert.
Methoden: Im Frühjahr 2001 wurden Bodenproben aus Grünbrache-Parzellen in vierfacher Wiederholung je Bodenbearbeitungsvariante differenziert nach Ober- (0-15cm) und Unterkrume (15-25cm) entnommen und hinsichtlicher der Gehalte an organischer Substanz (trockene Veraschung), mikrobieller Biomasse (CFE-C) und Aktivität (Infrarotgasanalysator) sowie der funktionellen Diversität (community level substrate utilization profiles – BIOLOG GN2) untersucht. Die strukturelle Diversität wurde mittels Phospholipid-Fettsäure (PLFA) und Phospholipid-Etherlipide (PLEL) –Muster analysiert. Ergänzend wurde die Qualität der organischen Bodensubstanz durch eine Kaltwasser-Extraktion und der spektroskopischen Eigenschaften untersucht.
Fazit: Reduzierte und konservierende Bodenbearbeitung modifiziert die Organische Bodensubstanz, die Leistung sowie die funktionelle und strukturelle Diversität von Bodenmikroorganismen-Gemeinschaften.
Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für ökologischen Landbau
Freyer, Bernhard
2003
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1736/1/1736-emmerling-c-et-al-2003-reduzierte-bodenbearbeitung.pdf
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1736/2/1736-emmerling-c-et-al-2003-reduzierte-bodenbearbeitung-en.pdf
Emmerling, C.; Gattinger, A. and Embacher, A. (2003) Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung im Ökologischen Landbau: Einfluss auf Leistung und Struktur der Bodenmikroorganismengemeinschaft. [Reduced tillage in organic farming: Impact on microbial activity and functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community.] In: Freyer, Bernhard (Ed.) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau: Ökologischer Landbau der Zukunft, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien - Institut für ökologischen Landbau, pp. 453-454.
oai:orgprints.org:1738
2010-04-12T07:28:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:3474696C6C616765
74797065733D626F6F6B63686170746572
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1738/
Einfluss reduzierter Grundbodenbearbeitung im Ökologischen Landbau auf bodenökologische Eigenschaften
Emmerling, Christoph
Soil biology
Soil quality
Soil tillage
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse zum Einfluss unterschiedlicher Grundbodenbearbeitungsverfahren aus dem „Projekt Ökologische Bodenbearbeitung“ nach Ablauf der ersten fünfjährigen Fruchtfolgeperiode für die Kulturen Grünbrache und Roggen vorgestellt. Hierzu wurden die Ergebnisse der Nährstoffversorgung, der bodenmikrobiellen Eigenschaften und der Besiedlung der Böden durch Regenwürmer der Jahre 1995 bis 1999 ausgewertet.
Inhalt:
- Einleitung
- Material und Methoden im Versuchsfeld Eichenhof
- Ergebnisse:
--- Nährstoffhaushalt und organische Bodensubstanz
--- Bodenmikrobiologische Eigenschaften
--- Besiedlung durch Regenwürmer
- Diskussion
- Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis
- Danksagung
- Literatur
Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim
2002
Book chapter
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
de
/id/eprint/1738/1/1738-emmerling-c-2002-zwischenbericht-poeb.pdf
Emmerling, Christoph (2002) Einfluss reduzierter Grundbodenbearbeitung im Ökologischen Landbau auf bodenökologische Eigenschaften. [Reduced tillage in organic farming: impact on soil ecology.] In: Bodenbearbeitung und Bodengesundheit: Zwischenergebnisse im Projekt Ökologische Bodenbewirtschaftung in Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rheinhessen, Rheinland-Pfalz). Schriftenreihe der Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, no. 13. Landesanstalt für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, Mainz und Stiftung Ökologie und Landbau, Bad Dürkheim, pp. 25-46.
oai:orgprints.org:1790
2010-04-12T07:28:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:35656D697373696F6E73
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1790/
Relationship between crop rotation and microbial biomass and activity including field CO2 and N2O fluxes and N mineralization
Vinther, F.P.
Hansen, E.M.
Olesen, J.E.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil biology
Air and water emissions
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
The impacts of crop rotation and input of organic matter in the form of straw residues and incorporation of catch crops on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and microbial biomass and activity was studied in a field experiment initiated in 1996 at Research Centre Foulum. The parameters studied included substrate-induced respiration (SIR) from where microbial biomass C was calculated, hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA), arylsulfatase activity (ASA), N mineralisation, N2O emission, and soil respiration. These experiments were carried out in bare soil plots to measure the effects of previous crops and input of organic matter. In 2001 measurements were carried out in four treatments where the crops in 2000 were winter wheat (W-w), pea-barley (P-b), grass-clover (Gr-cl), and pea-barley undersown with ryegrass (P-b/gr). In the first two treatments straw residues were removed after harvest and only the stubble was incorporated, representing low input of organic matter. In the other two treatments, representing high level of organic matter input, mowed plant material in Gr-cl and ryegrass residues in P-b/gr were left on the ground and incorporated into the soil before sowing the next crop. The development of the 2001-crops was followed in neighbouring non-fertilised plots by measuring the aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake six times during the growing season. Generally, the treatments with low input of organic matter gave lowest scores for all measured parameters, and W-w was significantly lowest except for soil respiration and N2O emission, which showed high spatial variation. During the period from March to August 78, 100, 105 and 103 kg N ha-1 was mineralised in the treatments W-w, P-b, G-cl and P-b/g, respectively. In comparison, the N uptake in the corresponding 2001-crops was 60, 62, 104, and 89 kg N ha-1. Total soil respiration during the period from April to September was 4.2, 5.3, 5.0 and 5.2 tons C ha-1 in the same treatments, and total N2O emission during the period from ultimo April to ultimo August was 2.6, 2.6, 2.7 and 3.3 kg N2O-N ha-1. The N2O emission factors, which were calculated on the basis of mineralised N, were 0.028, 0.019, 0.019 and 0.028 in W-w, P-b, Gr-cl and P-b/gr, respectively. On average, over the period from April to October 2001 the content of microbial biomass carbon was 230, 305, 305 and 304 µg C g-1 soil, FDA was 89, 90, 120 and 107 µg flourescein g-1 soil, and ASA 22, 24, 31 and 27 µg NP g-1 soil in the four treatments, respectively. A multivariate analysis on all data showed that only the winter wheat with low input of organic matter differed significantly from the other three treatments, whereas the pea-barley was similar to the treatments receiving high input of organic matter. It is assumed that the peas contributed to the higher microbial activity encountered in the subsequent year.
2002
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1790/1/Finn_Vinther_abstract.doc
Vinther, F.P.; Hansen, E.M. and Olesen, J.E. (2002) Relationship between crop rotation and microbial biomass and activity including field CO2 and N2O fluxes and N mineralization. In: Abstracts of NJF seminar no: 342 "Agricultural soils and greenhouse gasses in cool-temperate climate", p. 12.
oai:orgprints.org:1793
2010-04-12T07:28:33Z
oai:orgprints.org:1795
2010-04-12T07:28:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1795/
Ærter som kvælstofsamler i vintersæd
Vinther, F.P.
Laier, A.Aa.
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
I løbet af vinteren optager afgrøderne stort set ikke kvælstof og størstedelen af det plante-tilgængelige kvælstof der måtte befinde sig i jorden bliver udvasket. Der er således ikke noget tilgængeligt kvælstof tilstede, når planterne genoptager væksten idet tidlige forår, og planterne "sulter" indtil det er muligt at udbringe gødning.
I det forløbne år har gårdejer Esben Tøttrup, Vindum i samarbejde med Danmarks JordbrugsForskning og LandboCenter Midt gennemført markforsøg med ærter som grøngødning i vintersæd. Formålet med at så ærter sammen med vintersæd skulle være, at det kvælstof, som ærterne opsamler i løbet af efteråret bliver lagret vinteren over og frigivet som startgødning i det tidlige forår, når kornplanterne genoptager væksten.
2001-12
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
en
/id/eprint/1795/1/%C3%A6rter_som_Nsamler.pdf
source
en
/id/eprint/1795/2/Figurer_til_Landbladet.doc
Vinther, F.P. and Laier, A.Aa. (2001) Ærter som kvælstofsamler i vintersæd. [Peas collecting nitrogen in winter cereals.] Landsbladet, December 2001.
oai:orgprints.org:1816
2010-04-12T07:28:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D656E7669726F6E6D656E74:35656D697373696F6E73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1816/
Residual effects of previous crops on soil respiration, nitrogen mineralisation and N2O emission
Vinther, F.P.
Olesen, J.E.
Soil quality
Soil biology
Air and water emissions
Models for simulating nitrogen leaching are often based on simulations of a number of individual processes in the soil, such as turnover of organic matter, nitrogen mineralisation and immobilisation, nitrification, denitrification etc. It has been found that the models used under Danish conditions (DAISY and/or FASSET) have some limitations especially concerning the turnover of organic matter with implications on e.g. soil respiration. Therefore, the models are being modified and for calibration of the model measurements of in situ soil respiration using a portable CO2-analyser, nitrogen mineralization using a field incubation technique and N2O emission using a static chamber method, were carried out during the growing season 2001. The measurements were carried out on bare soil but with different previous crops in 2000 representing two cropping systems with different input of organic matter. Results are summarised in the table below.
Previous crop Soil respiration N mineralisation N2O emission
kg CO2-C ha-1 kg N ha-1 kg N ha-1
Grass-clover 4109 91 2.7
Pea-barley/grass 4268 93 3.3
Pea-barley 4320 90 2.6
Winter wheat 3435 70 2.6
2001
Conference paper, poster, etc.
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1816/1/Abstract_Finn_Vinther_Denmark.doc
Vinther, F.P. and Olesen, J.E. (2001) Residual effects of previous crops on soil respiration, nitrogen mineralisation and N2O emission. In: Abstracts of Cost Action 627 meeting: Carbon Storage in European Grasslands., p. 30.
oai:orgprints.org:1840
2012-08-08T14:12:09Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:346E75747269656E74
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64
7375626A656374733D35736F696C:31736F696C7175616C:32736F696C62696F6C
7375626A656374733D34706C616E74:31706C616E7470726F64:3363657265616C73
74797065733D6E65777361727469636C65
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1840/
Grass-clover and catch crops - How does grass-clover and catch crops affect crop performance and soil microbiology in unfertilised organic crop rotations?
Vinther, F.P.
Hansen, E.M.
Olesen, J.E.
Nutrient turnover
Soil quality
Production systems
Soil biology
Cereals, pulses and oilseeds
In organic cropping systems, where commercial fertilisers not are used, the use of N2 fixing crops, such as grass-clover, is of crucial importance. Additionally, the use of catch crops will reduce the loss of nutrients from the soil and thereby maintain the nutritional status at a higher level leading to a sustainable crop production. The use N2 fixing crops and catch crops may also affect the microbial communities in the soil with consequences for the microbial biomass and activity.
The objective of this study, which was a part of the DARCOF-project BIOMOD, was to investigate the influence of crop rotation, particularly the prehistory regarding plant residue amendment, on crop yields, soil respiration, N mineralisation, on emissions of the green house gas N2O and on the microbial biomass and activity. The study is described and discussed in more details in Vinther et al. (2003), and only an extended abstract is presented here.
2003-09
Newspaper or magazine article
NonPeerReviewed
source
en
/id/eprint/1840/1/Finn_P_Vinther_e-news.doc
Vinther, F.P.; Hansen, E.M. and Olesen, J.E. (2003) Grass-clover and catch crops - How does grass-clover and catch crops affect crop performance and soil microbiology in unfertilised organic crop rotations? DARCOFenews, September 2003, 3.
oai:orgprints.org:1841
2010-04-12T07:28:35Z
oai:orgprints.org:1842
2010-04-12T07:28:35Z
metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26offset%3D1843%26set%3D7375626A656374733D35736F696C%253A31736F696C7175616C