?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Animal+health+in+organic+livestock+systems%3A+a+review&rft.creator=Kijlstra%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Aize&rft.creator=Eijck%2C+Drs.+Ineke&rft.subject=+Health+and+welfare&rft.description=Organic+livestock+production+is+a+means+of+food+production+with+a+large+number+of+rules+directed+towards+a+high+status+of+animal+welfare%2C+care+for+the+environment%2C+restricted+use+of+medical+drugs+and+the+production+of+a+healthy+product+without+residues+(pesticides+or+medical+drugs).+The+intentions+of+organic+livestock+production+have+been+formulated+by+the+International+Federation+of+Organic+Agriculture+Movements+(IFOAM)+and+were+further+implemented+by+EU+regulation+2092%2F91+in+the+year+2000.+The+consequences+of+these+rules+for+the+health+of+the+animals+were+not+yet+fully+anticipated+at+the+time+these+regulations+were+made+and+it+has+become+clear+that+in+some+cases+the+rules+are+not+clear+enough+thereby+even+hampering+the+development+of+the+production+system.+In+this+review+we+shall+discuss+the+implications+of+these+rules+for+animal+health%2C+whereby+we+shall+focus+on+pig%2C+poultry+and+dairy+production+systems.+Disease+prevention+in+organic+farming+is+based+on+the+principles+that+an+animal+that+is+allowed+to+exhibit+natural+behaviour%2C+is+not+subjected+to+stress%2C+and+is+fed+optimal+(organic)+feed%2C+will+have+a+higher+ability+to+cope+with+infections+than+animals+reared+in+a+conventional+way.+Fewer+medical+treatments+would+thus+be+necessary+and+if+an+animal+would+become+diseased%2C+alternative+treatments+instead+of+conventional+drugs+should+be+preferred.+Although+homeopathy+or+phytotherapy+are+recommended+according+to+prevailing+regulations%2C+not+many+organic+farmers+use+this+treatment+regimen+in+view+of+lacking+scientific+evidence+of+effectiveness.+Important+health+problems+in+organic+livestock+farming+are+often+related+to+the+animals%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99+outdoor+access+area.+Due+to+such+an+area+the+animals+are+exposed+to+various+viral%2C+bacterial+and+parasitic+infections+some+of+which+may+influence+the+animals%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99+own+welfare+but+other+ones+may+also+endanger+the+health+of+conventional+livestock+(e.g.+Avian+Influenza)+or+pose+a+food+safety+(Campylobacter%2C+Toxoplasma)+problem+to+the+consumer.+Many+preventive+measures+can+be+taken+such+as+using+better+animal+breeds%2C+optimised+rearing+conditions%2C+pre-%2C+probiotics%2C+addition+of+acids+to+the+drinking+water+and+in+case+of+infectious+disease%2C+tight+vaccination+schedules+may+prevent+serious+outbreaks.+&rft.publisher=KLV%2C+Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.contributor=Wienk%2C+J.F.&rft.contributor=Struik%2C+P.C.&rft.date=2006-03&rft.type=Journal+paper&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F8971%2F1%2F391.pdf&rft.identifier=Kijlstra%2C+Prof.+Dr.+Aize+and+Eijck%2C+Drs.+Ineke+(2006)+Animal+health+in+organic+livestock+systems%3A+a+review.+NJAS+Wageningen+Journal+of+Life+Sciences%2C+54+(1)%2C+pp.+77-94.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F8971%2F