?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Hybrid+Varieties+for+Organic+Cereals%3F+Prospects+and+acceptance+of+hybrid+breeding+for+organic+production&rft.creator=Arncken%2C+Christine&rft.creator=Dierauer%2C+Hansueli&rft.subject=+Cereals%2C+pulses+and+oilseeds&rft.subject=+Breeding%2C+genetics+and+propagation&rft.description=Hybrid+breeding+utilizes+the+advantages+characterizing+F1+plants+in+a+targeted+manner%3A+Vigour%2C+uniformity%2C+and+a+combination+of+all+dominant+traits+of+the+parental+lines.+It+gives+breeders+secure+licences%2C+as+farmers+can+not+save+seed+from+hybrid+varieties+with+a+view+to+replanting.%0D%0ARegarding+rye%2C+the+current+advantages+of+hybrid+varieties+are+primarily+the+higher+yields+but+also+improved+resistances+to+lodging+and+sprouting.+However%2C+farmers+can+only+benefit+from+higher+yields+if+the+limited+market+for+organic+rye+in+Switzerland+can+be+expanded.+The+currently+available+hybrid+rye+varieties+have+higher+susceptibility+to+leaf+rust+and+ergot+infections.%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+criticism+of+hybrid+breeding+and+hybrid+varieties+concerns+four+areas%3A+%0D%0AFirstly%2C+the+area+of+intrinsic+quality%3A+There+are+concerns%2C+especially+in+the+biodynamic+movement%2C+that+continued+inbreeding+and+pollen+sterility+as+part+of+the+breeding+process+will+lead+to+losses+regarding+the+more+subtle+ripening+and+nutritional+qualities.+This+poses+the+question+of+adequate+research+methods.+There+is+still+considerable+need+for+research.%0D%0ASecondly%2C+the+area+of+socio-economics%3A+The+fact+that+seed+from+hybrid+varieties+can+not+be+saved+and+replanted+leads+to+greater+dependence+on+breeders+and+seed+producers+on+the+part+of+the+farmers.+At+present+this+is+not+regarded+as+a+problem+in+Switzerland+as+most+farmers+purchase+new+seed+every+year+in+any+case+but+in+the+long+term+it+renders+agriculture+liable+to+corruption.%0D%0AThirdly%2C+the+ethical+field%3A+Some+people+have+concerns+regarding+the+breeders%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99+intervention+into+the+flowering+biology+of+the+relevant+cereal+species.+These+interventions+are+at+variance+with+the+basic+ethical-philosophical+tenets+of+organic+agriculture.++Moreover%2C+the+fact+that+the+hybrid+varieties+can+not+be+saved+and+replanted+effectively+constitutes+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Cpatent+protection%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+and+promotes+the+ethically+questionable+change+in+meaning+of+seed+from+a+cultural+asset+to+a+mere+means+of+production.%0D%0AFourthly%3A+Hybrid+varieties+of+self-sterile+plants+(e.g.+rye)+are+genetically+more+vulnerable+to+environmental+influences+which+were+not+considered+during+selection.+This+point+is+less+relevant+as+regards+self-fertile+plants+(oilseed+rape%2C+barley%2C+wheat)+as+even+today%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s+pureline+varieties+are+already+very+uniform.+It+must+be+noted+that+amongst+all+hybrid+varieties+which+are+based+on+male+sterility+many+so-called+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Cdifferent%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+varieties+may+share+the+same+cytoplasm.+As+the+criticisms+regarding+dependencies+and+genetic+vulnerability+only+concern+the+future+and+the+ethical+concerns+are+not+shared+by+everyone%2C+it+is+the+quality+issue+which+is+of+particular+relevance+regarding+the+pending+decision+on+whether+or+not+to+ban+hybrid+varieties+in+organic+bread+cereal+production+in+Switzerland.+Further+research+is+essential.+However%2C+if+one+is+to+wait+for+the+relevant+results+before+taking+a+decision%2C+this+will+certainly+be+too+late.+It+would+be+more+realistic+to+integrate+a+review+clause+into+a+potential+decision+to+refrain+from+the+use+of+hybrid+varieties.%0D%0A%0D%0AAbstaining+from+the+use+of+hybrid+varieties+in+organic+bread+cereal+production+in+Switzerland+would+give+a+clear+signal+to+upstream+and+downstream+sectors+(breeders%2Ftrade+and+consumers+respectively)+that+organic+farming+strives+to+consider+long-term+and+future+aspects+of+independence%2C+quality%2C+and+diversity+and+that+it+would+be+ready+to+forego+current+agronomic+advantages+to+this+end.+This+would+need+to+be+clearly+communicated+to+the+trade+sector+when+it+comes+to+discussions+on+market+prices.%0D%0A&rft.date=2006&rft.type=Report&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F8665%2F1%2Farncken-dierauer-2006-hybrids.pdf&rft.identifier=Arncken%2C+Christine+and+Dierauer%2C+Hansueli+(2006)+Hybrid+Varieties+for+Organic+Cereals%3F+Prospects+and+acceptance+of+hybrid+breeding+for+organic+production.+Final+Report.+[+Unpublished%2C+]&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F8665%2F