{ "publicfulltext": "TRUE", "eprintid": 6942, "date": 2005, "subjects": [ "1dairy", "farm-nutrient-management", "5emissions" ], "referencetext": "1.\tAll nitrogenous compound that are biologically available\r\n2.\tMosier, A.R., Bleken, M.A., Chaiwanakupt, P., Ellis, E.C., Freney ,J.R., Howarth, R.B., Matson, P.A., Minami, K. et al. 2001. Policy implications of human-accelerated nitrogen cycling. Biogeochem. 52, 281-320.\r\n3.\tGalloway, J.A. and Cowling, E.B. 2002. Reactive Nitrogen and the World: 200 Years of Change. Ambio 31, 64-71.\r\n4.\tBleken, M.A. and Bakken, L.R. 1997. The nitrogen cost of food production: Norwegian society. Ambio 26, 134-142.\r\n5.\tVan Der Hoek, K. W. 1998. Nitrogen Efficiency in Global Animal Production. Environ. Pollut. 102, 127-132.\r\n6.\tHowarth, R.W., Boyer, E.W., Pabich, W.J. and Galloway, J.N. 2002. Nitrogen use in the United States from 1961 \u2013 2000 and potential future trends. Ambio 31, 88-96\r\n7.\tSmil, V. 2002. Worldwide Transformation of Diets, Burdens of Meat Production and Opportunities for Novel Food Proteins. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30, 305-311.\r\n8.\tFood and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation. 2004. FAOATAT data. (http://apps.fao.org/) \r\n9.\tCouncil Directive 91/676/EEC 1991. Council directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC). Official Journal L 375, 31/12/1991.pp 1-8. \r\n10.\tDirective 2000/60/EC 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L 327, 22/12/2000. pp 1-73\r\n11.\tBrouwer, F.M., Godeschalk, F.E., Hellegers, P.J.G.J. and Kelholt, H.J. 1995. Mineral balances at farm level in the European Union. The Hague: Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI-DLO), 141 pp. \r\n12.\tOenema, O. Kros, H., and de Vries, W. 2003. Approaches and uncertainties in nutrient budgets: implications for nutrient management and environmental policies. Eur. J. Agron. 20, 3-16.\r\n13.\tOlsthoorn, C.S.M. and Fong, N.P.K. 1998. The anthropogenic nitrogen cycle in the Netherlands. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52, 269-276. \r\n14.\tBouwman, A.F. and Booij, H. 1998. Global Use and Trade of Feedstuffs and Consequences for the Nitrogen Cycle. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52, 261-267.\r\n15.\tWe follow the terminology of the European Environmental Agency, and both losses to air and to water are definede as emissions.\r\n16.\tBouwman, A.F., Boumans, L.J.M. and Batjes, N.H. 2002. Estimation of Global NH3 Volatilization Loss From Synthetic Fertilizers and Animal Manure Applied to Arable Lands and Grasslands. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16, Art. no. 1024 URL/ ISI: 000178887900004.\r\n17.\tTainton, N.M. 1974. Effects of different grazing rotations on pasture production. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 29, 191-202.\r\n18.\tKors\u00e6th, A. and Eltun, R. 2000. Nitrogen mass balances in conventional, integrated and ecological cropping systems and the relationship between balance calculations and nitrogen runoff in an 8-year field experiment in Norway. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 79, 199-214.\r\n19.\tTaube, F. and P\u00f6tsch, E.M. 2001. On-farm nutrient balance assessment to improve nutrient management on organic dairy farms. Grassland Science in Europe 6, 225-234.\r\n20.\tSteinshamn, H., Thuen, E., Bleken, M.A., Bren\u00f8e, U.T., Ekerholt, G. and Yri, C. 2004. Utilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in an organic dairy farming system in Norway. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104, 509-522.\r\n21.\tKaffka, S. and Koepf, H.H. 1989. A case study of the nutrient regime in sustainable farming. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 6, 89-106.\r\n22.\tScheringer, J. and Isselstein, J. 2001. Nitrogen budgets of organic and conventional dairy farms in North-West Germany. Grassland Science in Europe 6, 284-287.\r\n23.\tChambaut, H. and Le Gall, A. 1998. Bilan des mineraux dans les exploitations bovine: nivaux d'excedants par systeme deproduction et utlisation dans une demarche des conseil en environment aux agriculteurs. Renc. Rech. Ruminants 5, 1-4.\r\n24.\tvan Gool, B. 2001. Nutrient account at farm level. End report and results from the account year 1999. Sunnhordland Fors\u00f8ksringen, Seimsfoss. Norway. (in Norwegian)\r\n25.\tHalberg, N., Kristensen, E.S. and Kristensen, I.S. 1995. Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 8, 30-51. \r\n26.\tDalgaard, T., Halberg, N. and Kristensen, I.S. 1998. Can organic farming help to reduce N-losses? Experiences from Denmark. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52, 277-287.\r\n27.\tGrignani, C. 1996. Influenza della tipologia di allevamento e dell'ordinamento colturale sul bilancio di elementi nutritivi di aziende padane. Rivista di Agronomia XXX, supplement no.3, 414-422.\r\n28.\tCuttle, S.P. 2002. Nutrient budgets as a tool for researchers and farmers. In: UK Organic Research 2002. Proceedings of the COR Conference, 26-28th March 2002. Powell, J., Davies, G., Fowler, S., Hovi, M., Lampkin, N. and Lennartsson, M. Padel, S. et al. (eds.). Aberystwyth, pp. 169-172.\r\n29.\tThuen, E., Steinshamn, H., Bleken, M.A., Bren\u00f8e, U., Yri, C. and Ekerholt, G. 2004. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization in different dairy production systems. In: Early Harvested Forage in Milk and Meat Production. Proceedings of the International Symposium. Nannestad, Norway Oct. 23-24 2003. Garmo, T.H. (ed). Agricultural University of Norway. Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, \u00c5s. pp. 103-113.\r\n30.\tAarts, H.F.M., Habekott\u00e9, B. and van Keulen, H. 2000. Nitrogen (N) management in the 'De Marke' dairy farming system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 56, 231-240.\r\n31.\tVerbruggen, I., Carlier, L. and van Bockstaele, E. 1994. Surplus of nutrients on dairy farms in Belgium. In: Grassland and society. Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation Wageningen June 6-9 1994. 't Mannetje, L. and Frame, J. (eds). Wageningen Pers. Wageningen, Netherland, p 463-465.\r\n32.\tBarrett, K., Seland, \u00d8., Foss, A., Mylona, S., Sandnes, H., Styve, H. and Tarras\u00f3n, L. 1995. European Transboundary Acidifying Air Pollution. Ten years calculated fields and budgets to the end of the first Sulphur Protocol. EMEP/MSC-W Report 1/95. \r\n33.\tSAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/SAT\u00ae User's Guide, Version 6 (4th ed.), Vol. 2, 1673 pp.\r\n34.\tTamminga, S. 2003. Pollution due to nutrient losses and its control in European animal production. Livest. Prod. Sci. 84,101-111. \r\n35.\tWatson, C.A., Bengtsson, H., Ebbesvik, M., Loes, A.K., Myrbeck, A., Salomon, E., Schr\u00f6der, J. and Stockdale, E.A. 2002. A review of farm-scale nutrient budgets for organic farms as a tool for management of soil fertility. Soil Use Manage. 18, 264-73.\r\n36.\tSwensson, C. 2003. Analyses of mineral element balances between 1997 and 1999 from dairy farms in the south of Sweden. Eur. J. Agron. 20, 63-69.\r\n37.\tSchr\u00f6der, J.J., Aarts, H.F.M.., ten Berge, H.F.M., van Keulen, H. and Neeteson, J.J. 2003. An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use. Eur. J. Agron. 20. 33-44.\r\n38.\tAFRC 1993. Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. An advisory manual prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 159 pp.\r\n39.\tTamminga, S. 1996. A review on environmental impacts of nutritional strategies in ruminants. J. of Anim. Sci. 74, 3112-3124.\r\n40.\tGranstedt, A. 2000. Increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient recycling within the agricultural system as a way of reducing the load to the environment - experience from Sweden and Finland. Agric.Ecosyst. Environ. 80, 169-185.\r\n41.\tNRC ( National Research Council) 1993. Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture. Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation. Board on Agriculture. National Research Council. National Academy Press. Washington DC. 542 pp.\r\n42.\tWeissbach, F. and Ernst, P. 1994. Nutrient budgets and farm management to reduce nutrient emissions. In: Grassland and society. Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation Wageningen June 6-9 1994. 't Mannetje, L. and Frame, J. (eds). Wageningen Pers. Wageningen, Netherland, p. 343-360.\r\n43.\tKohn, R.A., Dou, Z., Ferguson, J.D. and Boston, R.C. 1997. A Sensitivity Analysis of Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms. J. Environ. Manage. 50, 417-428.\r\n44.\tThe authors thank H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Chambaut, Carlo Grignani, Sylvie Hacala and Erich P\u00f6tsch for help in the collection of data. Financial support from the Norwegian Research Council is aknowledged.\r\n45.\tFirst submitted 26 Oct. 2004. Revised manuscript received 9 May 2005. Accepted for publication 15 June 2005.\r\n\r\n", "pagerange": "598-606", "rev_number": 2, "lastmod": "2010-04-12 07:32:19", "number": 8, "projects": [ "norsok", "no-UMB" ], "metadata_visibility": "show", "dir": "disk0/00/00/69/42", "refereed": "yes", "budget": 0, "creators": [ { "name": { "honourific": null, "given": "Marina Azzaroli", "family": "Bleken", "lineage": null } }, { "name": { "lineage": null, "family": "Steinshamn", "honourific": null, "given": "H\u00e5vard" } }, { "name": { "given": "Sissel", "honourific": null, "family": "Hansen", "lineage": null } } ], "access_rights": "info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess", "type": "journalp", "doclang": [ "en" ], "title": "High Nitrogen Costs of Dairy Production in Europe: Worsened by Intensification", "full_text_status": "public", "publication": "Ambio", "keywords": "N, nitrogen, farming intensity, N budget, N balance, purchased fodder, animal husbandry, farm level case studies, dairy farming", "abstract": "Intensification of agriculture has been proposed as one way of minimizing emissions per unit of product, apparently legitimizing the ongoing structural changes in agriculture. We have investigated the relationship between the farming intensity and the nitrogen (N) dissipation by calculating the overall N emission factor (E: total N surplus per unit of N in the produce) from several studies of dairy farms, covering a wide range of environments and production intensities. Fundamental steps were 1) the distinction between trophic levels, mineral, plant and animal N; and 2) the inclusion of N losses related to bought feed. The results show that E increases significantly with the production intensity of the dairy farm. The tradition for separate optimization of the animal and crop sectors may be a reason. We suggest that the N pollution can be mitigated by more extensive farming, both by re-coupling crop and animal production side by side, and by keeping land under cultivation when production is reduced.", "ispublished": "pub", "eprint_status": "archive", "date_type": "published", "uri": "https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/6942", "publishedas": "Please contact Marina Azzaroli Bleken, marina.bleken@umb.no to discuss the contents of this paper", "status_changed": "2009-08-20 14:29:50", "documents": [ { "main": "Bleken_etal__2005_Nitrogen_cost_of_dairy_production.pdf", "pos": 1, "files": [ { "datasetid": "document", "uri": "https://orgprints.org/id/file/53245", "filename": "Bleken_etal__2005_Nitrogen_cost_of_dairy_production.pdf", "filesize": 262680, "mtime": "2010-04-20 14:09:57", "mime_type": "application/pdf", "objectid": 5374, "fileid": 53245 } ], "docid": 5374, "rev_number": 1, "mime_type": "application/pdf", "format": "application/pdf", "uri": "https://orgprints.org/id/document/5374", "security": "public", "eprintid": 6942, "language": "en" } ], "fp7_project": "no", "item_issues_count": 0, "volume": 34, "datestamp": "2008-03-09", "userid": 1676 }