?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Control+of+internal+parasites+in+organic+livestock+without+the+use+of+pharmaceutical+anthelminthics&rft.creator=Keatinge%2C+R&rft.subject=+Pasture+and+forage+crops&rft.subject=+Animal+husbandry&rft.subject=+Health+and+welfare&rft.subject=+Feeding+and+growth&rft.description=Organic+systems+seek+to+reduce+reliance+on+external+inputs%2C+and+develop+sustainable+methods+of+production+which+balance+output+with+high+standards+of+animal+welfare.+The+standards+for+organic+production+emphasise+preventive+control+strategies+based+on+grazing+management%2C+appropriate+breeding+and+good+nutrition.+The+ultimate+goal+is+to+eliminate+dependence+on+anti-parasitic+drugs%2C+however+this+is+rarely+achieved+in+practice.+The+overall+objective+of+this+research+was+to+develop+organic+farming+systems%2C+which+do+not+rely+on+pharmaceutical+control+of+roundworm+parasites.+Focussing+on+management+and+nutrition%2C+the+approach+was+to+combine+on-farm+epidemiological+studies%2C+with+replicated+experiments%2C+in+order+to+develop+and+demonstrate+better+systems+of+control+applicable+to+UK+organic+farms.+The+project+was+a+collaborative+study+involving+ADAS%2C+Institute+of+Rural+Science+(IRS)%2C+Moredun+Research+Institute+(MRI)+and+Scottish+Agriculture+Colleges+(SAC).%0D%0ASpecific+objectives%3A%0D%0A1.+To+study+the+epidemiology+of+parasitic+gastro-enteritis+(PGE)+on+selected+'focus'+farms%2C+representing+a+range+of+organic+systems+%0D%0A2.+To+quantify+the+effect+of+dietary+manipulation%2C+novel+crops%2C+and+drenching+with+tannins%2C+on+the+development+of+PGE+in+organic+sheep+and+cattle+systems%0D%0A3.+To+evaluate+the+role+of+crop+type+and+pasture+larval+ecology+on+the+development+of+PGE%0D%0A4.+To+develop+the+application+of+alternative+approaches+on+'focus'+farms%2C+under+best+management+practice%0D%0A5.+To+ensure+effective+technology+transfer%0D%0AFive+commercial+organic+farms%2C+reflecting+a+range+of+production+systems+(specialist+hill+sheep%2C+upland+beef+and+sheep%2C+lowland+specialist+sheep%2C+specialist+dairying%2C+and+lowland+mixed+arable+%2F+livestock)+were+selected+for+detailed+epidemiological+study.+The+aim+was+to+assess+the+level+and+pattern+of+parasite+challenge%2C+critical+points+for+disease+control%2C+and+the+degree+of+success+achieved+with+current+management+practices.+The+study+combined+the+use+of+standard+epidemiological+techniques%2C+with+close+collaboration+of+the+researchers%2C+participating+farmers+and+their+veterinary+advisers.+Comprehensive+epidemiological+data+were+collected+over+two+contrasting+seasons+(2002+and+2003).+Without+recourse+to+routine+anthelmintic%2C+control+was+generally+underpinned+by+grazing+management%2C+within+the+constraints+of+land%2Fcrop+resources+and+diversity+of+enterprises+available+for+each+farm.%0D%0ARole+of+nutrition%3A++Previous+studies%2C+using+tightly+controlled+nutritional+protocols+and+a+known+parasite+challenge%2C+developed+a+nutritional+hypothesis+for+understanding+nutritional+influences+on+the+host+response+to+parasites.+A+replicated+experiment+was+set+up+to+test+whether+this+framework+could+be+extended+to+organically+managed+ewes+carrying+a+mixed+naturally-acquired+infection.%0D%0ANovel+crops%3A+A+series+of+experiments+were+undertaken+to+determine+the+potential+of+several+novel+crops+for+parasite+control.+%0D%0AParasite+pasture+ecology%3A+Nematode+larvae+populations+have+also+been+shown+to+differ+between+herbage+species%2C+potentially+due+to+differences+in+crop+morphology+or+microclimate+beneath+the+sward+(which+may+affect++larval+development+and+survival%2C+or+the+number+of+coprophagous+or+nematophagous+organisms+at+soil+level).+Several+small+plot+and+pot+experiments+were+undertaken+to+assess+the+effect+of+crop+type+on+larval+survival%2C+rates+of+faecal+degradation%2C+and+soil+dwelling+invertebrates.%0D%0AOverall%2C+the+results+from+this+study+indicate+that+with+sufficient+diversity+of+cropping+and+stocking%2C+it+is+possible+to+virtually+eliminate+anthelmintic+usage.+However%2C+many+farms+still+face+significant+difficulties%2C+particularly+those+systems+dominated+by+sheep.+The+extent+to+which+control+can+be+achieved+by+management+alone%2C+depends+on+the+farming+system%2C+with+the+greatest+opportunity+for+control+in+the+more+mixed%2C+or+very+extensive+production+systems.+Many+of+the+issues+faced+by+the+organic+sector+are+increasingly+relevant+to+conventional+farmers+where+anthelmintic+resistance+is+becoming+increasingly+prevalent.+More+integrated+strategies+are+required%2C+not+only+for+organic+producers%2C+but+also+to+prolong+the+life+of+drenches+currently+used+in+conventional+farming.+Practical+recommendations+have+been+derived+from+this+research%2C+and+promoted+to+organic+and+conventional+farmers%2C+based+around+key+messages+of+system+planning%2C+parasite+monitoring+and+maintaining+biosecurity.&rft.date=2004&rft.type=Report&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F6698%2F1%2FOF0185_2215_FRP.pdf&rft.identifier=Keatinge%2C+R+(2004)+Control+of+internal+parasites+in+organic+livestock+without+the+use+of+pharmaceutical+anthelminthics.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F6698%2F