?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Verbesserung+der+Krankheitstoleranz+von+Kulturpflanzen+mit+resistenzinduzierenden+Natursubstanzen+(PEN)&rft.subject=Crop+health%2C+quality%2C+protection&rft.description=State+of+the+Art%3A%0D%0AIn+agriculture%2C+infection+of+plants+with+microorganisms+including+fungi%2C+bacteria+and+viruses+can+cause+high+losses+of+yield.+Apart+from+a+broad+spectrum+of+indirect+and+direct+techniques+to+protect+plants+from+damage%2C+the+concept+of+induced+resistance+provides+a+promising+strategy+for+the+control+of+diseases+particularly+for+organic+agriculture.+However%2C+despite+excellent+efficacy+of+many+inducing+agents+under+controlled+conditions%2C+they+often+fail+to+perform+sufficiently+in+practice.+In+addition%2C+only+few+inducing+agents+fulfilling+the+criteria+of+organic+agriculture+are+commercially+available+so+far.+Preliminary+studies+suggested+that+an+aqueous+extract+from+the+dry+mycelium+of+the+non-pathogenic+ascomycete+Penicillium+chrysogenum%2C+further+called+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%98Pen%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99%2C+can+enhance+resistance+of+many+plants+against+several+pathogens+even+under+field+condition.%0D%0AProject+aims%3A%0D%0AThe+objective+of+this+research+is+to+unravel+whether+Pen+can+be+used+as+a+plant+activator+in+commercial+agriculture%2C+to+study+its+mode+of+action+and+to+narrow+down+the+active+principles+in+Pen.%0D%0AMethodology%3A%0D%0A-%09Evaluate+the+effect+of+Pen+in+several+cultures+(grapevine%2C+appeltree%2C+tomato%2C+onion)+against+various+pathogens+under+controlled+greenhouse+and%2For+field+conditions%0D%0A-%09Evaluate+whether+the+raw+material+for+the+production+of+Pen+is+available+in+constant+quality+by+testing+various+production+batches+on+the+system+tomato-Phytophthora+infestans%0D%0A-%09Explore+the+potential+range+of+action+(efficacy+against+ascomycetes%2C+oomycetes+and+bacteria)+of+Pen+using+the+model+plant+Arabidopsis+thaliana%0D%0A-%09Explore+signaling+pathways+involved+in+the+development+of+resistance+induced+by+Pen+using+A.+thaliana+mutants+%0D%0A-%09Characterize+and+purify+the+elicitor(s)+contained+in+Pen+by+various+methods+including+HPLC.+Testing+fractions+using+cell+cultures+of+various+plant+species%0D%0AResults%2C+conclusion%2C+state+of+the+art%3A%0D%0A%0D%0APen+protected+grapevine+from+downy+and+powdery+mildew+(P.+viticola+and+U.+necator)%2C+tomato+from+early+blight+(P.+infestans)%2C+onion+from+downy+mildew+(P.+destructor)+and+apple+tree+from+apple+scab+(V.+inaequalis)+under+greenhouse+and+field+conditions+without+having+a+direct+fungicidal+effect.+The+efficacy+of+Pen+was+generally+comparable+to+traditional+fungicides+such+as+copper+and+sulphur+and+equal+to+or+even+better+than+well-known+inducers+of+resistance+such+as+BABA+or+BTH.+The+raw+material+for+extraction+of+Pen+was+of+constant+quality%2C+a+prerequisite+for+a+future+application+in+practice.+However%2C+Pen+often+caused+phytotoxic+side+effects+such+as+small+necrotic+spots+or%2C+more+rarely%2C+larger+necrotic+areas.+A+partially+purified+fraction+of+Pen+was+less+toxic+than+the+crude+extract.+%0D%0ATo+study+signal+transduction+pathways+involved+in+Pen-mediated+resistance%2C+the+model+plant+Arabidopsis+thaliana+was+used%2C+allowing+a+comparison+with+the+mode+of+action+of+other+well-known+inducers.+Pen+protected+A.+thaliana+from+a+broad+range+of+pathogens%2C+including+an+oomycete+(Peronospora+parasitica)%2C+two+ascomycetes+(Botryits+cinerea%2C+Alternaria+brassicicola)+and+a+bacterium+(Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+tomato+DC3000).+Pen+was+still+fully+protective+against+B.+cinerea+in+Arabidopsis+mutants+impaired+in+the+salicylic+acid+(NahG%2C+npr1)%2C+jasmonic+acid+(coi1)%2C+and+ethylene+(ein2)+signaling+pathway.+Pen-mediated+resistance+against+P.+parasitica+was+reduced+in+NahG+plants%2C+but+was+not+affected+in+the+mutants+npr1%2C+coi1+or+ein2%2C+indicating+that+Pen+induced+resistance+against+P.+parasitica+on+a+salicylic+acid-dependent%2C+but+NPR1-independent+pathway.+%0D%0APen+triggered+early+defense-related+responses+such+as+an+extracellular+alkalinisation%2C+an+oxidative+burst+and+ethylene+production+in+suspension-cultured+cells+as+well+as+in+intact+leaf+tissue+of+numerous+mono-+and+dicotyledon+plant+species.+%0D%0AIn+conclusion%2C+we+could+show+that+Pen+has+interesting%2C+unique+characteristics+for+an+application+as+a+plant+protection+agent+in+organic+agriculture%2C+provided+its+phytotoxic+side+effects+can+be+removed.+%0D%0A%0D%0A&rft.type=Project+description&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F6300%2F1%2Ffibl-projekt-phytopathologie-PEN.pdf&rft.identifier=%7BProject%7D+PEN%3A+Verbesserung+der+Krankheitstoleranz+von+Kulturpflanzen+mit+resistenzinduzierenden+Natursubstanzen+(PEN).+[Effect+of+an+extract+from+the+mycelium+of+Penicillium+chrysogenum+on+plant-pathogen+interactions+and+characterisation+of+elicitors+contained+in+this+extract.]+Runs+2000+-+2004.+Project+Leader(s)%3A+Th%C3%83%C2%BCrig%2C+Barbara+and+Tamm%2C+Lucius%2C+Research+Institute+of+Organic+Agriculture+(FiBL)%2C+CH-5070+Frick.+More+information+online+at+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibl.org%2Fde%2Fschweiz%2Fforschung%2Fphytopathologie.html+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibl.org%2Fde%2Fschweiz%2Fforschung%2Fphytopathologie.html%3E%3E.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F6300%2F