5514 1 archive 1651 disk0/00/00/55/14 2005-11-02 2009-08-20 14:27:25 2009-08-20 14:27:25 journalp show 0 en ch-agroscope-fal annual-crop-production yes 0 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1694 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1694 http://orgprints.org/302/ http://www.fibl.org/en/switzerland/research/soil-sciences.html http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/296/5573/1694/DC1/1 FALSE Mäder Paul Fliessbach Andreas Dubois David Gunst Lucie Fried Padruot Niggli Urs pub 4nutrient 2soilbiol 7biodiversity DOC-trial, soil, efficiency, long-term trial, farming system, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, DOK An understanding of agroecosystems is a key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 97%. Enhanced soil fertility and higher biodiversity found in organic plots may render these systems less dependent on external inputs. 2002-05 published Science 296 1. D. Pimentel et al., Science 267, 1117 (1995). 2. D. Tilman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 5995 (1999). 3. D. Pimentel et al., Bioscience 47, 747 (1997). 4. www.organic.aber.ac.uk/stats.shtml 5. L. E. Drinkwater, P. Wagoner, M. Sarrantonio, Nature 396, 262 (1998). 6. J. P. Reganold, J. D. Glover, P. K. Andrews, H. R. Hinman, Nature 410, 926 (2001). 7. P. Maeder, S. Edenhofer, T. Boller, A. Wiemken, U. Niggli, Biol. Fertil. Soils 31, 150(2000). 8. P. Simon, Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum Ebenrain, CH-4450 Sissach/BL, personal communication. 9. F. Offermann, H. Nieberg, Economic Performance of Organic Farms in Europe (University of Hohenheim, Hago Druck & Medien, Karlsbad-Ittersbach, Germany, 2000), vol. 5. 10. T. Alfoeldi et al., unpublished observations. 11. S. Siegrist, D. Schaub, L. PÞffner, P. Maeder, Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 69, 253 (1998). 12. F. Schinner, R. Ohlinger, E. Kandeler, R. Margesin, Bodenbiologische Arbeitsmethoden (Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, ed. 2, 1993). 13. A. Oberson, J.-C. Fardeau, J.-M. Besson, H. Sticher, Biol. Fertil. Soils 16, 111(1993). 14. A. Oberson, J.-M. Besson, N. Maire, H. Sticher, Biol. Fertil. Soils 21, 138 (1996). 15. F. Oehl et al., Biol. Fertil. Soils 34, 31 (2001). 16. S. E. Smith, D. J. Read, Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Academic Press, London, ed. 2, 1997). 17. L. Pfiffner, P. Ma¬der, Biol. Agric. Hortic. 15, 3 (1997). 18. L. Pfiffner, U. Niggli, Biol. Agric. Hortic. 12, 353 (1996). 19. A. Fliessbach, P. Maeder, in Microbial Communities Functional versus Structural Approaches, H. Insam, A. Rangger, Eds. (Springer, Berlin, 1997), pp. 109Ð120. 20. E. P. Odum, Science 164, 262 (1969). 21. H. Insam, K. Haselwandter, Oecologia 79, 174 (1989). 22. A. Fliessbach, P. Maeder, U. Niggli, Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 1131 (2000). 23. A. Fliessbach, P. Maeder, Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 757 (2000). 24. D. Tilman, D. Wedin, J. Knops, Nature 379, 718 (1996). 25. M. G. A. van der Heijden et al., Nature 396, 69 (1998). 26. We sincerely thank all co-workers in the DOK trial, especially W. Stauffer and R. Frei and the farmer groups. We also thank T. Boller and A. Wiemken and two unknown referees for their helpful comments. This work was supported by the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture and the Swiss National Science Foundation. Supporting Online Material www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5573/1694/ DC1 restricted 1694-1697 4761 1 5514 1 application/pdf en validuser

Maeder-2002-Science-DOC-Trial.pdf

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maeder-et-al-Science_suppl_mat.pdf

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