?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Safe+food+production+on+soils+contaminated+with+organochlorine+pesticides&rft.subject=+Lebensmittelsicherheit+und+-qualit%C3%83%C2%A4t%2C+Gesundheit&rft.description=State+of+the+Art%3A%0D%0APesticides%3A+The+uptake+of+organochlorine+pesticides+(OCP)+into+plants+is+influenced+by+several+factors%2Fparameters.+In+a+comprehensive+literature+study+of+Werkb%C3%83%C2%BCro+f%C3%83%C2%BCr+Boden+und+Bodenschutz+(1998)+the+results+of+many+field%2C+pot+and+lysimeter+experiments+were+reviewed.+The+group+of+OCP+is+generally+highly+persistant+in+soils+and+can+still+be+found+nowadays+after+it+has+already+been+banned+for+20-30+years.+Within+the+group+of+OCP+the+stability+ascends+in+the+sequence+Gamma+HCH+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93+Aldrin%2C+Dieldrin%2C+Endrin+-+Chlordan+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93+DDT%2C+HCB.+In+the+group+of+the+HCH-Isomeres+Lindane+(Gamma+HCH)+has+the+highest+mobility.+Aldrin+is+degraded+into+the+epoxid+Dieldrin.+However%2C+further+contamination+of+groundwater+by+Dieldrin+has+not+been+observed.+Both+Aldrin+and+Dieldrin+have+been+applied+as+insecticides+in+horticulture%2C+fruit+and+arable+crops.%0D%0ASoil+properties%3A+In+general+no+correlation+was+found+between+soil+content+and+crop+content+of+OCP.+There+was+found+a+very+broad+range+of+transfer+factors+(content+crop%2Fcontent+soil)%2C+ranging+from+0+to+86%2C+but+mostly+between+0+and+1+(Werkb%C3%83%C2%BCro+f%C3%83%C2%BCr+Boden+und+Bodenschutz%2C+1998).+A+high+content+of+soil+organic+carbon+enhances+binding+of+OCP+(Beestman+et+al.%2C+1969%3B+Gonzalez+et+al.%2C+2003%3B+Harris+and+Sans%2C+1971).+No+relation+was+found+among+the+soil+parameters+cation+exchange+capacity%2C+iron+and+clay+content+and+plant+uptake+(Werkb%C3%83%C2%BCro+f%C3%83%C2%BCr+Boden+und+Bodenschutz%2C+1998).+%0D%0APlant+species%3A+The+uptake+of+OCP+varies+among+different+plant+families.+The+results+of+several+studies+are+not+consistent.+Vegetables+from+the+family+of+the+Cucurbitaceae+(e.g.+cucumbers%2C+zucchini+or+pumpkins)+accumulate+to+a+much+higher+degree+than+root+crops+such+as+carrots%2C+radish%2C+or+celariac%2C+and+sugar+beet+(Werkb%C3%83%C2%BCro+f%C3%83%C2%BCr+Boden+und+Bodenschutz%2C+1998)+tomatoe+(Gonzalez+et+al.%2C+2003)+and+potatoes+(Miglioranza+et+al.%2C+1999).+Plants+with+higher+content+of+lipids+or+oils+(pumpkins%2C+carrots%2C+cress)+accumulate+such+pesticides+in+a+higher+amount+because+of+their+adipose+structures+(Mandl+and+Lindner%2C+1999%3B+Topp+et+al.%2C+1986).+A+transfer+depending+on+the+variety+was+found+with+carrots+(Endrin%3B+Hermanson+et+al.%2C+1970)+and+rape+(Lindan%3B+Schlosserova%2C+1994).%0D%0ADefinition+of+the+problem%3A%0D%0ABackground%3A+Organochlorine+pesticides+(OCP)+such+as+Dieldrin+and+DDT+were+applied+world+wide+against+pests+in+horticulture%2C+fruit+and+arable+crops.+Although+OCP+are+forbidden+since+more+than+twenty+years+in+the+European+Union+(EU)%2C+the+highly+persistent+compounds+are+still+detectable+in+soil.+Several+crops+are+known+to+accumulate+OCP+in+edible+parts+up+to+critical+levels.+For+instance+Dieldrin+is+detected+in+high+economic+value+crops+such+as+cucumbers+(Cucurbitaceae)+and+tomatoes+(Solanaceae).+Besides+plant+type+and+climatic+conditions%2C+soil+properties%2C+e.g.+pH+and+soil+organic+carbon+content+influence+the+plant%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s+OCP+uptake.+In+particular+in+premium+food+and+feed+stuff+production%2C+such+as+organic+farming+according+to+EU+Regulation+(EEC)+No.+2092%2F91%2C+consumer+expectations+in+safe%2C+high+quality+food+are+extremely+high.+Since+organic+farming+is+prospering+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93+more+than+10%25+of+vegetable+production+is+certified+organic+in+Switzerland+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93+the+OCP+residues+in+organic+food+stuff+have+become+a+major+issue+for+food+control+authorities.+Enquiries+showed+that+some+of+the+imported+food+from+EU+countries+such+as+pumpkin+seed+and+oil+was+highly+contaminated+with+OCP.+Hence%2C+the+OCP+problem+in+food+stuff+is+expected+to+occur+EU+wide+or+even+world+wide.%0D%0A%0D%0APreliminary+study%3A+Facing+this+problem+we+performed+a+case+study+and+analysed+the+OCP+content+of+15+fields+and+their+grown+fruits+from+the+most+important+Swiss+organic+cucumber+growers.+Two+out+of+these+15+field+soils+revealed+Dieldrin+leading+to+surpassing+of+the+tolerance+level.+It+also+occurred+that+the+whole+crop+yield+from+an+OCP+contaminated+field+was+rejected+by+food+retailers+and+the+crop+had+to+be+ploughed+down.+The+Swiss+organic+label+organisation+has+the+option+in+their+standard+now+to+exclude+polluted+soils+for+production+of+highly+OCP+accumulating+vegetables%2C+but+this+may+severely+affect+the+grower%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s+economy.%0D%0A%0D%0AObjectives%3A+In+this+project+we+aim+at+developing+sustainable+safe+food+production+on+OCP+contaminated+soils%2C+which+is+economically+and+ecologically+sound.%0D%0A%0D%0AFirst+we+will+perform+an+in-depth+field+survey+on+50+sites+to+assess+the+extent+of+OCP+contamination+on+Swiss+farms.+Soils+and+Cucurbitacea+crops+will+be+analysed+for+OCP.+Cucurbitacea+are+chosen+because+crops+of+this+family+accumulate+strongly+OCP+and+thus+are+suitable+as+indicator+plant.%0D%0A%0D%0ASecond%2C+we+will+develop+strategies+in+bioassays+in+the+glasshouse+to+lower+OCP+uptake+from+the+contaminated+field+soils+through+immobilisation+of+OCP+by+organic+carbon+addition+to+the+soil+and+by+selection+of+OCP+excluder+plant+varieties.%0D%0A%0D%0AThese+experiments+are+organised+as+follows%3A%0D%0Ai)+Test+system+optimization%3A+We+will+optimize+a+previously+used+test+system+for+the+immobilisation+and+exclusion+experiments+(see+below).+We+will+grow+cucumbers+in+OCP+contaminated+field+soils+(little%2C+medium%2C+high)+and+measure+OCP+in+the+growing+cucumbers+in+a+time+course.+As+an+alternative+we+will+use+cress+as+a+test+plant+to+shorten+the+duration+of+the+experiment.+14C-labelled+Dieldrin+will+be+used+to+calculate+fluxes+in+the+soil-plant+system.+Based+on+the+results+of+these+experiments+we+will+decide+which+soil+and+crop+we+will+use+in+the+following+tests+and+when+the+test+plant+will+be+harvested+for+OCP+analyses.%0D%0A%0D%0Aii)+Immobilisation+of+OCP+by+organic+carbon%3A+The+aim+of+these+experiments+is+to+immobilise+OCP+in+the+soil+by+the+addition+of+organic+carbon+to+the+soil.+The+hypothesis+is+that+the+OCP+will+be+bound+by+the+organic+carbon+and+consequently+the+bioavailability+is+expected+to+be+decreased.+Organic+carbon+will+be+added+to+the+soil+in+form+of+compost+or+as+brown+coal+product+(charcoal)+at+three+levels+each.+The+bioavailability+of+OCP+will+be+assessed+by+measuring+these+molecules+in+the+plant+shoot.%0D%0A%0D%0Aiii)+Exclusion+of+OCP+by+crops%3A+The+aim+of+these+experiments+is+to+identify+plant+varieties+with+a+low+OCP+uptake.+Since+cucumbers+are+normally+cultivated+by+grafted+plants+nowadays%2C+where+a+robust+and+vital+root+stock+is+inoculated+by+a+desired+variety%2C+we+will+select+for+OCP+excluder+root+stocks.+For+cucumbers%2C+root+stocks+from+the+groups+of+Cucurbita+moschata+x+C.+maxima%2C+Sicyos+angulatus+and+Cucurbit+ficifolia+are+currently+in+use%2C+but+we+will+test+further+ones+from+the+same+family.+The+root+stocks+and+the+grafted+plants+will+also+be+cultivated+in+contaminated+field+soils+and+OCP+will+be+measured+in+the+plant%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s+tissue.+The+most+promising+treatments+from+the+immobilisation+and+the+exclusion+experiments+will+be+applied+in+combination.%0D%0A%0D%0AFinally+we+synthesize+the+results+from+the+field+survey+and+the+glasshouse+experiments+and%2C+including+literature+findings%2C+we+suggest+field+evaluations+of+the+elaborated+strategies+for+safe+food+production+on+OCP+contaminated+soils.+We+already+expect+after+three+project+years+a+high+degree+of+applicability+of+the+strategies%2C+since+this+project+bridges+basic+and+applied+research+and+combines+different+strategies+to+prevent+plant+uptake+of+the+harmful+OCP.%0D%0AProject+aims+including+target+group%3A%0D%0AIn+the+literature+and+in+practice%2C+several+solutions+for+minimizing+the+uptake+of+OCP+into+plants+are+proposed.+Techniques+like+the+removal+of+contaminated+soils+and+replacement+with+clean+or+ameliorated+soils+are+heavily+invasive+and+costly+and+therefore+applicable+only+on+restricted+areas.+In+this+project%2C+the+following+two+strategies+are+envisaged+to+exclude+OCP+uptake+by+the+plant%3A%0D%0A%0D%0A%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%A2%09Binding+OCP+to+soil+compounds%3A%0D%0AA+field+study+carried+out+in+Austria+used+activated+charcoal+to+reduce+the+bioavailability+of+HCB+in+the+soil.+Due+to+the+binding+of+the+highly+lipophilic+HCB+onto+the+carbon+surface%2C+it+is+no+longer+available+for+the+plant.+This+methodology+reduced+the+amount+of+HCB+in+pumpkin+seeds+by+about+30%25+(Mandl+and+Lindner%2C+1999).%0D%0A%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%A2%09Use+of+exluder+plants%0D%0ASince+tomatoes+and+cucumbers+are+very+often+cultivated+by+grafted+plants%2C+where+a+robust+and+vital+root+stock+is+occulated+by+a+desired+variety%2C+one+can+select+for+excluder+root+stocks.+For+cucumbers%2C+root+stocks+from+the+groups+of+Cucurbita+moschata+x+C.+maxima%2C+Sicyos+angulatus+and+Cucurbit+ficifolia+are+currently+in+use+(Lee%2C+2003).+Also+with+heavy+metal+contaminations+gentle+remediation+techniques+such+as+the+use+of+excluder+plants+were+performed+(Gupta+et+al.%2C+2000).+%0D%0AThe+target+group+includes+farmers.%0D%0AMethodology%3A%0D%0AThe+basic+principles+of+binding+and+immobilising+OCP+as+well+as+exclusion+of+OCP+techniques+are+known+and+developed+to+a+certain+extent+with+heavy+metals.+They+are+hardly+applied+under+practical+farm+condition+with+other+organic+pollutants+such+as+OCP.+The+innovation+of+the+project+is+the+near+to+practice+testing+condition%2C+the+use+of+the+grafting+technique+to+exclude+OCP+by+selected+root+stocks+and+the+combination+of+binding%2Fimmobilising+and+exclusion+to+solve+the+OCP+problem+situation.%0D%0AAccordingly%2C+the+project+is+organised+in+six+work+packages+(figure+1).+In+WP+1+we+will+perform+an+in-depth+literature+study+(WP+1)+as+a+base+for+a+detailed+planning+of+a+field+survey+on+OCP+(WP+2).+The+project+follows+consequently+a+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Cfork+to+field%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+approach+and+starts+with+the+field+survey%2C+in+order+to+clarify+the+degree+of+OCP+contamination+in+Swiss+soils+and+the+edible+plant+parts+of+grown+Cucurbitacea.+After+the+optimization+of+a+previously+used+test+system+(WP+3)+the+two+basic+strategies+are+investigated+under+near+farming+conditions+in+the+glasshouse+(WP+4+and+5).+Finally%2C+we+synthesis+the+results+from+the+field+survey+and+the+glasshouse+experiments+and+suggest+a+field+evaluation+of+the+developed+strategies+to+solve+the+OCP+problematic+in+WP+6.%0D%0AFor+all+pot+experiments+in+WP+3-5%2C+OCP+contaminated+field+soils+will+be+used+as+potting+ground+and+cucumbers+(Cucumis+sativus+L.+var.+Aramon+RZ)%2C+or+alternatively+cress+(Lepidium+sativum+L.)+will+be+grown+on+these+soils.+Pot+size+will+usually+be+5+Liter.+Each+treatment+will+have+four+replicates.+%0D%0AThe+following+OCP+will+be+measured+in+soil+and+plant%3A+Aldrin%2C+alpha-Endosulfan%2C+beta-Endosulfan%2C+Brompropylat%2C+Captafol%2C+Captan%2C+cis-Heptachlorepoxid%2C+Endosulfansulfat%2C+Endrin%2C+Heptachlor%2C+Hexachlorbenzol%2C+Lindan%2C+p%2Cp%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99-DDD%2C+p%2Cp%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99-DDE%2C+p%2Cp%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99-DDT%2C+Pentachloranilin%2C+Quintozen%2C+trans-Heptachlorepoxid+with+special+focus+on+Dieldrin.+The+method+used+for+analysis+of+organochlorine+pesticides+in+soil+and+plants+has+been+modified+from+DFG-Multimethode+S19+(Anonymous%2C+1991)+and+Methode+L+00.00-34+(Anonymous%2C+2001).+Soil+and+plant+samples+are+extracted+using+a+Dionex+ASE+200+with+acetone+%3A+hexan+(65%3A35+v%2Fv)+and+ethylacetate+%3A+cyclohexan+(1%3A1+v%2Fv)%2C+respectively.+Extracts+are+subfractionated+by+silica+gel+chromatography+as+described+by+Metcalfe+and+Metcalfe+(1997).+A+capillary+gas+chromatography+equipped+with+a+massspectrometer+is+used+for+detection+of+the+compounds.%0D%0AData+sets+of+the+field+survey+(WP+2)+will+be+analysed+by+multiple+regression+analyses.+Data+of+WP+3-5+will+be+analysed+by+an+analysis+of+variance%2C+followed+by+a+Tukey+test.%0D%0AResults%2C+conclusion%2C+state+of+the+art%3A%0D%0AThe+project+has+started+in+June+2005.+So+far+a+monitoring+of+various+agricultural+sites+with+organic+and+non-organic+cucumber+production+has+been+carried+out.+Soil+samples+of+defined+areas+and+cucumber+samples+for+those+areas+were+taken.+The+analysis+for+organochlorine+pesticides+will+follow+in+the+next+few+weeks.&rft.type=Projektbeschreibung+mit+Link+zur+Projekthomepage&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.identifier=%7BProjekt%7D+Safe+food+production%3A+Safe+food+production+on+soils+contaminated+with+organochlorine+pesticides.+[See+also+Eprint-Nr.%3A+6276.]+Laufzeit%3A+2005+-+2008.+Projekt+Projektleiter%2Fin%3A+Wyss%2C+Gabriela+und+M%C3%83%C2%A4der%2C+Paul%2C+Research+Institute+of+Organic+Agriculture+(FiBL)%2C+CH-5070+Frick.+Weitere+Informationen+online+unter%3A+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibl.org%2Fde%2Fschweiz%2Fforschung%2Flebensmittelqualitaet.html+%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibl.org%2Fde%2Fschweiz%2Fforschung%2Flebensmittelqualitaet.html%3E%3E.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F5414%2F