4515 1 archive 833 disk0/00/00/45/15 2005-02-24 2009-08-20 14:25:38 2009-08-20 14:25:38 journalp show 0 en da2b03 da2b12 main yes 0 FALSE Hansen L.L. Jensen M.T. Mejer H. Roepstorff A. Thamsborg S.M. Burne D.V. Karlsson A.H. Hansen-Møller J. Tuomola M. pub 3feeding Chicory, fructooligosaccarides, inulin, boar taint, skatole, androstenone Boar taint is an off-flavour of pork caused primarily by a microbial breakdown product, skatole and a testicular steroid, androstenone. As skatole is produced in the large intestine from tryptophan, it is possible that some "bioactive" ingredients could modify protein fermentation and, in the process, diminish boar taint. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of inulin-rich chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) on boar taint. In the first of three trials individually penned, entire males and females were given an organic concentrate in which 0·25 of the daily energy intake was replaced with crude chicory roots for 9 or 4 weeks prior to slaughter. In the second trial, entire male pigs were given diets that included, either crude chicory roots, dried chicory roots, or inulin (extracted from chicory roots) for 6 weeks pre-slaughter. In the third trial, intact male pigs were given the dried chicory diet for either 2 or 1 week before slaughter. In all trials the chicory diets were offered on a scale at 0·95 of the Danish recommendation for energy intake, and pig performance was compared with a control group given the organic concentrate at 0·95 of recommended energy intake plus silage ad libitum. In trial 1 an additional control group was offered the organic concentrate at a daily energy intake level of 1·0 of Danish recommendations. The pigs in trials 1, 2, and 3 were slaughtered at an average live weight of 118, 124, and 110 kg, respectively, in order to ensure that they had achieved sexual maturity. Overall, skatole concentrations in blood plasma and backfat at slaughter were reduced to almost zero levels by including crude or dried chicory or inulin in the diet. This occurred irrespective of sex and length of feeding period (1 to 9 weeks). In trial 3 a significant effect on blood plasma concentration was observed after 3 days of feeding a diet containing dried chicory. The only significant reduction in plasma androstenone levels was detected in pigs given the crude chicory for a 9 week duration in trial 1. The production and proportion of lean was generally not affected by the addition of either form of chicory to the diets in trials 1 and 2. Therefore, dried chicory may be the most suitable form for commercial use because it: had no initial adverse effects on food intake, consistently reduced skatole without reducing performance, was easy to handle throughout the entire year and is relatively inexpensive. 2005 published Animal Science 82 3 Agergaard, N., B. B. Jensen, A. Laue, and M. T. Jensen. 1998. Production and absorption of skatole to portal vein blood following tryptophan infusion to the hind gut (chapter 5). In: W. Klinth Jensen (Editor) Skatole and boar taint. ISBN 87-985837-1-9.Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark, 97-110. Agergaard, N. and A. Laue. 1998. Absorption of skatole to portal vein blood and liver turnover in entire male pigs using an in vivo animal model (chapter 4). In: W. Klinth Jensen (Editor) Skatole and boar taint. ISBN 87-985837-1-9. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark, 77-96. Babol, J. and E. J. Squires. 1995. Quality of meat from entire male pigs. 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Hansen, L. L., K. Lundstrom, A. Laue, M. T. Jensen, N. Agergaard, C. A. Baek, and J. Hansen-Moller. Skatole and androstenone patterns during the growth period from 90 to 120 kg live weight in pigs with high or low skatole levels in back fat at slaughter. Bonneau, M., Lundström, K., and Malmfors, B. Boar taint in entire male pigs. EAAP Publication No. 92. 1-3 October 1997, 131-134. 1997b. Wageningen Pers. Hansen, L. L., L. L. Mikkelsen, H. Agerhem, A. Laue, M. T. Jensen, and B. B. Jensen. 2000. Effect of fermented liquid food and zinc bacitracin on microbial metabolism in the gut and sensoric profile of m. longissimus dorsi from entire male and female pigs. Animal Science 71:65-80. Hansen-Moller, J. 1998. Analytical methods for determination of boar taint compounds. In: W. K. e. Jensen (Ed.) Skatole and boar taint. pp. 21-40. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde. Hansen-Moller, J. and N. Kjeldsen. 1998. Introduction to Danish research on boar taint. In: W. K. e. Jensen (Ed.) 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