?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Present+Status+of+Organic+Fruit+Growing+in+Europe&rft.creator=Weibel%2C+Franco+P.&rft.creator=H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas&rft.creator=Schmid%2C+Otto&rft.creator=Willer%2C+Helga&rft.subject=Fruit+and+berries&rft.description=Organic+fruit+growing+in+Europe+has+experienced+remarkable+growth+rates+since+the+mid+1990's.+Southern+states%2C+especially+Italy%2C+Spain+and+France+have+the+largest+land+area+with+organic+fruit%2C+are+also+growing+olives%2C+citrus+and+chestnuts.+Mainly+increasing+interest+of+supermarket+chains+is+responsible+for+this+buoyancy%2C+but+also+the+availability+of+better+plant+protection+products+e.g.+granulosis+virus+and+mating+disruption+against+codling+moth%2C+and+Neem+oil+against+Rosy+Apple+Aphid.+State+subsidies+varying+from+600+to+more+than+1600+Euro+%2Fha%2Fy+in+the+EU-countries+(15)+are+less+decisive+for+the+conversion+of+top+fruit+production.+Market+share+of+organic+table+fruit+is+only+1+to+2+%25%2C+reaching+4+to+5+%25+in+Switzerland.+For+Switzerland%2C+we+estimate+a+market+potential+of+around+12+to+15+%25%2C+which+is+already+achieved+with+organic+vegetables.+In+order+to+reach+that+percentage%2C+better+solutions+for+several+key+problems+have+to+be+found%2C+e.g.+control+of+scab%2C+fire+blight%2C+sooty+blotch%2C+brown+rot%2C+weed+management%2C+fertilisation+and+crop+load+regulation.+Also+the+assortment+of+organically+produced+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Cmodern-standard%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+varieties+is+not+satisfactory%2C+in+particular+with+stone+fruit.%0D%0AThe+economics+of+organic+fruit+growing+is+comparatively+healthy%2C+however%2C+it+depends+on+receiving+a+one+third+higher+farm+gate+price+for+the+product.+In+Switzerland+the+benefit+of+organic+orchards+is+16+%25+higher+compared+to+integrated+fruit+production%3B+but+labour+hours+exceed+those+of+IFP+by+7%25%2C+due+to+blossom+thinning+by+hand%2C+manual+weed+control+and+mice+control.%0D%0A%0D%0ASupermarkets+have+a+tendency+to+just+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Csubstitute%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+conventional+with+organic+fruit+if+requiring+organic+fruit+from+disease+susceptible+varieties+with+no+cosmetic+blemishes.+This+can%2Fdoes+feed+back+to+the+growers+resulting+in+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Csubstitutional%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+production+with+disease+and+pest+sensitive+orchards+managed+with+intensive+%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9Corganic%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9D+spray+and+fertilisation+programs.+This+certainly+does+not+correspond+with+either+the+original+concept+of+organic+farming+or+with+expectations+of+organic+consumers.+Thus%2C+still+a+lot+of+development+-+also+on+the+marketing+side+-+has+to+be+undertaken.+&rft.publisher=International+Society+for+Horticultural+Science+ISHS%2C+Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.contributor=Bertischinger%2C+L.&rft.contributor=Anderson%2C+J.D.&rft.date=2004&rft.type=Book+chapter&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2993%2F1%2Fweibel-et-al-2004-fruit-growing-europe.pdf&rft.identifier=Weibel%2C+Franco+P.%3B+H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas%3B+Schmid%2C+Otto+and+Willer%2C+Helga+(2004)+Present+Status+of+Organic+Fruit+Growing+in+Europe.+In%3A+Bertischinger%2C+L.+and+Anderson%2C+J.D.+(Eds.)+ISHS+Acta+Horticulturae+638%3A+XXVI+International+Horticultural+Congress%3A+Sustainability+of+Horticultural+Systems+in+the+21st+Century%2C+International+Society+for+Horticultural+Science+ISHS%2C+Leuven%2C+Belgium.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2993%2F