?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Organic+fruit+production+in+humid+climates+of+Europe%3A+Bottlenecks+and+new+approaches+in+disease+and+pest+control&rft.creator=Tamm%2C+Lucius&rft.creator=H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas&rft.creator=Fuchs%2C+Jacques+G.&rft.creator=Weibel%2C+Franco&rft.creator=Wyss%2C+Eric&rft.subject=Fruit+and+berries&rft.subject=Crop+health%2C+quality%2C+protection&rft.description=The+organic+market+has+grown+exponentially+in+Europe+during+the+last+ten+years.+However%2C+the+organic+fruit+industry+has+shown+the+lowest+growth+rates+(1-5%25+market+share)+compared+to+other+commodities.+One+major+reason+is+the+high+production+risk+due+to+high+disease+and+pest+pressure+in+humid+climates.+Key+pests+and+diseases+in+apple+and+pear+include+scab%2C+sooty+blotch%2C+and+fire+blight+as+well+as+rosy+apple+aphid%2C+pear+sucker%2C+and+codling+moth.+In+cherry%2C+damages+due+to+brown+rot+(Monilinia)+and+the+cherry+fruit+fly+make+organic+production+almost+unfeasible.+In+an+ideal+organic+system%2C+all+possible+measures+that+lead+to+improved+stability+of+the+system+must+be+implemented.+In+fruit+production%2C+such+measures+include+(i)+use+of+resistant+varieties+(scab)%2C+(ii)+active+promotion+of+predators+(rosy+apple+aphid)%2C+(iii)+sanitation+(cherry+monilinia)%2C+(iv)+microclimate+management+(planting+density%2C+covering+trees)%2C+and+(v)+strengthening+the+plant+self-defence+system+(e.g.+building+up+of+soil+fertility%2C+bio-dynamic+preparations).+At+present%2C+most+organic+orchards+have+been+designed+for+conventional+production+and%2C+therefore%2C+lack+most+stabilising+components.+In+consequence%2C+organic+fruit+production+still+depends+largely+on+direct+pest+and+disease+control+methods.+These+include+traditional+pesticides+such+as+copper%2C+sulphur%2C+and+lime+sulphur%2C+pyrethrin%2C+oil+and+soap+preparations.+More+recently%2C+new+pest+control+compounds+and+techniques+have+been+developed+including+neem+products%2C+granulosis+virus%2C+and+mating+disruption.+New+tools+for+disease+control+are+less+spectacular+and+focus+on+the+replacement+of+copper+(e.g.+with+clay+powders+and+resistance+inducers).+The+introduction+of+new+equipment%2C+materials%2C+and+Decision+Support+Systems+(DSS)+will+further+improve+yield+stability.+However%2C+other+limiting+factors+such+as+weed+competition%2C+crop+load+regulation%2C+and+conventional+market+demands+need+innovative+solutions.+&rft.publisher=International+Society+for+Horticultural+Science.+Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.contributor=Bertschinger%2C+L.&rft.contributor=Andersson%2C+J.D.&rft.date=2004&rft.type=Book+chapter&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2992%2F1%2Ftamm-et-al-2004-humid-climate.pdf&rft.identifier=Tamm%2C+Lucius%3B+H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas%3B+Fuchs%2C+Jacques+G.%3B+Weibel%2C+Franco+and+Wyss%2C+Eric+(2004)+Organic+fruit+production+in+humid+climates+of+Europe%3A+Bottlenecks+and+new+approaches+in+disease+and+pest+control.+In%3A+Bertschinger%2C+L.+and+Andersson%2C+J.D.+(Eds.)+ISHS+Acta+Horticulturae+638%3A+XXVI+International+Horticultural+Congress%3A+Sustainability+of+Horticultural+Systems+in+the+21st+Century.+Toronto%2C+Canada%2C+International+Society+for+Horticultural+Science.+Leuven%2C+Belgium.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2992%2F