?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=The+side+effects+of+lime+sulphur+on+predaceous+arthropods%2C+i.e.+Typhlodromus+pyri%2C+and+other+leaf+occupying+arthropods&rft.creator=Daniel%2C+Claudia&rft.creator=H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas&rft.creator=Weibel%2C+Franco&rft.subject=Fruit+and+berries&rft.subject=Crop+health%2C+quality%2C+protection&rft.description=Conclusions+and+further+studies+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+significant+reduction+of+T.+pyri+and+of+larvae+of+predaceous+gall+midges%2C+the+complete+loss+of+mite-diversity+and+the+possible+enhancement+of+P.+ulmi+and+other+harmful+mites+(i.e.+C.+vitis)+are+clear+disadvantages+of+lime+sulphur.+Densities+of+T.+pyri+between+0.5+and+1+mite+per+leaf+as+mentioned+to+be+necessary+for+controlling+harmful+mites+(BOURQUIN+1989%2C+FORTMANN+1993%2C+HARZER+1993%2C+KARG+1992%2C+KOHLER+ET+AL.+1991)%2C+were+never+reached+in+lime+sulphur+treatment%2C+while+the+untreated+control+always+showed+densities+above+this+value.+%0D%0A%0D%0AOn+the+other+hand+low+densities+of+predaceous+mites+are+quite+normal+in+intensively+sulphur+treated%2C+biological+orchards+and+are+often+replaced+by+other+mite+predators%2C+like+predatory+bugs+(Miriadae%2C+Anthocoridae)+or+the+coccinellid+beetle+Stethorus+punctillum+(H%C3%83%C2%84SELI+%26+BOSSHARD+1994).+%0D%0A%0D%0ATherefore+further+studies+should+include+these+arthropods%2C+because+lime+sulphur+may+also+have+adverse+effects+on+them+(BORIANI+1994%2C+BROWN+1978).+%0D%0A%0D%0AFurthermore+the+lowest+application+strategy+in+terms+of+frequency+and+concentrations+for+scab+control+should+be+examined+to+minimise+the+quantity+of+applied+lime+sulphur+(ZIMMER+2000).+In+addition+the+effects+of+different+application+methods%2C+for+example+by+sprayer+or+overhead+irrigation+on+beneficial+arthropod+as+well+as+on+scab+should+be+studied+(KELDERER+ET+AL.+2000).+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+side+effects+of+lime+sulphur+should+not+be+considered+separated+from+other+used+fungicides%2C+moreover+the+whole+spraying+program+should+be+included%2C+because+wettable+sulphur+(MILAIRE+ET+AL.+1974)+and+clay+powder+(H%C3%83%C2%84SELI+%26+BOSSHARD+1994)+also+harm+arthropods.+%0D%0A%0D%0AFor+agronomic+interests+but+also+from+the+points+of+view+of+the+registration+of+lime+sulphur+and+the+public+image+of+organic+apple+growing%2C+the+question+is%3A+whether+lots+of+preventive+applications+with+copper%2C+sulphur+and+clay+powder+have+more+adverse+effects+on+beneficial+arthropods+than+fewer+curative+applications+of+lime+sulphur+by+using+an+infestion+prediction+model.+%0D%0A%0D%0AOnly+by+further+studies+under+realistic+farming+conditions+it+is+estimable%2C+whether+the+use+of+lime+sulphur+in+organic+orchards+can+be+accepted.+In+the+common+enthusiasm+about+this+new+curative+fungicide%2C+we+should+not+forget+the+important+role+of+beneficial+arthropods.+In+this+context+the+registration+without+any+indication+in+the+EU+should+be+critically+discussed.+&rft.date=2001&rft.type=Other&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2932%2F1%2Fdaniel-et-al-2001-lime-sulphur.pdf&rft.identifier=Daniel%2C+Claudia%3B+H%C3%83%C2%A4seli%2C+Andreas+and+Weibel%2C+Franco+(2001)+The+side+effects+of+lime+sulphur+on+predaceous+arthropods%2C+i.e.+Typhlodromus+pyri%2C+and+other+leaf+occupying+arthropods.+Abgerufen+am+25.+Juni+2004.+[+Unpublished%2C+]&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F2932%2F