{
  "eprintid": "15797",
  "rev_number": "1",
  "eprint_status": "archive",
  "userid": "4762",
  "dir": "disk0/00/01/57/97",
  "datestamp": "2009-06-11",
  "lastmod": "2009-08-20 14:43:15",
  "status_changed": "2009-08-20 14:43:15",
  "type": "journalp",
  "metadata_visibility": "show",
  "item_issues_count": "0",
  "doclang": "en",
  "projects": [
    "ANU"
  ],
  "refereed": "yes",
  "budget": "0",
  "publicfulltext": "TRUE",
  "creators": [
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Paull",
        "given": "John"
      },
      "id": ""
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Century of Synthetic Fertilizer: 1909-2009",
  "ispublished": "pub",
  "subjects": [
    "environment",
    "history",
    "countries_switzerland",
    "2farming",
    "farm_nutrient_management",
    "organics_countries_germany",
    "organics_countries_europe"
  ],
  "keywords": "Fertilizer, synthetic fertilizer, Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, Haber-Bosch process, ammonia, nitrogen fixation, Oppau, WW1, Nobel Prize, Rudolf Steiner, bio-dynamic agriculture.",
  "abstract": "This year marks a centenary of the synthetic fertilizer industry. German chemists, Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, in 1909 demonstrated their industrial process for the manufacture of ammonia. The achievement won them accolades including Nobel Prizes. The output of their Haber-Bosch process can be used for either peace or war, agriculture or munitions, and the rapid adoption by Germany of this industrial process is credited with prolonging WW1. Most of the synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer of the past century, and right up to the present, has been manufactured using the Haber-Bosch process. The use of synthetic fertilizers has led to significant negative environmental outcomes. Rudolf Steiner was an early voice against chemical agriculture. Steiner's Agriculture Course of 1924 led to the development and world-wide proliferation of Bio-dynamic Agriculture, a farming system which has always championed the biological fixation of nitrogen by soil micro-organisms. This paper identifies ten key differences between biological and Haber-Bosch chemical fixation of nitrogen.",
  "date": "2009-06",
  "date_type": "published",
  "publication": "Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania",
  "number": "94",
  "publisher": "Bio-Dynamics Tasmania",
  "editors": [
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Domeney",
        "given": "Penny"
      },
      "id": ""
    }
  ],
  "referencetext": "Badgley, C., Moghtader, J., Quintero, E., Zakem, E., Chappell, M. J., Aviles-Vázquez, K., Samulon, A. & Perfecto, I. (2007). Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(2):86-108. Bosch, C. (1932). The Development of the Chemical High Pressure Method During the Establishment of the New Ammonia Industry. In Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941 (1966, pp. 197-241). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing. Bowden, M. E. (1997). Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Haber, F. (1920). The Synthesis of Ammonia from its Elements. In Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 (1966, pp. 326-340). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing. Hall, A. D. (1920). Agriculture After the War. London: John Murray. Hemleben, J. (1963). Rudolf Steiner: A Documentary Biography, (1975, first English language edition; Leo Twyman trans). East Grinstead, Sussex: Henry Goulden Ltd. IFADATA (2009a). Statistics, Conversions Factors. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association, www.fertilizer.org IFADATA (2009b). Statistics, Total Nitrogen Region. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association, www.fertilizer.org Koepf, H. H. (1977). Nitrate: An Ailing Organism Calls for Healing, (2nd edition; 1st edition was 1965). Wyoming, Rhode Island. Leigh, G. J. (2004). The World's Greatest Fix: A History of Nitrogen and Agriculture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Liebig, J. (1840). To the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In L. Playfair (Ed.), Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology (1847, pp. iii-iv). Philadelphia, PA: T. B. Peterson. Nobel Foundation (1966). Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing. Northbourne, L. (1940). Look to the Land. London: Dent. Pfeiffer, E. (1956). Rudolf Steiner's Impulse to Agriculture. Bio-Dynamics, (40):2-15; Spring-Summer. Smil, V. (2001). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, USA: The MIT Press. Steiner, R. (1924). Agriculture Course, (\"Printed for private circulation only\"; 1929, first English language edition; George Kaufmann Trans). Dornach, Switzerland: Geotheanum.",
  "full_text_status": "public",
  "pagerange": "16-21",
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      "security": "public",
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