?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=A+Century+of+Synthetic+Fertilizer%3A+1909-2009&rft.creator=Paull%2C+John&rft.subject=+Environmental+aspects&rft.subject=History+of+organics&rft.subject=Switzerland&rft.subject=+Farming+Systems&rft.subject=Farm+nutrient+management&rft.subject=Germany&rft.subject=Europe&rft.description=This+year+marks+a+centenary+of+the+synthetic+fertilizer+industry.+German+chemists%2C+Fritz+Haber+and+Carl+Bosch%2C+in+1909+demonstrated+their+industrial+process+for+the+manufacture+of+ammonia.+The+achievement+won+them+accolades+including+Nobel+Prizes.+The+output+of+their+Haber-Bosch+process+can+be+used+for+either+peace+or+war%2C+agriculture+or+munitions%2C+and+the+rapid+adoption+by+Germany+of+this+industrial+process+is+credited+with+prolonging+WW1.+Most++of+the+synthetic+nitrogenous+fertilizer+of+the+past+century%2C+and+right+up+to+the+present%2C+has+been+manufactured+using+the+Haber-Bosch+process.+The+use+of+synthetic+fertilizers+has+led+to+significant+negative+environmental+outcomes.+Rudolf+Steiner+was+an+early+voice+against+chemical+agriculture.+Steiner's+Agriculture+Course+of+1924+led+to+the+development+and+world-wide+proliferation+of+Bio-dynamic+Agriculture%2C+a+farming+system+which+has+always+championed+the+biological+fixation+of+nitrogen+by+soil+micro-organisms.+This+paper+identifies+ten+key+differences+between+biological+and+Haber-Bosch+chemical+fixation+of+nitrogen.+&rft.publisher=Bio-Dynamics+Tasmania&rft.contributor=Domeney%2C+Penny&rft.date=2009-06&rft.type=Journal+paper&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F15797%2F1%2F15797.pdf&rft.identifier=Paull%2C+John+(2009)+A+Century+of+Synthetic+Fertilizer%3A+1909-2009.+Journal+of+Bio-Dynamics+Tasmania+(94)%2C+pp.+16-21.&rft.relation=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F15797%2F