14931 1 archive 4316 disk0/00/01/49/31 2008-11-10 2009-08-20 14:41:42 2009-08-20 14:41:42 journalp show 0 en nl-wur-asg nl-wur-plant-research-international main yes 0 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ps.1623 FALSE Meerburg Bastiaan G Dr Brom Frans W A Prof Kijlstra Aize Prof The ethics of rodent control pub environment 2security 1animalprod 7animalhealth animal welfare, ethics, pests, rodent control, rodents, traps, rodenticides Because western societies generally see animals as objects of moral concern, demands have been made on the way they are treated, e.g. during animal experimentation. In the case of rodent pests, however, inhumane control methods are often applied. This inconsistency in the human-animal relationship requires clarification. This paper analyses the criteria that must be met when judging the use of animals during experiments, and investigates whether these can be applied in rodent control. This is important, because, until now, animal welfare has been less of an issue in pest control: effectiveness, hygiene and cost efficiency have been leading principles. Two options are available to solve the inconsistency: the first is to abandon the criteria used in animal experimentation; the second is to apply these criteria to both animal experimentation and rodent control. This latter option implies that rodent control methods should not lead to intense pain or discomfort, and any discomfort should have a short duration and should allow escaped rodents to lead a natural life. Adherence to this option will, however, require a shift in the design of rodent control methods: effectiveness will no longer be the leading principle. It will have to share its position with animal welfare and humaneness. 2008-12 published Pest Management Science 64 12 Wiley & Sons 1 Bracke MBM, Spruijt BM and Metz JHM, Overall animal welfare assessment reviewed. Part 1: Is it possible? Neth J Agric Sci 47: 279-291 (1999). 2 Morris M, Animal care ethics, ANZCCART, and public perceptions of animal use ethics. J Agric Environ Ethics 13: 249-257 (2000). 3 The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London, UK, 376 pp. (2005). 4 Degrazia D, Animal ethics around the turn of the twenty-first century. J Agric Environ Ethics 11: 111-129 (1999). 5 Heeger FR and Brom FWA, Intrinsic value and direct duties: from animal ethics toward environmental ethics? J Agric Environ Ethics 14: 241-252 (2000). 6 Prakash I, Rodent Pest Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1988). 7 Singleton G, Leirs H, Hinds L and Zhang Z, Ecologically-based management of rodent pests - re-evaluating our approach to an old problem, in Ecologically-Based Management of Rodent Pests, ed. by Singleton G , Leirs H , Hinds L and Zhang Z . ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, pp. 17-29 (1999). 8 Meehan AP, Rats and Mice. Their Biology and Control. Rentokil Limited, East Grinstead, UK (1984). 9 Gratz NG, Rodents as carriers of disease, in Rodent Pests and their Control, ed. by Buckle AP and Smith RH . CAB International, Oxford, UK, pp. 85-108 (1994). 10 Scott S and Duncan CJ, Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (2001). 11 Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB and Vinetz JM, Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 255-258 (2000). 12 Klein SL and Calisherz CH, Emergence and persistence of Hantaviruses, in Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: the Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 217-252 (2007). 13 Joo HS, Donaldson-Wood CR and Johnson RH, Observations on the pathogenesis of porcine parvovirus infection. Arch Virol 51: 123-129 (1976). 14 Maes RK, Kanitz CL and Gustafson DP, Pseudorabies virus infections in wild laboratory rats. Am J Vet Res 40: 393-396 (1979). 15 Capel-Edwards M, Foot-and-mouth disease in the brown rat. J Comp Pathol 80: 543-548 (1970). 16 Le Moine VP, Vannier P and Jestin A, Microbiological studies of wild rodents in farms as carriers of pig infectious agents. Prev Vet Med 4: 399-408 (1987). Links 17 Marshall PA, Hughes JM, Williams RH, Smith JE, Murphy RG and Hide G, Detection of high levels of congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in natural urban populations of Mus domesticus. Parasitology 128: 39-42 (2004). 18 Fernie DS and Park RWA, Isolation and nature of Campylobacters (Microaerophilic-Vibrios) from laboratory and wild rodents. J Med Microbiol 10: 325-329 (1977). 19 Davies RH and Breslin M, Observations on Salmonella contamination of commercial laying farms before and after cleaning and disinfection. Vet Rec 152: 283-287 (2003). 20 Meerburg BG, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Wagenaar JA and Kijlstra A, Presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in wild small mammals on organic farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 960-962 (2006). 21 Meerburg BG and Kijlstra A, Role of rodents in transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter. J Sci Food Agric 87: 2774-2781 (2007). 22 Oogjes G, Ethical apects and dilemmas of fertility control of unwanted wildlife: an animal welfarist's perspective. Reprod Fertil Dev 9: 163-167 (1997). 23 Meerburg BG, Bonde M, Brom FWA, Endepols S, Jensen AN, Leirs H, et al, Towards sustainable management of rodents in organic animal husbandry. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 52: 195-205 (2004). 24 Mason G and Littin KE, The humaneness of rodent pest control. Animal Welfare 12: 1-37 (2003). 25 Bell R and Caldwell P, Mechanism of warfarin resistance. Warfarin and the metabolism of vitamin K1. Biochemistry 12: 1759-1762 (1973). 26 Zimmermann A and Matschiner JT, Biochemical basis of hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 23: 1033-1040 (1974). 27 Thijssen H, Janssen C and Drittij-Reijnders M, The effect of S-warfarin administration on vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase activity in liver, kidney and testis of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 35: 3277-3282 (1986). 28 Greaves J and Ayres P, Linkages between genes for coat colour and resistance to warfarin in Rattus norvegicus. Nature (London) 224: 284-285 (1969). 29 Greaves J and Ayres P, Multiple allelism at the locus controlling warfarin resistance in the Norway rat. Genet Res 40: 59-64 (1982). 30 Hildebrandt E and Suttie J, Mechanisms of coumarin action: sensitivity of vitamin K metabolizing enzymes of normal and warfarin-resistant rat liver. Biochemistry 21: 2406-2411 (1982). 31 MacNicoll A, A comparison of warfarin resistance and liver microsomal vitamin K epoxide reductase activity in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 840: 13-20 (1985). 32 Quy RJ, Cowan DP, Prescott CV, Gill JE, Kerrins GM, Dunsford G, et al., Control of a population of Norway rats resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides. Pestic Sci 45: 247-256 (1995). 33 Gratz N, A critical review of currently used single-dose rodenticides. Bull WHO 48: 469-477 (1973). 34 Eason CT, Murphy EC, Wright GR and Spurr EB, Assessment of risks of brodifacoum to non-target birds and mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology 11: 35-48 (2002). 35 Corrigan RM, The efficacy of glue traps against wild populations of House Mice, Mus domesticus, Rutty, in Proceedings of the 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference, ed. by Baker RO and Crabb AC . University of California, Davis, CA (1998). 36 Gao Y and Short RV, Use of an oestrogen, androgen or gestagen as a potential chemosterilant for control of rat and mouse populations. J Reprod Fertil 97: 39-49 (1993). 37 Ministry for Agriculture Fisheries and Food Code of Practice for the Prevention of Rodent Infestations in Poultry Flocks, MAFF Publications, London, UK, 20 pp. (1996). 38 Broom DM, The welfare of vertebrate pests in relation to their management, in Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management, ed. by Cowan DP and Feare CJ . Filander Verlag, Fürth, Germany, pp. 302-329 (1999). 39 Kirkwood JK, Sainsbury AW and Bennett PM, The welfare of free-living wild animals: methods of assessment. Animal Welfare 3: 257-273 (1994). 40 Chambers LK, Lawson MA and Hinds LA, Biological control of rodents - the case for fertility control using immunocontraception, in Ecologically Based Rodent Management, ed. by Singleton GR , Hinds LA , Leirs H and Zhang Z , ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, pp. 215-242 (1999). 41 Randall CJ (ed.), Vertebrate Pest Management - a Guide for Commercial Applicators Category 7D. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (1999). 42 Frantz SC and Padula CM, A laboratory test method for evaluating the efficacy of glueboards for trapping house mice, in Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials, ed. by Kaukeined DE . American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA (1983). 43 Jackson WB, Rats: friends or foes? Journal of Popular Culture 14: 27-32 (1980). 44 Fox N and MacDonald H, Welfare Aspects of Killing Wild Animals in Britain, 2nd edition. The Hawk Board, Carmarthen, UK (1999). restricted 1205-1211 9835 1 14931 1 application/pdf en validuser
PMS.pdf
PMS.pdf 115157 http://orgprints.org/14931/1/PMS.pdf