{ "eprintid": "10937", "rev_number": "7", "eprint_status": "archive", "userid": "348", "dir": "disk0/00/01/09/37", "datestamp": "2007-07-16", "lastmod": "2009-09-21 20:04:43", "status_changed": "2009-08-20 14:36:34", "type": "report", "metadata_visibility": "show", "item_issues_count": "0", "doclang": "en", "projects": [ "eu_organicrevision", "fibl-plant-protection-pathology", "at-austria-bal", "bolk", "uk-aberystwyth-rural-studies", "zother" ], "refereed": "never", "seriesno": "D 5.1", "budget": "0", "docurl": "http://www.organic-revision.org/pub/D_5_1_Seed_diseases_report_FINAL.pdf", "altloc": [ "http://www.organic-revision.org/" ], "publicfulltext": "FALSE", "creators": [ { "name": { "family": "Micheloni", "given": "C." }, "id": "" }, { "name": { "family": "Plakolm", "given": "G." }, "id": "" }, { "name": { "family": "Schärer", "given": "H." }, "id": "" } ], "title": "Report on seed born diseases in organic seed and propagation material", "ispublished": "pub", "subjects": [ "8planthealth", "regulation" ], "keywords": "seed; treatments; diseases; health; quality", "abstract": "The key questions which will be addressed in this report are: • Are seed born diseases an important factor that prevents seed companies from producing organic seeds and organic farmers from using them? • Which seed treatments are available in organic farming? Which treatments are or will be acceptable? To which degree are they effective? • Are the thresholds for seed born diseases different among Member States? Can this cause unfair competition among farmers and seed producers? • How did the health status of organic seed change in the last years? The main answers may be synthesized as follows: • Seed born diseases are an important factor influencing seed production and seed use in organic agriculture, but they are not the only obstacle that exists at the moment. • Awareness on the importance of seed health has increased considerably; “conventional” organizations such as ISF (International Seed Federation) or ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) give statements on seed health and seed treatments for organic agriculture. • In the last 5 to 10 years several methods and products of non-synthetic seed treatments (physical, microbiological, plant-based etc.) have been successfully tested on different host-parasite combinations and are potentially available for use in organic farming. However, there are no general treatments available that are effective for all host-pathogen combinations. • Due to the importance of seed health in organic agriculture, it is important that organically acceptable seed treatments are identified and authorized in organic seed production. This would assure organic producers reliable seeds for their farming operations. • Besides legal restrictions for quarantine diseases on seeds, most of the Member States have legal thresholds for seed born diseases, which however apply almost exclusively to cereals. For vegetables and legumes, Member States only have general statements on seed health. • Thresholds for seed born diseases in cereals vary between Member States. This may cause distortion in seed trade and use as one country may allow the import (from another MS) of seeds that do not fulfill certification limits in the importing country, but that are fully certifiable in the MS where they are produced. • Data on the status of organic seed health is available in few countries only. It would be very helpful if the MS kept annual records of the organic seed-lots’ health status as it would allow to monitor the presence of seed born diseases and risks and act consequently on the seeds and the crops. In general, available data for cereals does not show a clear trend of seed health development but rather highlights the influence of climatic condition. There also appears to be a general spreading of Tilletia caries, which may increase with lower control levels, especially with of-farm seed production. Spreading of seed-born diseases is greater in organic farming since few control measures are available. Recommendations for development of the legal basis for organic seed production: • Seed quality refers not only to purity and germination parameters but also to aspects of seed health. • Seed health in organic production is of crucial importance as healthy seeds are the basis for successful production, especially in organic farming systems, where less efficient plant protection agents are available for managing plant diseases and prevention is the main key of success. • There is a need to define and regulate which seed treatments can be permitted in organic farming (methods and products should be listed in the revised EU Reg. 2092/91 in annex II B) • In order to increase the availability of organic seeds and their assortment in terms of varieties, seed treatments (accepted in organic agriculture) should be made possible. • It would be advisable that all treatments which the seeds are subjected to are declared on the label. • Thresholds for seed born diseases in organic seeds must be strict and harmonized among Member States in order to avoid the spread of seed born diseases, difficult to manage in organic farming. Such thresholds must be based on sound scientific basis. • Organic seed-lots’ health status should be monitored on a yearly basis by seed health authorities.", "date": "2007-05", "date_type": "published", "series": "EEC 2092/91 (Organic Revision Project Reports)", "institution": "Associazione Italiana Agricoltura Biologica (AIAB), Rome", "referencetext": "Amein T., Wikstrom A., Schmitt A., Koch E., van der Wolf J., Groot S.P.C., Forsberger G., Werner S., Krauthausen H.J., Kromphardt C., Jahn M., Wright S.A.I., 2006. Non-chemical methods of seed treatments for control of seed-bornpathogens on vegetables. In proceedings of the European joint organic congress “Organic Farming and European Rural Development”, Odensee, 2006. [contact:thasein.amein@maselab.se] ARGE Biolandbau (2003): Saatgut für den Biologischen Landbau; Wien Baig, M. M. V., Baig, M. I. A., 2003. Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens for enhanced seed germination and seedling emergence in sorghum. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter, 2003, publ. 2004, Vol. 44, pp. 124-126. [contact: vaseembaig@yahoo.com] Bartl D., 2000. Saatguterzeugung, Vermehrung und Untersuchung in Ökologischen Landbau. Abschlussarbeit, Universität – Gesamthochschule Paderborn, Abt. Soest. Bardin S.D., Huang H.C., Pinto J., Amundsen E.J., Erickson R.S., 2004a. Biological control of Pythium damping-off of pea and sugar beet by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 2004, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 291-296, 31. [contact: sylvie.bardin@uoit.ca; huangh@agr.gc.ca] Bardin S. D., Huang H. C., Moyer J. R., 2004b. Control of Pythium damping-off of sugar beet by seed treatment with crop straw powders and a biocontrol agent. Biological Control, 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 453-460. [contact: sylvie.bardin@uoit.ca; huangh@agr.gc.ca] Batura A., Lukanowski A., Kus J., 2004. Comparison of health status of winter wheat and spring barley grain cultivated in organic, integrate and conventional sytems and monoculture. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: batura-a@atr.bydgoszcz.pl ] Bänzinger I., Schachermayr G., Zanetti S., Rüegger A., Forrer H-R, Vogelgsang. S. 2004. Healthy cereal seeds for organic agriculture in Switzerland. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: susanne.vogelgsang@fal.admin.ch ] Bhutta A.R., Bhatti M.H.R., Iftikhar A., 1999. Effect of seed diffusates on growth on seed-bornfungi of sunflower. Helia, 1999, Vol. 22, No. 31, pp. 143-150. Blum H., Fausten G., Nega E., Jahn M., Garber U., Aedtner I., 2006. Improvement of seed quality on medicinal plants and herbs in organic farming. In proceedings of the European joint organic congress “Organic Farming and European Rural Development”, Odensee, 2006. [contact: hanna.blum@dir.rip.de] Boelt B., Dahl Jensen A.M., Kjeldsen Bjørn G., 2004. Seed quality in organic carrot seed production. Does tunnel production in Denmark provide sufficient seed quality? In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: birte.boelt@agrsci.dk ] Borgen A., 2004a. Control of seed borne diseases in organic seed propagation. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: borgen@agrologica.dk ] Borgen A., 2004b. Organic seed treatment to control common bunt ( Tilletia tritici ) in wheat. ISTA Seed Symposium, Abstracts. Budapest, Hungary, 17-19th May, 2004. [contact: borgen@agrologica.dk ] Borgen A., 2003. Seed separation to control barley loose smut (Ustilago nuda). Healthy seed for healthy crop. 2nd International Seed Health Conference, Poznan, Poland 16-18 September 2003. [contact:borgen@agrologica.dk ] Borgen, A., Nielsen B. J., 2001. Effect of seed treatment with acetic acid for control of seed borne diseases. Proceedings from BCPC Symposium No. 76: \"Seed Treatment: Challenges & Opportunities\", eds. A. J. Biddle. BCPC, Farnham. Borgen A., Kristensen L., 2000. Seed borne diseases – a challenge for organic cereal production. In Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel 2000. [contact: anders@ecoweb.dk ] Braga N.A.,Pessoa M.N.G., Teófilo E.M., 2003. Biological and chemical treatment of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) seeds for the control of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tass.) Go id. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 2003, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 193-199. [contact: neulebraga@yahoo.br;nenmaura@ufc.br; elizita@ufc.br] Bressan W., 2003. Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes. BioControl 48: 233–240, 2003. [contact: bressan@cnpms.embrapa.br] Clear R.M., Patrick S.K., Turkington T.K., Wallis, R., 2002. Effect of dry heat treatment on seedbornFusarium graminearum and other cereal pathogens. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 2002, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 489-498. [contact:rclear@grainscanada.gc.ca] El-Nagdi W.M.A., Youssef M.M.A., 2004. Soaking faba bean seed in some biological control agents as prophylactic treatment for controlling Meloidogyne incognita root-knot nematode infection. Journal of Pest Science, 2004, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 75-78. [contact:wafaa_elnagdi@yahoo.com myoussef_2003@yahoo.com] Forrer H.R., Hecker A., Steenblock T., 2000. Hot water treatment of potato seed tubers – A practicable mean to prevent primary foci and delay epidemics of potato late blight? In Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel 2000. [contact: hans-rudolf.forrer@fal.admin.ch ] Groot S.P.C., van der Wolf J.M., Jalink H., Langerak C.J., van den Bulk R.W., 2004. Challenges for the production of high quality organic seeds. Seed Testing International No. 127 April 2004. [contact:steven.groot@wur.nl] Groot S.P.C., Birnbaum Y., Rop N., Jalink H., Forsberg G., Kromphardt C., Wrner S., Koch E., 2006. Effect of seed maturity on sensitivity of seeds towards physical sanitation treatments. Seed Science and Technology No. 34, pp. 403-413 . [contact:steven.groot@wur.nl] Halmer P., Groot S.P.C., Birnbaun Y., Groeneveld R., van Swaay N., 2004. Commercial organic pelleting and priming treatments for sugar beet seed. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: phalmer@germains.com ] Heller W., 2002. Switzerland: New Treatment for disinfection of carrot seed. Newsletter on organic seeds and plant breeding, Issue April 2002. [contact:Werner.Heller@faw.admin.ch] Hermansen A., Brodal G., Balvoll G., 1999. Hot water treatments of carrot seeds: effects on seed-bornfungi, germination, emergence and yield. Seed Science and Technology, 1999, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 599-613. [contact: arne.hermansen@planteforsk.no] Hökeberg M., 1998. Seed bacterization for control of fungal seed-borndiseases in cereals. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae - Agraria, 1998, No. 115, pp. 14 + appendices. [contact:Margareta.Hokeberg@bioagri.slu.se] Hossain M.A., Huelma C.C., Gonzales P.G., Mew T.W., 2000. Effect of seed treatment on seedbornmycoflora and germination of rice seed collected from farmers of different locations in the Philippines. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology, 2000, Vol. 16, No. 1/2, pp. 13-15. Jahn M., Nega E., Kromphardt C., Forsberg G., Werner S., 2006. Optimization of different physical methods for control of seed-bornpathogens in organic vegetable production. In proceedings of the European joint organic congress “Organic Farming and European Rural Development”, Odensee, 2006. [contact:m.jahn@bba.de] Jahn M., Kromphardt C., Forsberg G., Werner S., Wikström M., Groot S.P.C., Rop N.K., 2004. Control of seed-bornpathogens on vegetables by physical seed treatments methods. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: m.jahn@bba.de] Jahn M., Puls A., 1998. Investigations for development of a combined biological-physical method to control soil-borne and seed-bornpathogens in carrot seed. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 1998, Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 359-375. [contact:m.jahn@bba.de] Jensen B., Knudsen I.M.B., Madsen M., Jensen D.F., 2004. Biopriming of infected carrot seed with an antagonist, Clonostachys rosea, selected for control of seedborne Alternaria spp. Phytopathology, 2004, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 551-560. [contact: bje@kvl.dk] Jensen B., Knudsen I.M.B., Jensen D.F., 2002. Survival of conidia of Clonostachys rosea on stored barley seeds and their biocontrol efficacy against seed-bornBipolaris sorokiniana. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2002, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 427-441. [contact: bje@kvl.dk] Johnsson L., Hökeberg M., Gerhardson B., 1998. Performance of the Pseudomonas chlororaphis biocontrol agent MA 342 against cereal seed-borndiseases in field experiments. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 1998, Vol. 104, No. 7, pp. 701-711. Krishnamurthy C.D., Lokesh S., Shetty H.S., 2000. Effect of seed treatments on the seed-borninfection of Gerlachia oryzae in paddy. Advances in Plant Sciences, 2000, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 505-516. Kristensen L., Forsberg G., 2000. Control of common bunt (Tilletia tritici) in wheat by thermal seed treatment. In Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel 2000. [contact: jlk@dlf.dk] Kövics G.J., Harcz P., Naár Z., 2001. Biological control against Rhizoctonia damping-off disease of tomato by Trichoderma strains. Buletinul Universitătii de Stiinte Agricole si Medicină Veterinară Cluj-Napoca. Seria Agricultură, 2001, Vol. 55/56, pp. 63-68. [contact: kovics@helios.date.hu; naarzo@gemini.ektf.hu] Kuhn K., Förster K., Diepenbrock W., 2004. Effects of plant extracts on seed-bornpathogens. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: kuhn@landw.uni-halle.de ] Kumar A., 2004. Effect of neem based pesticides on germination of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus Maech. Seed. Shashpa, 2004, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 83-85. Lizot J.F., Griboval B., Guénard M., 2002. Mise au point d’une technique de desinfection des semences applicable en agriculture biologique - Alternaria dauci sur semences de carottes. In 2ème Conference Internationale sur les Moyens Alternatifs de Lutte contre les Organismes Nuisibles aux Vegetaux. Lille – March 2002. [contact:lizot.itab@wanadoo.fr] Luz, W. C. da, 1998. Seed microbiolization: a comparison with chemical treatment to control the main seedbornpathogens of wheat. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 1998, Vol. 33, No. Especial, pp. 509-513. [contact: wilmar@cnpt.embrapa.br] Mahakhant A., Padungwong P., Arunpairojana V., Atthasampunna P., 1998. Control of the plant pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in mung bean by a microalgal extract. Phycological Research 1998; 46 (Suppl.): 3-7. Malathi P.S.D., 2004. Effects of seed priming with Trichoderma on seedborne infection by Macrophomina phaseolina and seed quality of groundnut. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 2004, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 87-91. Nega E., Ulrich R., Werner S., Jahn M., 2003. Hot water treatment of vegetable seed - an alternative seed treatment method to control seed-bornpathogens in organic farming. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 2003, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 220-234. Nielsen B., Borgen A., Kristensen L., 2000. Control of seed borne diseases in production of organic cereals. In Proceedings of the Brighton Conference 2000 – Pest and Diseases. Brighton 2000, 171-176. [contact: Bent.Nielsen@agrsci.dk] Ninq S.S., Hsieh S.P.Y., Chen J.S., 1998. Control of seed-bornpathogenic fungi of turfgrasses by fungicides and antagonistic microorganisms in laboratory tests. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taipei), 1998, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 133-143. Owolade O.F., Amusa A.N., Osikanlu Y.O.K., 2000. Efficacy of certain indigenous plant extracts against seed-borninfection of Fusarium moniliforme on maize (Zea mays L.) in south western Nigeria. Cereal Research Communications, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 323-327. [contact: ofowalade@softhome.net] Paillán H., Carrasco G., Villalobos H., 2004. Effect of fruit load array on melon (Cucumis melo L.) seed production in greenhouse under organic cultivation: Yield and seed quality. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact: hpaillan@utalca.cl ] Plakolm G., Söllinger J., 2000. Seed treatment for common wheat-bunt (Tilletia caries (DC) Tul) according to organic farming principles. In Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel 2000. [contact: plakolm@agrobio.bmlf.gv.at ] Pradeep Kumar, Anuja, Kumud Kumar, 2000. Bio-control of seed-bornfungal pathogens of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 2000, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 30-32. Ravi S., Sabitha Doraiswamy Valluvaparidasan V., Jeyalakshmi C., 1999. Effect of biocontrol agents on seed-bornColletotrichum in french bean. Plant Disease Research, 1999, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 146-151. Robert S.J., Amein T., Forsberg G., Kromphardt C., Koch E., Schmitt A., Werner S., 2006. Physical and biological seed treatments for control of bacterial disease of carrots and brassicas caused by Xanthomonas spp. Poster presented at 11th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Edinburgh, 10-14 July 2006. [contact:roberts@planthealth.eu] Roberti R., Flori P., Pisi A., Brunelli A., Cesari, A., 2000. Evaluation of biological seed treatment of wheat for the control of seed-bornFusarium culmorum. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 2000, Vol. 107, No. 5, pp. 484-493. [contact: rroberti@agrsci.unibo.it] Rodriguez J., 2000. Evaluation of the different seed treatments in spring barley and winter wheat for the prevention of Ustilago nuda, Fusarium nivale and Pyrenophora teres. MSc thesis, Scottish AgriculturalCollege, Aberdeen. Sadowsky Cz., Lenc L., Donoradzki M., Korpal W., Weiner W., Lukanowski A., 2006. Studies on plant health in organic production of vegetable seeds. In proceedings of the European joint organic congress “Organic Farming and European Rural Development”, Odensee, 2006. [contact:fitopato@atr.bydgoszcz.pl] Sarhan, A. R. T., Shibly, M. K. A., 2004. Biological control of pathogenic fungi associated with rice seeds. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 2003, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 102-108. Schachermayr G., Winter W., Bänziger I., Krebs H., Fried P.M., 2000. Alternative methods to chemical treatments in seed dressing in cereals. In Proceedings of the 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel 2000. [contact: gabriele.schachermayr@fal.admin.ch; tel. ++41-(1) 377 71 11] Schmitt A., Amein T., Tinivella F., van der Wolf J., Roberts S., Groot S., Gullino M.L., Wright S., Koch E., 2004. Control of seed-bornpathogens on vegetables by microbial and other alternative seed treatments. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact:a.schmitt@bba.de ] Sharifi-Tehrani A., Ramezani M., 2003. Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of onion wilt by antagonistic bacteria. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 2003, Vol. 68, No. 4b, pp. 543-547. Shirai K., Tanno H., Ogura R., Igarashi T., Tanaka F., 2003. Disinfection effect of seed soaking treatment with hot water on seed borne diseases in Hokkaido. Bulletin of Hokkaido Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Stations, 2003, No. 85, pp. 29-32. [contact: kshirai@agri.pref.hokkaido.jp] Semaškienė, R, 2000. Effect of biological seed treatments against seed and seedling diseases. (Foreign Title: Biopreparatu itaka javu sėklu bei daigu ligotumui.) Žemdirbystė, Mokslo Darbai, 2000, No. 70, pp. 145-159. STEC (Commission pour le traitement des semences et l’environnement) and FIS (Fédération internationale du commerce des semences), 2000. Traitements biologiques de semences. Fédération internationale du commerce des semences, Nyon, Swizterland. Tinivella F., Titone P., Gullino M.L., Garibaldi, A., 2003. A new seed treatment technology and its application in organic farming. Informatore Fitopatologico, 2003, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 16-20. [contact:federico.tinivella@unito.it] van der Bulk R., Tylkowska K., Grabarkiewicz-Szczêsna J., Knudsen I., Mohr Madsen O., Driessen R., Bosc B., Langerak K., Solfrizzo M., 2000. Safe organic vegetables: the Carrot-Alternaria model. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact:ruud.vanderbulk@wur.nl ] Vasilenko V., Carrier J., 2000. Application of light and natural compositions in new technology of seed enhancement. In Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact:v.vasilenko@perfectlynatural.ca] Vijayalakshmi M., Archana M., 2003. Effect of neem products as seed coating against Heterodera cajani in cowpea. Legume Research, 2003, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 231-232. Wani M.A., Gincy Devasia Kurucheve V., 2004. Effect of paddy seed treatment with natural products on inoculated fungal spores of Aspergillus niger and A. flavus under different storage structures. Environment and Ecology, 2004, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 287-292. Widen P., Annas P., 2004. Cedomon® and Cerall® - biological seed treatments for cereals. In: Proceedings of the First World Conference on Organic Seed, Rome 2004. [contact:info@bioagri.se ] Wu W.S., Chou H.H., Lin S.M., Wu H.C., 2001. The effect of seed-bornpathogens on emergence of globe amaranth, calendula and tagetes and the methods of control. Journal of Phytopathology, 2001, Vol. 149, No. 2, pp. 91-96. Harman G.E. (1991) – Seed treatments for biological control of plant disease. Crop Protection, 10, 166-171. Maude R.B. (1996) – Seed-bornDiseases and Their Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. McGee D.D. (1995) – Epidemiological approach to disease management through seed technology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33, 445-466. Singh D., Mathur S.B. (2004) – Histopathology of seed–borne infections, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Taylor A.G., Harman G.E. (1990) - Concepts and technologies of selected seed treatments. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 28, 321-339", "full_text_status": "restricted", "documents": [ { "docid": "7909", "rev_number": "1", "eprintid": "10937", "pos": "1", "format": "application/pdf", "language": "en", "security": "staffonly", "main": "10937.pdf", "files": [ { "filename": "10937.pdf", "filesize": "692576", "url": "http://orgprints.org/10937/1/10937.pdf" } ] } ] }