{
  "eprintid": "10841",
  "rev_number": "1",
  "eprint_status": "archive",
  "userid": "4832",
  "dir": "disk0/00/01/08/41",
  "datestamp": "2007-06-19",
  "lastmod": "2009-08-20 14:36:26",
  "status_changed": "2009-08-20 14:36:26",
  "type": "report",
  "metadata_visibility": "show",
  "item_issues_count": "0",
  "doclang": "en",
  "projects": [
    "uk-other",
    "uk-ocw",
    "uk-adas"
  ],
  "refereed": "never",
  "budget": "0",
  "publicfulltext": "TRUE",
  "creators": [
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Bradshaw",
        "given": "N J"
      },
      "id": ""
    },
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Stopes",
        "given": "C J"
      },
      "id": ""
    },
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Little",
        "given": "A J"
      },
      "id": ""
    },
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Hitchings",
        "given": "R"
      },
      "id": ""
    },
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Buffin",
        "given": "D"
      },
      "id": ""
    }
  ],
  "title": "UK and EU policy for approval of pesticides suitable for organic systems: Implications for Wales",
  "ispublished": "pub",
  "subjects": [
    "8planthealth",
    "6values"
  ],
  "keywords": "pesticides, certification, regulation, policy, Wales",
  "abstract": "This study was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) to review the pesticide approval system in the UK and Europe as far as it affects the use of substances and techniques for crop protection by organic producers in Wales. WAG considers it important that the UK pesticide approval system does not present unnecessary barriers to the development of organic production in Wales. Key Recommendations and scope for further work · WAG should work with the Pesticides Safety Directorate to ensure that the development of pesticide regulatory policy at both National and European level takes full account of the needs of both conventional and organic agriculture and horticulture in the UK. · There is scope for WAG to support the development of a National Pesticide Policy so that regulatory and commercial barriers impeding the development of organic pesticides are minimised. Not only could greater availability of ‘organic pesticides’ have a significant impact on organic production in Wales but there could be important implications for conventional horticulture systems and the use of alternatives to conventional pesticides. · One important regulatory barrier to the registration of ‘organic pesticides’ is the MRL requirement(s) for their approval and this needs to be resolved. Suitable analytical techniques are required to determine firstly whether these substances result in residues, and secondly to identify the breakdown and residue pathways. So far, this issue has not received the attention of any EU Member State. · According to the proposed framework for the 4th Stage Review of EU Pesticides Directive 91/414, notifiers are required to produce a dossier, at their own expense, covering characterisation, human toxicity, ecotoxicity efficacy and other relevant data. The Review includes specific provision for companies notifying the same substance to submit a shared dossier. This will help those businesses (many of which are relatively small companies) to save on the high cost of producing the dossiers. It will also aid the Commission since it will reduce the number of dossiers that have to be considered, and ensure that all the available data is included. WAG should encourage and support the production of collective dossiers; although as yet there is no indication of how this will be done in practice, and further details from the Commission are awaited. · This study has concluded that access to a wider range of ‘organically acceptable pesticides’ would not have a dramatic impact on organic production in Wales. However, in developing an integrated organic policy, WAG should continue to address the pesticides issue. Some of the methods of pest & disease control in organic systems are either physical or multi-cellular e.g. micro-organisms used as biocontrol agents. WAG agri environment policy may provide a vehicle to promote these techniques much more actively. Further, it is important to recognise that while Wales alone is too small to have a major impact on commercial and regulatory pressures, WAG can have an impact by working pro-actively with others to make progress. · There are no published EU or national Member State criteria that can be used to evaluate the acceptability of pesticide substances for organic production. Identifying such criteria and promoting their acceptance at EU level and nationally would allow more active substances to be made available. WAG should work with PSD and others to identify appropriate criteria. · The specific provisions of Article 7 in Annex 2(b) of the Organic Regulation (2092/91) place potential barriers to the adoption of organically acceptable substances for crop protection. There are a number of potentially useful substances currently not included in the Organic Regulation e.g. potassium bicarbonate. WAG should work with PSD and others to identify such substances and support the production of appropriate dossiers. WAG could also encourage further dialogue between the organic sector and Defra to identify amendments in the Organic Regulations to facilitate the inclusion of new pesticides. · Organic pest and disease management is not just a question of inputs but it also relies crucially on advice and extension through initiatives such as Farming Connect and the work of Organic Centre Wales. Long-term commitment to supporting on going advice and extension activities is vital to promote and disseminate best practice in Welsh agriculture and horticulture. · Organic horticulture, vegetable and fruit production systems are particularly sensitive to pest and disease management. Successful control of pests, diseases (and weeds) in these sectors can be critical to the business, and is not assured even when all husbandry and management methods have been effectively applied. Consequently, the use of organically acceptable crop protection methods resulting from future developments (e.g. biopesticides, biological control agents) could have an important role in pest and disease management in these sectors. Both organic and conventional producers in Wales could benefit from having these options available to them and WAG could encourage the adoption of these approaches through appropriate Technology Transfer activities. · The way in which such substances will be regulated at a European level in future is evolving as the review of the Pesticide Directive 91/414 EEC enters the 4th Stage. This stage of the review includes (amongst others) those substances permitted for use in organic production. The guidance documents for the evaluation of applications on plant protection products made from plants or plant extracts and from chemical substances are currently at the draft stage. The response of the Pesticide Safety Directorate and Defra to these developments is not yet clear but this provides an excellent opportunity for WAG to have an input at an early stage in the review process.",
  "date": "2004-03",
  "date_type": "published",
  "institution": "Welsh Assembly Government",
  "referencetext": "AgriDyne Technologies Inc.(1995). Review, May 1995. Al-Dahmani, J.H., Abbasi, P.A., Miller, S.A., Hoitink, H.A.J. (2003), ‘Suppression of bacterial spot of tomato with foliar sprays of compost extracts under greenhouse and field conditions’ Vol. 87: 8, 913-919: Anon. (1999). 'Welsh Organic Food Sector: A strategic action plan'. Welsh Agrifood Partnership, Welsh Food Directorate, WDA, Cardiff. Advisory Committee on Pesticides. (2003). ‘Alternatives to conventional pest control techniques in the UK: A scoping study of the potential for their wider use.’ Advisory Committee on Pesticides Aldridge, W.N. (1990). ‘An assessment of the toxicological properties of pyrethroids and their neurotoxicity.’ Toxicology, Vol. 21, Number 2, pp. 89-104. BCPC (2003). ’Pesticide Manual 13th Edition.’ British Crop Protection Council, Farnham. Betarbet et al (2001). Nature Neurosciences Vol. 3: 2, 1301-1306. BVL (2002). ‘List of plant strengtheners: Pflanzenstarkungsmittel‘ http://bvl.bund.de/pflanzenschutz/PflStM.htm Budavari, S. (1989). ‘The Merck Index.’ Rahway, N.J. Cabinet Office (2004). ‘Business Regulation Team End of Year Report, 2003.’ Regulatory Impact Unit. Carisse, O., Bernier, J., Benhamou, N. (2003). ‘Selection of biological agents from composts for control of damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum.’ Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Vol. 25: 3, 258-267 Caspell, N. (1999). ‘Protect your brassicas.’ Organic Farming’. Issue 62, 22 – 25. Chemical Database The University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd Cheuk, W., Lo, K.V., Branion, R., Fraser, B., Copeman, R., Jolliffe, P. (2003) ‘Applying compost to suppress tomato disease.’ Biocycle. Vol. 44: 1, 50-55. Colburn, et al,. (1993). ‘Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans.’ Environmental Health Perspectives, 1993, 101, 378-384. Collier, R (2003) ‘Pest Update - 14 April 2003.’ Horticulture Research International Wellesbourne Copping, L.G.(2001). ‘The BioPesticide Manual.’ British Crop Protection Council. Davies, J. (1999). ‘Physical Barriers for Insect Pest Control.’ . Pest Control for Organic Vegetables and Vegetable Variety Trials Open Day, Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton Organic Gardens 8th December 1999. Day, M .(1999). ‘Carrot, lettuce, parsnip, oriental vegetable, onion varieties.’ Pest Control for Organic Vegetables and Vegetable Variety Trials Open Day, Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton Organic Gardens 8th December 1999. DEFRA (2002) Organic Food & Farming statistics Defra Statistics Department DEFRA (2002a) ‘Action Plan to Develop Organic Food and Farming in England’, DEFRA http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/organic/actionplan/actionplan.htm Elliot, M. (1972). ‘Metabolic fate of pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, and allethrin administered orally to rats.’ Journ. Agr. Food Chem. Vol. 20, 300-312. EPPO (2000). ‘Guidelines for the efficacy evaluation of plant protection products. Guideline PP 1/214: Principles of Acceptable Efficacy.’ European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation. European Commission DG Environment (2002). ‘Towards a Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides.’ European Commission , COM p. 349. European Commission (2002)‘List of active substances and notifiers for which a notification in accordance with Article 5 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1112/2002 has been assessed and appears to be admissible.’ European Commission European Commission (2004). ‘European Organic Action Plan’. http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/organic/plan/index_en.htm EUROSTAT (2004) ‘Organic cropping area in Europe (NUTS 2 level)’ Unpublished data Fraser, R.S.S., Tyson, D. (1993). ‘Crop protection in UK horticulture: rationale, current practices, and dependence on crop protection products’. In: Crop protection crisis for UK horticulture. Proceedings of Review, London UK. 24 February 1993, p 11-19. Frost, D. (2003). ‘A review of pest and weed control in organic crop production: Pest Control in Horticultural Crops.’ Organic Centre Wales, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Frost, D., Clarke, A., McLean, B.M. (2002). ‘Wireworm control using fodder rape and mustard – evaluating the use of brassica green manures for the control of wireworm (Agriotes spp.) in organic crops.’ ADAS Pwllpeiran. Food Standards Agency. (2003). ‘Paper FSA 03/06/04 Agenda Item, Board Meeting, 12 June 2003, Progress on an agency Action Plan to minimise pesticide residues in food’. Food Standards Agency Gladders, P., Davies, G., Wolfe, M., Haward, R. (2002). ‘Diseases of Organic Vegetables.’ ADAS Wolverhampton. Green, M., Haward, R. (2003). ‘Improving market intelligence for organic horticulture in Wales’. Organic Centre Wales, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. HDRA. (2002). ‘Organic horticulture conversion study ‘ Henry Doubleday Research Association. IFOAM. (2002). ‘Basic Standards. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.’ Tholey-Theley, Germany. Kamrin, M.A. (1997). ‘Pesticide profiles: toxicity, environmental impact, and fate.’ Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Koppert (2000).’Koppert Product range for organic field crops’ Koppert Labuschagne, L.(1999). ‘Approved or not?’ Grower .May 13 Issue, 18 – 19 Legrand, M. (2001). ‘Research on a control strategy against carrot fly in organic farming’ . Forum for Organic Fruits and Vegetables - Bouvines (Nord), France 11 December 2001. Little, A., Hitchings, R. (2003). ‘Organic Horticultural Seed in Wales: A review of growers’ experiences.’ Organic Centre Wales, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Marilleau, S. (2001). ‘Trials on Potatoes: (late blight control). Reduction of copper doses, alternative products and resistant varieties’ Forum for Organic Fruits and Vegetables - Bouvines (Nord), France 11 December 2001. Martineau, J.,. (1994). ‘MSDS for Azatin-EC Biological Insecticide’. AgriDyne Technologies Inc National Research Council. (1992). ‘Neem: A tree for solving global problems.’ National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Toxicology Program. (1984). ‘Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Rotenone in F344/N rats and B6C3F mice, report no. 320.’ National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 2-55. Nolan, C. (2004). ‘Stakeholder presentation’. EU Commission stakeholder and regulator review of Pesticide Directive (91/414), 30 January 2004, Brussels. Occupational Health Services, Inc. (1987) ‘Pyrethrum\" Material Safety Data Sheet, 1 April 1987.’ New York: OHS, Inc. ORGIN (2004). ‘Harmonised and standardised procedures for evaluation of plant protection products, fertilisers and soil conditioners for use in organic agriculture.’ Concerted Action funded by the EU Commission (QLK5-CT-2002-02565). www.organicinputs.org Organic Centre Wales (2003). ‘Organic Farming in Wales 1998 – 2003.’ Organic Centre Wales, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Price, N.R., Stopes, C. (2000). ‘Routes and barriers to the further exploitation of strategic research into Biorational pesticides at CSL, With specific reference to MAFF Projects PI0336, PI0337 and PI0338’.’ Pesticide Forum. (2003). ‘Paper to Pesticides Forum meeting’, PF 139, 17 June 2003. Pesticide Safety Directorate. (2002) ‘Letter to all approval holders. Directive 91/414: 4th Stage Review Progress.’ AAHL/13/2002. Pesticide Safety Directorate, UK. Sadre, N. L et al. (1983). ‘Male antifertility activity of azadirachta indica in different species’ Proceedings of the 2nd International Neem Conference, Rauschholzhausen, Germany, 1983, 473-482. SANCO. (2003). ‘Draft Commission Regulation (EC) No…. laying down further detailed rules for the implementation of the 4th stage of the Council directive 91/414EEC)’ SANCO/./2003 rev 0-10/11/200 http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_192/l_19220030731en00400043.pdf SANCO. (2003a). ‘Guidance document for applications on plant protection products made from plants or plant extracts.’ Draft working document Sanco/10472/2003-rev.1 SANCO. (2003b). ‘Guidance document for applications on plant protection products made from chemical substances’. Draft working document Sanco/10473/2003-rev.1 Saunders, P. (1999). ‘Potato Varieties’. ’ Pest Control for Organic Vegetables and Vegetable Variety Trials Open Day, Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton Organic Gardens 8th December 1999 Schüder, I., Port,G., Bennison, J. (2003). ‘Barriers, repellents and antifeedants for slug and snail control.’ Crop Protection, Vol. 28:8, 1033-1038 Scaife, A., Turner, M. (1983) ‘Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants: Vegetables.’ HMSO Publications, London. Skinner, C, A. (2003). ‘Know your friends.’ Grower, Issue 140, 18 September. Soil Association. (2003). ‘Organic Food and Farming Report.’ Soil Association, Bristol, UK. Soloman, M. (1999). ‘Flowering Plants and Hedgerows as Sources of Natural Enemies of Pests.’ ’ Pest Control for Organic Vegetables and Vegetable Variety Trials Open Day, Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton Organic Gardens 8th December 1999 Tilston, E.L., Pitt, D., Groenhof, A.C. (2002). ‘Composted recycled organic matter suppresses soil-borne diseases of field crops.’ New Phytologist, Vol.154: 3, 731-740. Tomlin, C.D.S. (2003). ‘The Pesticide Manual.’ British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK. US EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs (2000). ‘List of Chemical Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential.’ US Environmental Protection Agency US EPA. (1988). ‘Pesticide Fact Sheet No. 191: Metaldehyde.’ Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substaaances, Washington, DC. Withers, B. (1999).’ Broccoli Varieties,’. ’ Pest Control for Organic Vegetables and Vegetable Variety Trials Open Day, Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton Organic Gardens 8th December Wolfe, M. (2002). ‘Technical session on companion planting.’ Soil Association Annual Conference, Harrogate, 25-27 January, 2002",
  "full_text_status": "public",
  "documents": [
    {
      "docid": "7862",
      "rev_number": "1",
      "eprintid": "10841",
      "pos": "1",
      "format": "application/pdf",
      "language": "en",
      "security": "public",
      "main": "pesticideregulation.pdf",
      "files": [
        {
          "filename": "pesticideregulation.pdf",
          "filesize": "338848",
          "url": "http://orgprints.org/10841/1/pesticideregulation.pdf"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}