{
  "eprintid": "10765",
  "rev_number": "1",
  "eprint_status": "archive",
  "userid": "6503",
  "dir": "disk0/00/01/07/65",
  "datestamp": "2007-11-11",
  "lastmod": "2009-08-20 14:36:13",
  "status_changed": "2009-08-20 14:36:13",
  "type": "report",
  "metadata_visibility": "show",
  "item_issues_count": "0",
  "doclang": "en",
  "projects": [
    "se",
    "zother2"
  ],
  "refereed": "never",
  "budget": "0",
  "docurl": "http://www.jdb.se/sbfi/publ/k-trial.pdf",
  "publicfulltext": "TRUE",
  "creators": [
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Kjellenberg",
        "given": "Lars"
      },
      "id": ""
    },
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Granstedt",
        "given": "Artur"
      },
      "id": ""
    }
  ],
  "title": "The K-trial. A 33-years study of the connections between manuring, soils and crops",
  "ispublished": "pub",
  "subjects": [
    "8planthealth",
    "2soilbiol",
    "1soilqual",
    "3compost"
  ],
  "keywords": "crop quality, soil quality, manuring, organic farming, biodynamic farming, conventional farming, long-term field trial, biodynamic preparations",
  "abstract": "In 1958 started a comparative fertilization trial, called the K-trial, within the frames of Scandinavian Research Circle for Biodynamic Agriculture. The trial ended in 1990. This report accounts for the results that have been collected over this 33-year long trial-period. The ambition with the trial was to develop methods of analyses that could indicate foodstuff quality. The long-term trial-period also brought along, a possibility to study the correlation of fertilization, soil and crop. The difference between a cultivation that uses organic fertilizer compared to one that uses mineral fertilizer and where both achieves comparable yield-levels can according to the results from the K-trial be summarized as: Soil - higher enzyme-activity, soil respiration and occurrence of earthworms - more deep going soil processes - considerably higher nitrogen-mineralising capability - better soil-fertility Crop - better storage efficiency and resistance against decomposition - higher grade of maturity - higher amount of leguminous plants in the clover/grass ley The results from the K-trial in this report, has been compared to the results from two ”daughter-trials”. In these trials two different systems was compared, biodynamic agriculture and conventional agriculture. The effects of these different fertilizing-systems on the quality in products in the K-trial corresponded with the results from the daughter-trials. In comparison with the conventional methods, the crude protein content was lower in the organic variants, but the quality in the protein was higher in potatoes and wheat. Resistance against decomposition and storage-quality for potatoes, was higher in the organic variants and the same applied to the starch-quality in wheat. The organic fertilisation resulted in a higher fertility in soil and crops, with higher quality in protein and starch. The differences were more difficult to determine between de variant that was fertilized with compost and the ones that received raw farmyard manure, partly because the compost was also treated with the biodynamic compost-preparations. Somewhat simplified, the differences consisted in the fresh farm-yard manure more strongly did stimulate the vegetative processes and the metabolism in soil and crop, while the compost more strongly contributed to building up the soil structure and the form of the crop. The biodynamic field-preparations effects could be determined as a positive effect on the yield in all crops, except the first harvest of clover/grass ley. The effect of the preparations on yield was largest during the years when yield-level was low. Field-preparation effects were also apparent in the more deep-going soil processes, and in higher amount-amount in the clover/grass ley. This calculated supply of nitrogen by this higher amount of amount plants amounted to approx. 16 kg N per hectare and year. The results from the K-trial indicate the demand of a discussion on issues concerning food-stuff-quality. In this report a few aspects on the concept of quality has been treated. Furthermore, formulated is also a frame of a few possible future research-fields connected to the issue of quality.",
  "date": "2005",
  "date_type": "published",
  "institution": "Biodynamic Research Institute, Sweden",
  "referencetext": "Dlouhy, J. 1981. Alternativa odlingsformer- växtprodukters kvalitet vid konventionell and biodynamisk odling. Uppsala. Engqvist, M. 1961. Strukturveränderungen im Kupferchloridkristallisationsbild von Pflanzensubstansen durch Alterung und Düngung. Lebendige Erde, sid. 112-123. Engqvist, M. 1963. Gödslingens inverkan på kulturväxter. Särtryck ur Tidskrift for bio-dynamisk jordbrug nr 4. Engqvist, M. 1970. Gestaltkräfte des Lebendigen. Frankfurt aM. Granstedt, A. 1990. Fallstudier av kväveförsörjningen i alternativ odling. Avd. för Ekologiskt Lantbruk. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, meddelande nr. 4. Uppsala. Klett, M. 1968. Untersuchungen über Licht- und Schattenqualität.Darmstadt. Pettersson, B.D. 1970. Verkan av växtplats, gödsling and tillväxtregulerande substanser på matpotatisens kvalitetsegenskaper. Järna. Pettersson, B.D. 1972. Gödslingens inverkan på matpotatisens kvalitetsegenskaper II.. Nordisk Forskningsring meddelande nr 25 Järna. Pettersson, B.D. 1979. Från forskning and försök. I Alternativa odlingsformer, del III, Biodynamisk odling, sid. 72-89. Stockholm. Pettersson, B.D. 1982. Konventionell and biodynamisk odling. Järna. Pettersson, B.D. 1987. Kvaliteten i biodynamiske produkter. Ur Ugeskrift for Jordbruk, nr 8, pp 225-228. Pettersson, B.D. and Engqvist, M. 1963. Horngödsel and hornkiselpreparaten. Särtryck ur Tidskrift for bio-dynamisk jordbrug nr.4. Pettersson, B.D. and Engqvist, M. 1964. Die Auswirkungen der Düngung auf die Qualitätseigenschaften von Kartoffeln. Särtryck ur Lebendige Erde nr.5. Pettersson, B.D., Reents, H. and Wistinghausen, E.v. 1992. Düngung und Bodeneigenschaften. Meddelande nr 34. Nordisk Forskningsring. Järna Pettersson, B.D. and Wistinghausen, E.v. 1977. Bodenuntersuchungen zu einen langjährigen Feldversuch in Järna, Schweden. Nordisk Forskningsring meddelande nr.29.Järna. Pettersson, B.D., Wistinghausen, E.v. and Brinton, W.F. 1979. Effects of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Soils and Crops. Nordisk Forskningsring meddelande nr.30. Järna. Samaras, I. 1977. Nacherntevercontenten unterschiedlisch gedüngter Gemüsearten mit besondere Berücksichtigung physiologischer und mikrobiologischer Parameter.Giessen. Wistinghausen, E.v. 1979. Was ist Qualität? Wie ensteht sie und wie ist sie nachzuweisen. Darmstadt. Wistinghausen, E.v.1984. Düngung und biologisch-dynamische Präparate. Darmstadt.",
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