{
  "eprintid": "1015",
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  "eprint_status": "archive",
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  "datestamp": "2003-08-12",
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  "creators": [
    {
      "name": {
        "family": "Langer",
        "given": "Vibeke"
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  "title": "Changes in farm structure following conversion to organic farming in Denmark",
  "ispublished": "pub",
  "subjects": [
    "1plantprod",
    "1animalprod",
    "2farming"
  ],
  "keywords": "conversion, intensification, farm structure, stocking rate, crop diversity",
  "abstract": "Compared with conventional farms, organic farms are expected to be more diverse, less specialized and less intensive, and organic farms as a group are expected to contribute to a more uniform regional distribution of farm types. Data on farm size, crop distribution and livestock intensity prior to conversion and planned after conversion on 448 Danish farms, which began conversion to organic farming in 1997, are presented in adressing two questions: 1) what features characterize Danish farms that convert from conventional to organic farming ?, 2) what do the farms convert to: do farm types, stocking rates and crop distribution change with conversion ? In 1997, dairy farms dominated among the converting farms in acreage, and a large majority (80-97%) of the farmers of all farm types planned to continue with the same type of production system after conversion as they had before. Thus, the regional pattern in organic farm types will be similar to that which characterize conventional farms. Although the total number of livestock units on the 448 converting farms is planned to increase by 6% following conversion to organic farming, the converting farms are well below-average in stocking rates compared with all Danish farms both before and after conversion. Farmers plan changes in crop distribution when converting: a 20% decrease in the acreage for cereal production, a doubling of the acreage for grassland in rotation, a decrease in acreages for setaside, row crops and oilseed rape, with roughage and seeds unchanged. Planned changes in crop distribution differ between farm types. The need for including aspects of diversity and intensity of production on both farm and higher scales in the evaluation of future directions in organic farming is discussed.",
  "date": "2002",
  "date_type": "published",
  "publication": "American Journal of Alternative Agriculture",
  "volume": "17",
  "number": "2",
  "publisher": "CABI",
  "referencetext": "References 1. Anonymous. 1999. Aktionsplan II. Økologi i udvikling. (Action plan II ? Developments in Organic Farming). Danish Directorate for Development, Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, January 1999. 368 pp. Summary available in English on: http://www.strukdir.dk/nyheder/organic2.htm 2. Anonymous. 1997. Landbrugsstatistik 1996. (Agricultural statistics 1996). Danish Statistical Office, Copenhagen. 309 pp. 3. Baudry, J., C. Laurent, and D. Denis. 1997. The technical dimension of agriculture at a regional scale: methodological considerations. In: C. Laurent and I. Bowler (eds.). CAP and the regions. Building a multidisciplinary framework for the analysis of the EU agricultural space. INRA, Paris. 161-173 4. Eurostat. 1998. Agriculture Statistical Yearbook, Theme 5, Series A. Eurostat, Statistiches Amt der europäischen Gemeinschaften, Luxembourg 5. Foster, C. and N. Lampkin. 1999. European organic production statistics 1993-1996. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy. Vol. 3. Hohenheim, Germany. 67 pp. 6. Hartnagel, S. and B. Freyer. 1997. Biological farming in Switzerland 1996/1997. NENOF (Newsletter of the European Network for Scientific Research Coordination in Organic Farming) 6: 22-25 7. IFOAM. 1999. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) Standards Committee: Basic Standards for Organic Production and Processing. IFOAM, Tholey-Tholey, Germany. 54 pp. Also available on http://ecoweb.dk/ifoam/standard/ index.html 8. Ilbery, B., and I. Bowler. 1998. From agricultural productivitism to post-productivitism. In: B. Ilbery (ed.). The geography of rural change. Addison Wesley Longman Limited, Harlow, UK, 57-84 9. KRAV. 1997. KRAV Statistik 1997. KRAV, Uppsala, Sweden. http:// www.krav.se/statist.htm [August 20, 1999] 10. Lampkin, N. 1998. Organic farming. Farming Press, Ipswich, UK. 715 pp. 11. Lampkin, N., and G. Weinschenck. 1996. Organic farming and agricultural policy in western Europe. In: T.V. Østergaard (ed.). Fundamentals of organic agriculture. Proceedings of the 11th IFOAM International Scientific Conference, vol.1: 223-239. IFOAM, Tholey-Tholey, Germany. 12. Noe, E. 2001. Organic farming in Denmark: Enhancement or dissolution? - A survey among organic farmers. In Prep. 13. Plant Directorate. 1997. Vejledning om økologisk jordbrugsproduktion. (Guidelines for organic agriculture)(In Danish). Copenhagen, Denmark. 38 pp. 14. Plant Directorate. 1998. Økologiske jordbrugsbedrifter 1998. Autorisation. Produktion. (Organic farms. Authorisation. Production.)(In Danish). Copenhagen, Denmark. 12 pp. 15. Plant Directorate 2000. Liste over økologiske bedrifter. (List of certified organic farms). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available on http://www.plantedir.dk. 16. Raupp, J. 2000. The well-proportioned farm organism. Just a pleasing image of a mixed farming system or rather a basic requirement for functioning organic husbandry ? In: T. Alföldi, W. Lockeretz and U. Niggli (eds.), Proceedings 13th IFOAM Scientific Conference, VDF Hochschulverlag, Zürich, 700-703 17. Vereijken, J.F.H.M., and T. Baars. 1995. Methodological example of landscape development on organic farms, the Goetheanistic approach. In: J. Isart and J. J. Llerena (eds.). Land use and biodiversity: The role of organic farming. Proceedings of the First ENOF Workshop. ENOF (European Network for Scientific Research Coordination in Organic Farming), Barcelona, Spain. 99-119",
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