ࡱ> %` ;bjbj"x"x@X@@J/}{jVWVWVW(~W ffffnnn8n4n<f.:o:o:opooRqRqRq$h2fT~NqRqT~T~WWooTTTT~\W ofoTT~TTfb(fo.o #nM\,0.rt|nfRq,uTw4 z4RqRqRqdRqRqRq.T~T~T~T~fffnfffnfffWWWWWW Management Strategies and Practices for Preventing Nutrient Deficiencies in Organic Crop Production S. S. Malhi, S. A. Brandt, R. P. Zentner, J. D. Knight, K. S. Gill, T. S. Sahota and J. J. Schoenau4 Key words: Amendments, crop rotation, organic crop production, rock phosphate, nutrient deficiencies Abstract Field experiments are underway in Canada to determine the influence of management practices (crop diversity, green manure, legumes) and amendments (Penicillium bilaiae, rock phosphate, elemental S, gypsum, manure, wood ash, alfalfa pellets) on crop yield. In the alternative cropping systems study established in 1995, crop yields for organic system without any chemical input were 30-40% lower than the conventional system with high inputs. But, lower input costs plus price premiums for organic produce normally more than offset lower yields, resulting in favourable economic performance and energy efficiency. Legume, green manure and compost manure helped to replace nutrients lacking in the soil and improved crop yields. In the organic system, amount of P removed in crop exceeded that of P replaced and this can be a major yield limiting factor. In amendments experiments, there was small effect of granular rock phosphate fertilizer and/or Penicillium bilaiae in increasing soil P level and crop yield in the application year. Other findings suggested the use of elemental S fertilizer, gypsum, manure, wood ash or alfalfa pellets to improve nutrient availability, and yield and quality of produce. In conclusion, integrated use of management practices and amendments has the potential to increase sustainability of crop production as well as improve soil quality plus minimize environmental damage. Introduction Maintaining soil fertility, controlling weeds and developing appropriate crop rotations are important production issues facing organic agriculture in the Canadian prairies (Jans, 2001). Crops with taproots can absorb nutrients from deeper soil depths (Entz et al., 2001a), and nutrients become available in surface soil after crop residues are returned. This can improve the economic productivity when surface soil has low fertility. Rotation of fibrous and taproot crops in a cropping system can therefore improve the cycling and crop use of nutrients. In organic farming, synthetic fertilizers/chemicals are not applied to increase crop production. Any nutrient(s) limiting in soil can cause substantial reduction in crop yield. In the Canadian Prairie Provinces, most soils under organically farmed systems are deficient in available N for optimum yield (Watson et al., 2002). There are many organically farmed soils low in available P, and some soils contain insufficient amounts of S and K for high crop yields (Entz et al., 2001b). The N deficiency in soil on organic farms can be corrected by growing N-fixing legume crops in the rotations. However, if soils are deficient in available P, K, S or other essential nutrients, the only alternative is to use external sources to prevent their deficiencies. Manure/compost can provide these nutrients. But often there is not enough manure to apply on all farm fields, and the cost of transporting manure to long distances is uneconomical in remote areas. On such soils, rock phosphate fertilizer, elemental S fertilizer, gypsum, alfalfa pellets or wood ash may be used to correct deficiencies of these nutrients. The information on the feasibility of these products in preventing nutrient deficiencies under organic farming is lacking. Materials and methods Alternative cropping systems experiment The on-going field experiment was established in 1995 on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Boroll) loam soil at Scott, Saskatchewan to compare input level and cropping diversity under various alternative cropping systems. The 54 treatments were combinations of three input levels [organic ORG (no input of fertilizers and other chemicals under conventional tillage), reduced RED (reduced input of fertilizers and other chemicals under no-till) and high HIGH (recommended input of fertilizers and other chemicals under conventional tillage)], three cropping diversities (low diversity LOW, diversified annual grains DAG and diversified annual grains and perennial forage crops - DAP) and six crop phases including green manure (GM), chem-fallow or tilled-fallow (F). Data collection focuses on crop yield, nutrient concentration and uptake, potential for soil degradation, soil quality, pest dynamics, economic performance, energy efficiency as well as indicators of environmental well being and biodiversity. Rock phosphate and other amendments experiments A number of field experiments are underway to determine the influence of Penicillium bilaiae on the release of available P from rock phosphate fertilizer in preventing P deficiency on P-deficient soils, elemental S fertilizers and gypsum in preventing S deficiency on S-deficient soils, and compost manure, wood ash or alfalfa pellets in preventing deficiencies of N, P, K, S and other nutrients in soils lacking in these nutrients for organic crops. Data collection includes yield, produce quality, and nutrient uptake of crops, nutrient accumulation and quality of soil, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results and discussion Alternative cropping systems The results to date demonstrated that crop yields for the ORG were 30-40% lower than for the production systems with the HIGH input. But, lower input costs plus price premiums normally more than offset lower yield in organic agriculture. Net energy production was greater for conventional than organic, but energy output to input ratio was greater for the ORG system. This indicated favourable economic performance and energy efficiency of organic systems. Legume crops and green manure helped to replace N in organic systems. Summer fallow also helped to replace N and some other nutrients in organic systems, but there is risk of erosion and deterioration of soil quality especially on tilled fallow. The findings also suggest that application of compost manure can provide N, P, K, S and other nutrients lacking in the soil. Extractable P in the 0-90 cm soil was higher with HIGH input than with ORG. In the organic system, the amount of P removed in crop exceeded that of P replaced. This resulted in low extractable P in the surface soil and extremely low in the subsoil layers, and this can be a major yield limiting factor for high crop production in organic systems. This indicates that there may be little potential for taprooted crops to bring P from deeper soil to the surface at this site (Malhi et al., 2002). This also suggests that if the whole soil profile is low in available P or other nutrients, it may not be possible to sustain high crop yields under organic systems without external nutrient additions. Nitrate-N in the 0-240 cm soil was greater at HIGH input than at ORG input. The nitrate-N data in different soil layers suggested some downward movement of nitrate-N in plots receiving HIGH input. Our findings related to ORG input are in agreement to earlier observations by Kolbe et al. (1999) that properly managed organic crop production may considerably reduce potential risk of nitrate leaching in soil because of decreased input of N to the soil-plant system. Nitrate-N soil was higher in rotations that included GM/F than in rotations with continuous cropping, suggesting that if N fertilizer is applied at high rates and crop frequency is low, there is a potential for leaching of nitrate-N in the soil profile, increasing risk of ground water contamination. Rock phosphate and other amendments In the rock phosphate experiments, there was a significant but small increase in crop yield from granular rock phosphate in the year of application on a P-deficient soil. The results suggest that it is unlikely that the addition of rock phosphate will produce any economic returns for organic producers in the year of application, but it may provide economic yield benefit in the long term. Application of Penicillium bilaiae alone increased crop yield, but its application in combination with rock phosphate did not increase the crop performance over Penicillium bilaiae applied alone on P-deficient soils. Composted livestock manure in the alternative cropping experiment showed greater potential in restoring soil P than other strategies such as rock phosphate application. In the previous on-going experiments, granular rock phosphate was not very effective in correcting or preventing P deficiency in crops, most likely due to large particle/granule size. In future experiments, we are planning to also broadcast and incorporated into the soil a finely-ground rock phosphate fertilizer to increase interaction between P particles and soil microorganisms to increase P release and its availability to crops. The addition of wood ash, without concurrent addition of N, showed increase in seed yield and economic returns of barley and field pea in Alberta, and alfalfa forage yield and protein content in Ontario. The main yield benefit most likely resulted from improvement in the availability of P and/or other nutrients from wood ash. In addition to correcting/preventing nutrient deficiencies and improving yields of crops grown on soils deficient in these nutrients under organic farming systems, wood ash has other potential benefits, such as reduction in soil acidity (which may last for several years), improvement in soil tilth, increased microbial biomass and reduced weed infestation. The results of other experiments suggest that elemental S fertilizer and gypsum may have the potential to correct/prevent S deficiency and improve yields of crops grown on S-deficient soils under organic farming systems. In growth chamber, application of alfalfa pellets to soil was found effective in increasing crop growth. Conclusions Crop yields for organic systems were 30-40% lower than the conventional production systems with high inputs, but lower input costs plus price premiums normally more than offset lower yield in organic agriculture. Legume crops, green manure, compost manure and other amendments (elemental S fertilizer, gypsum, manure, wood ash or alfalfa pellets) could prevent nutrient deficiencies in soil on organic farms. The findings suggest that integrated use of management practices and amendments has the potential to increase sustainability of crop production and net returns to producers as well as improve soil quality and prevent soil erosion by returning more crop residues to the soil plus minimize environmental damage by leaving less nitrate-N in the soil. Acknowledgements The authors thank Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, Agriculture Development Fund, The Canada-Saskatchewan Green Plan, TOLKO Industries Ltd. and NOHFC/TBARA for financial assistance, and L. Sproule, D. Gerein, D. Leach, SARDA staff and TBARS staff for technical assistance. References Entz, M.H., Bullied, W.J., Foster, D.A., Gulden, R., Vessey, K. (2001a): Extraction of subsoil nitrogen by alfalfa, alfalfa-wheat, and perennial grass systems. Agron. J. 93:495-503. Entz, M.H., Guilford, R., Gulden, R. (2001b): Crop yield and soil nutrient status on 14 organic farms in the eastern part of the northern Great Plains. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81:351-354. Jans, D. (2001): Organic needs assessment: results of workshops and questionnaires. Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Kolbe, M., Jaechel, U., Schuster, M. (1999): Development of the nutrient contents and pH-value in the soil depth profile during conversion to organic agriculture. Zeitschhrift-fuer-kulturtechnik-und-Landent Wicklung 40, 145-151. Malhi, S.S., Brandt, S.A., Ulrich, D., Lemke, R., Gill, K.S. (2002): Accumulation and distribution of nitrate-nitrogen and extractable phosphorus in the soils profile under various alternative cropping systems. J. Plant Nutr. 25:2499-2520. Watson, C.A., Atkinson, P. Gosling, P., Jackson, L.R., Ryans, F.W. (2002): Managing soil fertility in organic farming sytems. Soil Use Manage. 18:239-247.  Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, SK, Canada S0E 1A0; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:malhis@agr.gc.ca" malhis@agr.gc.ca  Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Scott, SK, Canada; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:brandts@agr.gc.ca" brandts@agr.gc.ca  Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, Canada; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:Zentner@agr.gc.ca" Zentner@agr.gc.ca  Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:diane.knight@usask.ca" diane.knight@usask.ca; jeff. schoenau@usask.ca  Smoky Applied Research and Demonstration Association, Fahler, Alberta, Canada; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:sarda@serbernet.com" sarda@serbernet.com  Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:tarloksahota@tbaytel.net" tarloksahota@tbaytel.net     16th IFOAM Organic World Congress, Modena, Italy, June 16-20, 2008 Archived at http://orgprints.org/11821 dop~@ A H T      ʻʳyjjjh[h)~CJaJmH sH hdh)~0J6h[h)~CJaJmH sH hDI/h)~0J6 hDI/0Jh)~h)~0Jh)~h)~hh4h)~hh)~h)~CJaJmHsHh)~h)~H*mHsHjh)~0JUmHsHjh)~0JUh)~h)~mHsH h)~h)~&d7 A 9 "%%%*gdMgd4$a$gd)~gd)~gd)~"gd)~gd)~J7:B;;rs9jluO    !l!""$$$$%կշʣ跐跐hq=h)~mH sH  hMhMhMh/VhDI/hDI/6hDI/h)~6h[h)~mH sH h)~h)~6 h4h)~h)~ h[h)~hDI/h)~h)~h h)~h)~ h)~h)~CJOJQJmH sH 7%% %%%%%%u'v'''(*(O(*G,,X-Z--..////////// 0 00"0+0.0G0I0d000$4C4{55H7I7J7׼׼׼׼⼯⸉(h4h45B*CJaJmH phsH  hd0Jh[hdCJaJh)~hd0Jh)~hdh[h)~mH sH hh)~6hT h[h)~h h)~h)~hq=B*phh)~h)~B*phhq=2**..11223C4456H7I7J77W889):::::::$gd)~$a$gd)~gd)~gd)~gd)~J7K7777777777788B8C8D8U8V8W8X8Y888888888883949紬{ncUc{cncjh[h)~Ujh[h)~Ujh)~h)~0JUh)~h)~0JaJjh[h)~UaJjh[h)~UaJh)~h)~aJh)~h)~H*jh)~h)~H*Uh)~h)~0J^JaJjh)~h)~Ujh)~h)~U h)~h)~!jh)~h)~0JU^JaJ!49^9_9`9u9v999999999:::':(:):*:|:}:::::::::::::::::Ⱦm+h)~B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH jh Uh jYh)~h)~UjPh)~h)~Ujh)~h)~Uh)~h)~H*jh)~0JUh)~h)~aJh)~h)~h)~0JaJjh[h)~Ujuh[h)~U h)~h)~&:::::=;>;?;@;A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R; 0]gdg_$a$gdez`::::;";7;<;=;A;B;;;;϶϶{f(h4h45B*CJaJmH phsH hlebh h)~+hx&B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 1hT h)~B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 1h;h)~B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH +h)~B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 4hT h)~B*CJH*OJQJ^JaJmH phsH  R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;[;\;];^;_;`;a;b;c;d;e;f;g;h;i;j;k;l;m;n;o;o;p;q;r;s;t;u;v;w;x;y;z;{;|;};~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;$a$gd)~>PP&P 1h:p .!n"n#n$n% DyK malhis@agr.gc.cayK 0mailto:malhis@agr.gc.caDyK brandts@agr.gc.cayK Jmailto:brandts@agr.gc.cayX;H,]ą'cDyK Zentner@agr.gc.cayK 2mailto:Zentner@agr.gc.caDyK diane.knight@usask.cayK :mailto:diane.knight@usask.ca DyK #sarda@serbernet.comtelusplanet.netyK Nmailto:sarda@serbernet.comyX;H,]ą'cDyK tarloksahota@tbaytel.netyK @mailto:tarloksahota@tbaytel.netD@D H StandardCJ_HaJmHsHtHb@b zp berschrift 1$<@&5CJ KH OJQJ\^JaJ d@d zp berschrift 2$<@& 56CJOJQJ\]^JaJ^@^ zp berschrift 3$<@&5CJOJQJ\^JaJR@R zp berschrift 4$<@&5CJ\aJV@V zp berschrift 5 <@&56CJ\]aJP@P zp berschrift 6 <@&5CJ\aJB@B zp berschrift 7 <@&H@H zp berschrift 8 <@&6]V @V zp berschrift 9 <@&CJOJQJ^JaJJA@J Absatz-StandardschriftartXiX Normale Tabelle4 l4a 0k0 Keine Liste << D FunotentextCJaJV&@V DFunotenzeichen,footnote signH*zz aTabellengitternetz7:V06U@!6 XU Hyperlink >*B*phP2P 12SprechblasentextCJOJQJ^JaJXOqBX h5owc-list & F#((CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH :@R: 9 Kopfzeile  p#bYbb O&Dokumentstruktur-D M CJOJQJ^JaJZOrZ  owc-standard$<x@&a$CJOJQJmH sH   link< @q< XUFuzeile  p#CJ8)8 w Seitenzahl CJOJQJDOqrD < owc-headline m$5CJPOqP 2eowc-referencese(^e`CJXOrX owc_table text !CJOJQJaJmH sH @Oqr@ n owc-authors "$a$aJROrR < owc-figure #Px5CJOJQJ\^JaJTOT 2q' owc-footnote $<<CJOJQJaJmH sH <ma<zp1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1& F0lq0zp 1 / a / i' F(K( zpAnrede(DnDzpArtikel / Abschnitt) FH0H zpAufzhlungszeichen * & FL6L zpAufzhlungszeichen 2 + & FL7L zpAufzhlungszeichen 3 , & FL8L zpAufzhlungszeichen 4 - & FL9L zpAufzhlungszeichen 5 . & F HVH zpBesuchterHyperlink >*B* phBTB zp Blocktext0x]^&L& zpDatum1:[": zpE-Mail-Signatur2LOL zpFu/-Endnotenberschrift48?R8 zp Gruformel 5^:`r: zp HTML Adresse76]0_0 zp HTML Akronym>f> zp HTML Beispiel OJQJ^J>b> zp HTML CodeCJOJQJ^JaJ<c< zpHTML Definition6]TgT zpHTML SchreibmaschineCJOJQJ^JaJFdF zp HTML TastaturCJOJQJ^JaJ8h8 zp HTML Variable6]TeT zpHTML Vorformatiert?CJOJQJ^JaJ2a2 zp HTML Zitat6]6/6 zpListeA^`:2": zpListe 2B6^6`:32: zpListe 3CQ^Q`:4B: zpListe 4Dl^l`:5R: zpListe 5E^`JDbJ zpListenfortsetzungFx^NErN zpListenfortsetzung 2G6x^6NFN zpListenfortsetzung 3HQx^QNGN zpListenfortsetzung 4Ilx^lNHN zpListenfortsetzung 5Jx^<1< zp Listennummer K & F @:@ zpListennummer 2 L & F @;@ zpListennummer 3 M & F @<@ zpListennummer 4 N & F @=@ zpListennummer 5 O & FI zpNachrichtenkopfgPn$d%d&d'd-DM NOPQ^n` OJQJ^J@Z@ zpNur TextQCJOJQJ^JaJ8^"8 zpStandard (Web)R@2@ zpStandardeinzug S^C zpTabelle 3D-Effekt 1m:VTj#j#j#j#j.j.j.j. 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